Combination effect of pH and acetate on enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis

The productivity and efficiency of cellulase are significant in cellulose hydrolysis. With the accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs), the pH value in anaerobic digestion system is reduced. Therefore, this study will find out how the pH and the amount of acetate influence the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. The effects of pH and acetate on cellulase produced from Bacillus coagulans were studied at various pH 5-8, and acetate concentrations (0-60 mmol/L). A batch kinetic model for enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis was constructed from experimental data and performed. The base hypothesis was as follows: the rates of enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis rely on pH and acetate concentration. The results showed that the suitable pH range for cellulase production and cellulose hydrolysis (represents efficiency of cellulase) was 2.6-7.5, and 5.3-8.3, respectively. Moreover, acetate in the culture medium had an effect on cellulase production (K1= 49.50 mmol/L, n=1.7) less than cellulose hydrolysis (K1=37.85 mmol/L, n=2.0). The results indicated that both the pH of suspension and acidogenic products influence the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose in an anaerobic environment. To enhance the cellulose hydrolysis rate, the accumulated acetate concentration should be lower than 25 mmol/L, and pH should be maintained at 7.     

Combination e ect of pH and acetate on enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis

The productivity and e ciency of cellulase are significant in cellulose hydrolysis. With the accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs), the pH value in anaerobic digestion system is reduced. Therefore, this study will find out how the pH and the amount of acetate influence the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. The e ects of pH and acetate on cellulase produced from Bacillus coagulans were studied at various pH 5–8, and acetate concentrations (0–60 mmol/L). A batch kinetic model for enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis was constructed from experimental data and performed. The base hypothesis was as follows: the rates of enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis rely on pH and acetate concentration. The results showed that the suitable pH range for cellulase production and cellulose hydrolysis (represents e ciency of cellulase) was 2.6–7.5, and 5.3–8.3, respectively. Moreover, acetate in the culture medium had an e ect on cellulase production (KI = 49.50 mmol/L, n = 1.7) less than cellulose hydrolysis (KI = 37.85 mmol/L, n = 2.0). The results indicated that both the pH of suspension and acidogenic products influence the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose in an anaerobic environment. To enhance the cellulose hydrolysis rate, the accumulated acetate concentration should be lower than 25 mmol/L, and pH should be maintained at 7.     

游离氨对热水解联合中温厌氧消化处理剩余污泥的影响

热水解预处理强化了污泥厌氧消化过程,但同时增加了微生物受游离氨抑制的风险.对比传统工艺,在有机容积负荷率1.74~4.27gVS/(L·d)条件下,研究了游离氨(FA)对热水解联合中温厌氧消化工艺性能的影响.结果表明,组合工艺甲烷产量较传统反应器提高89%~121%,有机去除率提高1.21~1.46倍.但同时导致系统中游离氨浓度达89~382mgN/L,显著高于传统工艺中37~84mgN/L的范围.游离氨毒性测试显示,传统工艺中FA浓度从43mgN/L升至84mgN/L,没有抑制解乙酸产甲烷途径,而组合工艺中FA升至264mgN/L时,表现出抑制作用,尽管厌氧菌对高浓度FA表现更强的驯化趋势.结合氮负荷试验, FA浓度与基质利用能力,解乙酸产甲烷途径抑制程度和挥发性有机酸积累的关系表明,高有机负荷条件下组合工艺效率可通过控制氮负荷优化.     

投碱种类和氨吹脱对污泥碱性发酵产酸的影响

采用完全混合式厌氧反应器,比较了NaOH和Ca(OH)2 2种碱试剂对污泥厌氧发酵产酸的作用效果,结合氨吹脱作用考察了NH4+浓度的降低对各有机物水解酸化程度的影响.结果表明在pH值为10的条件下,以NaOH调节的体系中各种有机物尤其是挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)的量明显高于以Ca(OH)2调节的体系.Ca(OH)2调节的体系中释放出的蛋白质有部分沉淀,磷酸盐含量也较低,小于40mg/L;氨吹脱的体系发酵液中氨氮含量减少了43%,增大了VFAs的积累量;在NaOH和氨吹脱的组合条件下,污泥水解酸化程度最好,SCOD为6732mg/L,蛋白质为2029mg/L,碳水化合物374mg/L,VFAs总量2545mg/L,且氨氮含量低于200mg/L;分析认为氨吹脱作用增大VFAs积累量的原因主要是NH4+浓度的减小,促进了产酸菌对于碳水化合物的发酵.     

