Studies on automated survey system of environmental chemicals by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-computer I. Retrieval system of mass spectra

A retrieval system of mass spectra based upon the Probability Based Matching method was studied in order to apply it to survey the chemicals in environments by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-computer system. As retrieval indices, peak missing probability and relative confidence value were proposed.     

Studies on automated survey system of environmental chemicals by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-computer II. Three dimensional mass chromatography

A three dimensional mass chromatography (TDMC), which is the extended method of mass chromatography, has been developed for the analysis of environmental chemicals. A considerable performance was suggested by the combination of TDMC to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-computer system.     

An automated overlying water-renewal system for sediment toxicity studies

An automated water-renewal toxicity test system is described for exposing benthic invertebrates to whole sediments. The system will intermittently deliver laboratory or on-site water for overlying water replacement in sediment exposures. A range of cycle rates can be used to produce different volume additions of overlying water per day to exposure chambers. The system can be used with six different treatments and eight replicates per treatment producing 48 exposure chambers. Three formulated sediments with variable organic carbon (1.5%, 7.5%) and sand (14%, 63%) content were prepared to test the system exposing amphipods, Hyalella azteca and midges, Chironomus tentans in 10 day whole sediment tests. Intermittent water flow was used with a 90 min cycle time to create two volume additions of laboratory water per 24 h in exposure chambers (180 ml sediment, 320 ml water). Overlying water quality conditions, and survival and growth of both species were consistent and within acceptable limits for the testing requirements of the U.S. EPA guidelines for sediments with freshwater invertebrates.     

An automated test for measuring polymer biodegradation

The biodegradability of polymer materials as evaluated by the modified Sturm test is labor-intensive, cumbersome and costly and also tends to cumulate errors. An automated system for the measurement of carbon dioxide would overcome many of these disadvantages. We describe here a method in which CO2 was determined by IR spectroscopy. We compared the results with those from trapping CO2 in a solution of barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)2) followed by manual titration. The automated system was more reproducible, less costly and more compact. The automated system could also be employed to measure the biodegradability of other substances such as oils and detergents.     

Development of the automated cleanup system for the analysis of PCDDs, PCDFs and DL-PCBs

A new automated cleanup system for the analysis of dioxins (PCDDs, PCDFs and DL-PCBs) has been developed. It was controlled by PLC through the touch-panel. This automated cleanup system can simultaneously treat six samples in 2h, using only about 30 mL of solvent. In this study, the recovery rates of the internal standard added as cleanup spiked were between 70% and 120% in the fly ash sample. The RSDs (relative standard deviations) were below 15%. The shortest analysis time from cleanup to calculation of concentration was approximately 6h. Moreover, this automated cleanup system eliminates personal error in sample preparation and training time for the analyst, and improves the accuracy of the experiment. Additionally, this automated cleanup system allowed rapid analysis and less consumption of organic solvent.     

Accuracy and reliability of an automated air quality forecast system for ozone in seven Kentucky metropolitan areas

An automated forecast system for ozone in seven Kentucky metropolitan areas has been operational since 2004. The forecast system automatically downloads the required input data twice each day, produces next-day forecasts of metro area peak 8-h average ozone concentration using a computer coded hybrid nonlinear regression (NLR) model, and posts the results on a website. The automated models were similar to previous NLR models, first applied to forecasting ozone in the Louisville metro area. The forecast system operated reliably during the 2004 and 2005 O₃ seasons, producing at least one forecast per day better than 99% of the time. The forecast accuracy of the automated system was good. For all 2004 and 2005 forecasts, the mean absolute error was equal to 8.7 ppb, or 15.6% of the overall mean concentration. The overall detection rate of air quality standard exceedences was 56%, and the overall false alarm rate was 42%. In Louisville, the performance of the automated system was comparable to that of expert forecasters using the NLR model as a forecast tool.     

Evaluation of the measurement uncertainty in automated long-term sampling of PCDD/PCDFs

Since the publication of the first version of European standard EN-1948 in 1996, long-term sampling equipment has been improved to a high standard for the sampling and analysis of polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD)/polychlorodibenzofuran (PCDF) emissions from industrial sources. The current automated PCDD/PCDF sampling systems enable to extend the measurement time from 6–8 h to 15–30 days in order to have data values better representative of the real pollutant emission of