典型酸碱条件下NO2-对剩余污泥水解产酸的影响

控制温度35℃,在典型pH值条件下(酸性5.0,碱性9.0)对比研究了NO2-对剩余污泥水解酸化性能的影响.结果表明:投加亚硝酸盐促进了剩余污泥的水解,提高了总可溶性COD(SCOD)产量,且随着时间的进行,酸性时比碱性时水解程度更高,到第28d时,总SCOD浓度由高到低依次为B1(pH=5且加NO2-),B2(pH=9且加NO2-),B4(pH=9且未加NO2-),B3(pH=5且未加NO2-);B1,B2,B3和B4中总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFAs)最高浓度分别为4476,4303,1350和2921mg/L,表明亚硝酸盐同样增强了污泥的酸化程度,并且酸性条件时促进作用更大.除此之外,酸性且投加NO2-的条件可以有效减少氨氮的释放.     

基于仿生学的一体式两相厌氧反应器的运行研究

反刍动物瘤胃对纤维素类物质具有强大的消化能力,在厌氧发酵领域备受关注.为了增加秸秆等物质的资源化利用途径,本文基于仿生学的原理,设计了一体式两相新型厌氧反应器,并以秸秆、猪粪和河道底泥为底物进行干式共发酵,研究了该反应器的水解酸化和产甲烷性能.结果表明：反应器在1～6 d的产气速率较快,单位体积累积产气量的增长速率为366.87 mL/d,最快产气速率为22.3 mL/(g·d)(以每g挥发性固体每天产生的沼气体积计);发酵过程挥发性固体的产气量为0.13 L/g;发酵过程中pH在7.3～8.2之间变化,p H与挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)浓度整体上呈现相反的变化趋势,说明反应器内未发生氨抑制现象;第1～21天,主反应室产生的溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)在次反应室中被充分利用,实现了水解过程和水解产物利用过程的分离;厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)是反应器中最丰富的两个菌门,均具有水解和产酸能力.基于瘤胃设计的反应器既具有不同水解程度底物分层和持续吸收VFAs的效果,又有上部水解和产酸、下部产甲烷的一体式两相厌氧发酵效果.研究显示,该反应器可有效延长...     

基于pH调控的城市污泥厌氧发酵产酸小试研究

本研究设计了热碱预处理-半连续流厌氧发酵污泥处理工艺,探究了p H对热碱预处理污泥产酸性能的影响,同时对发酵液作为碳源回用于污水厂强化脱氮除磷进行了质量衡算.在30 L厌氧发酵罐中考察了偏中性(p H=6.5)和碱性(p H=10.0)条件下热碱预处理污泥发酵的挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)产生及分布、蛋白质及碳水化合物的消耗和氮磷释放情况.结果表明,污泥热碱预处理-半连续流厌氧发酵工艺的VFA产量稳定,在p H为6.5和10.0的条件下,发酵罐中平均VFA产率分别为333.29 mg·g-1(以每g VS产生的COD(mg)计,下同)和250.64 mg·g-1,p H为6.5时产酸更稳定,且产量较高,但碱性条件更适合产乙酸.两种p H条件下的SCOD、溶解性蛋白质、溶解性多糖、氮和磷的释放都无较大差异.质量衡算结果表明,以处理量为50000 m3·d-1的城市污水处理厂为例,其产生的污泥经过热碱预处理-半连续流厌氧发酵产酸工艺,产生的VFA能够满足该污水处理厂脱氮除磷提标改造的碳源需求.     

不同预处理方法对污泥厌氧发酵产酸效果的影响

预处理污泥厌氧发酵不仅可有效处理污泥,而且可产生挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）,实现污泥资源化利用。通过批式试验,探究酸（pH为3、4）、碱（pH为10、11）和低温（70,90 ℃）预处理条件下污泥厌氧发酵产酸效能。研究发现,在不同预处理污泥厌氧发酵过程中,VFAs的积累主要发生在发酵前24h,产酸效果表现为pH=11 > 90 ℃ > pH=10 > 70 ℃ > pH=3 > pH=4 > 控制组,碱处理产酸有较明显优势,酸处理效果最差。乙酸为VFAs的主要成分,pH=11组的乙酸浓度最高达到1232.31 mg/L,为控制组的5.2倍。甲烷产量在厌氧发酵后期逐步上升。考虑到嗜酸产甲烷菌对VFAs的消耗以及经济性,选取24 h为最佳发酵时间。     

热水解时间对污泥厌氧消化系统微生物群落结构影响分析

为评估热水解时间对北京市大兴区某污水处理厂污泥厌氧消化系统微生物群落结构的影响,利用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序方法,分析了不同热水解时间（15、30和45 min）对初沉污泥和剩余活性污泥厌氧消化系统中微生物群落结构及其多样性的影响因素.结果表明,消化污泥优势类群主要分布在厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、阴沟单胞菌门（Cloacimonadota）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）和同力菌门（Synergistota）,相对丰度之和超过60%,相对丰度最高菌属为W5,占比为20.8%~54.5%,表现为少数优势物种的高丰度特征.热水解污泥厌氧消化过程中,高挥发性脂肪酸和氨氮浓度导致嗜乙酸产甲烷菌相对丰度减少,嗜氢产甲烷途径多于嗜乙酸产甲烷途径.环境因子关联分析结果显示,消化进泥可溶蛋白质、消化进泥pH值、消化出泥氨氮和热水解时间是影响微生物群落结构的4个主要环境因子,其中消化出泥氨氮对产甲烷菌属的影响最大,呈负相关关系.热水解时间与Chao指数和Shannon指数均呈负相关,较长热水解时间不利于提高厌氧消化过程微生物菌群丰富度和多样性.     

酸碱性调节对初沉污泥氮磷和有机质释放的影响

在调节pH值分别为3.0和10.0的条件下,与pH值保持原状相对比,研究了15～20℃下初沉污泥水解酸化过程中氨氮、磷酸盐和溶解性COD(SCOD)、碳水化合物、蛋白质和挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)等有机质组分的释放。结果表明,强酸条件,特别是强碱会抑制氨氮的释放,试验周期结束时,碱性条件氨氮的释放量为1.28 mg/g TS,远小于对比试验(6.97 mg/g TS);磷酸盐的释放量表现为酸性>碱性>对比试验,反应至第4天时各条件下的释放量即趋于稳定,分别为2.47 mg/g TS、1.23 mg/g TS和1.18 mg/g TS;碱性条件下,各有机质组分的释放量大于其他条件,其中总VFAs波动较大,在第8天左右的产生量接近最大值,为201.59 mg COD/g VS,且以乙酸为主,其余组分在较短的时间里接近或达到最大值后保持相对稳定。     

超声波预处理对餐厨垃圾产VFAs的影响

采用超声波预处理餐厨垃圾以提高产挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)产率.结果表明,在超声强度720W/L下处理15min后,餐厨垃圾SCOD含量比原样中SCOD提高了1倍,其中有机质中碳水化合物溶出量最大,由原样中8.2g/L提高到处理后的43.5g/L;在pH=6、温度35℃条件下,对含固率约为12%的餐厨垃圾进行厌氧发酵,未预处理和超声处理后的餐厨垃圾产生的VFAs最大值分别达到33.4,42.5g/L,经超声预处理的餐厨垃圾产VFAs的量提高了27.2%.     

碱处理促进剩余污泥解的试验研究

研究了热碱水解法对剩余污泥特性参数(溶解性化学需氧量、挥发性脂肪酸、氨氮、pH值与污泥浓度等)的影响.碱的加入减弱了污泥细胞壁对高温的抵抗力,加剧了剩余污泥细胞内有机质的释放与水解,改变了污泥的性质.在反应温度为170℃、pH 13、反应时间为75 min的条件下,溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)达到了最大融出量17956 mg/L,此时SCOD与总化学需氧量(TCOD)之比为0.65.在pH 13,反应时间为60 min时悬浮固体(SS)、挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)均达到了最大溶解率,其值分别为67%和72%.经热碱水解处理后的剩余污泥SCOD随着原污泥浓度的增大而增大,呈现了良好的线性关系,相关系数R2达到了0.97以上,而且随着pH值的增大,融出率也不断增大,在pH 13时达到最高值672 mg/g.另外,通过正交试验可以得出170℃时各因素对SCOD影响的重要性,依次为污泥浓度、DH值、反应时间.     

Stability of expanded granular sludge bed process for terylene artificial silk printing and dyeing wastewater treatment

Terylene artificial silk printing and dyeing wastewater(TPD wastewater), containing averaged 710 mg/L terephthalic acid(TA) as the main carbon source and the character pollutant, was subjected to expanded granular sludge bed(EGSB) process. The stability of the EGSB process was firstly conducted by laboratory experiment. TA ionization was the predominated factor influencing the acid-base balance of the system. High concentration of TA in wastewater resulted in sufficient buffering capacity to neutralize the volatile fatty acids(VFA)generated from substrate degradation and provided strong base for anaerobic system to resist the pH decrease below 6.5. VFA and UFA caused almost no inhibition on the anaerobic process and biogas production except that pH was below 6.35 and VFA was at its maximum value. Along with the granulating of the activated sludge, the efficiency of organic removal and production rate of biogas increased gradually and became more stable. After start-up, the efficiency of COD removal increased to 57%—64%, pH stabilized in a range of 7.99—8.04, and production rate of biogas was relatively high and stable. Sludge granulating, suitable influent of pH and loading were responsible for the EGSB stability. The variation of VFA concentration only resulted in neglectable rebound of pH, and the inhibition from VFA could be ignored in EGSB. The EGSB reactor was stable for TPD wastewater treatment.     

pH对果蔬、园林垃圾混合厌氧水解产酸的影响

采用厌氧水解技术处理果蔬、园林混合垃圾,探究pH值对产酸效果的影响。在45℃、pH=6的条件下,第11天时反应器内消化液的挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度达到最大值12.94 g/L,是未调控pH条件下VFA浓度的3.37倍,同时使达到最大值的时间减少了20%,大大提高了产酸效率。同时,调控pH可以促进溶解性有机物(SCOD)转化为挥发性脂肪酸,VFA/SCOD在pH=6条件下第11天时达到最大值,为48.73%。进一步对比分析不同条件下的消化液VFA组分和氨氮浓度,调控pH=6可使发酵类型从乙醇型发酵转为丁酸型发酵,也有利于蛋白质的分解。     

Enhancement of anaerobic biodegradability of flower stem wastes with vegetable wastes by co-hydrolysis

The vegetable wastes and flower stems were co-digested to evaluate the anaerobic hydrolysis performance of difficultly biodegradable organic wastes by introducing readily biodegradable organic wastes. The experiments were carried out in batches. When the vegetable wastes were mixed with the flower stems at the dry weight ratio of 1 to 13, the overall hydrolysis rate increased by 8%, 12%, and 2% according to the carbon, nitrogen, and total solid （TS） conversion rate, respectively. While the dry weight ratio was designed as 1 to 3, there was a respective rise of 5%, 15%, and 4% in the conversion rate of carbon, nitrogen, and TS. The enhancement of anaerobic hydrolysis from the mixed vegetable wastes and flower stems can be attributed to the formation of volatile fatty acids （VFA） and nutrient supplement like nitrogen content. The maximum VFA concentration can achieve 1.7 g/L owing to the rapid acidification of vegetable wastes, loosing the structure of lignocellulose materials. The statistic bivariate analysis revealed that the hydrolysis performance was significantly related to the physical and biochemical compositions of the feeding substrate. Especially, the soluble carbon concentration in the liquid was significantly positively correlated to the concentration of nitrogen and hemicellulose, and negatively correlated to the concentration of carbon and lignocellulose in the feeding substrate, suggesting that the regulation and control of feedstock can have an important influence on the anaerobic hydrolysis of organic wastes.     

ADM1模型对生物强化厌氧产甲烷体系的模拟

利用厌氧消化1号模型（ADM1）对高氨氮条件下生物强化促进厌氧消化产甲烷体系进行模拟,对原始ADM1参数进行修正,进而对修正模型进行验证.基于生物强化对厌氧消化产甲烷过程影响的实验数据,结合敏感度分析及参数意义,提出3种假设,选择乙酸半饱和系数（ks_ac）、最大比乙酸降解速率系数（km_ac）和氨氮抑制参数（KI_NH3,_Xac）对原始ADM1进行修正.模拟结果表明,3种修正模型均可对生物强化过程进行较准确的描述,其中,修正km_ac后的模型（ADM1_km_ac）对甲烷产量和挥发性脂肪酸的拟合优度最高（R² > 0.87）,说明在此过程中对km_ac的修正更有意义.模型验证表明,修正后的ADM1_km_ac模型可对生物强化技术强化厌氧消化产甲烷过程进行描述、分析及预测.     

四环素类抗生素污染畜禽粪便的厌氧消化特征

应用间歇试验研究了外源添加四环素(TC)和金霉素(CTC)的猪粪中温(35℃)厌氧消化特征及抗生素的降解过程.结果表明,猪粪厌氧水解酸化过程中产生的挥发性脂肪酸以丙酸为主,乙酸次之;相比于CTC添加组,TC+CTC混合添加组对易降解有机物的水解酸化有明显的抑制作用;添加TC、CTC和TC+CTC组在45 d的消化期内累积产甲烷量分别为386.4、406.0和412.1 mL,与不添加TC和CTC的对照组(464.6 mL)相比,分别减少了16.8%、12.6%、11.3%.四环素和金霉素的降解过程符合一级反应动力学方程;四环素降解的半衰期为14～18 d,金霉素为10 d.经过45 d厌氧消化处理后,四环素的降解率达88.6%～91.6%,金霉素达97.7%～98.2%.因此,畜禽粪便厌氧消化处理不仅能回收生物质能源,还能降解残留的四环素类抗生素,有效地降低抗生素污染产生的生态风险.     

Impact of undissociated volatile fatty acids on acidogenesis in a two-phase anaerobic system

This study investigated the degradation and production of volatile fatty acids(VFAs)in the acidogenic phase reactor of a two-phase anaerobic system.20 mmol/L bromoethanesulfonic acid(BESA)was used to inhibit acidogenic methanogens(which were present in the acidogenic phase reactor)from degrading VFAs.The impact of undissociated volatile fatty acids(un VFAs)on"net"VFAs production in the acidogenic phase reactor was then evaluated,with the exclusion of concurrent VFAs degradation."Net"VFAs production from glucose degradation was partially inhibited at high un VFAs concentrations,with 59%,37% and 60% reduction in production rates at 2190 mg chemical oxygen demand(COD)/L undissociated acetic acid(un HAc),2130 mg COD/L undissociated propionic acid(un HPr)and 2280 mg COD/L undissociated n-butyric acid(un HBu),respectively.The profile of VFAs produced further indicated that while an un VFA can primarily affect its own formation,there were also un VFAs that affected the formation of other VFAs.     

混合外源菌强化剩余污泥微氧水解产酸

利用外源投加酵母菌与醋酸菌的方式促进了剩余污泥水解产生短链挥发性脂肪酸（SCFAs）的产量,考察了混合投加模式下污泥水解溶出的正磷酸盐、氨氮和溶解性COD的浓度,研究水解过程胞外聚合物（EPS）组分中蛋白质及多糖的变化特征.结果表明,在酵母菌和醋酸菌投加量分别为10和20g/L时,发酵第5d实现了最高的SCFAs产量,达到719mgCOD/gVSS,其中乙酸含量为328.78mgCOD/gVSS,占总SCFAs的45.72%.投加两种菌显著促进了剩余污泥水解产生SCFAs,且以乙酸为主.外源菌投加促进了水解酸化过程氨氮和正磷酸盐的释放,最佳反应条件下最大释放量分别为80.66和22.38mg/gVSS,有利于从剩余污泥中回收氮磷.投加外源菌后EPS中的蛋白质和多糖从内层向最外层释放,为污泥水解产酸提供底物.外源投加酵母菌与醋酸菌是促进剩余污泥水解酸化的有效手段.     

初始pH值和物料配比对高温混料厌氧发酵进程的影响

为了研究高温条件下初始p H对厌氧发酵进程的影响,以猪粪、玉米秸秆为发酵原料,设置3种比例(干物质质量比30∶70、50∶50、70∶30)下6个水平(6.0、6.5、7.0、7.5、8.0的初始p H值以及一个不调控初始p H的处理作为对照)进行批次发酵试验.结果表明,初始p H值和物料配比都会显著影响厌氧发酵过程的启动时间和甲烷产量.当初始p H值为7.0时,VS降解率趋于稳定.COD去除率随着粪便含量的增加而逐渐降低.高温猪粪玉米秸秆混合发酵最佳挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)/碱度比值范围为0.05~0.3;猪粪可以作为一种缓冲材料,适量添加可增大消化系统的缓冲能力.通过建模优化,预测出当初始p H值为6.95、猪粪/玉米秆为70∶30时,可得到每克挥发性固体最大理论单位甲烷产量169.22 m L·g-1.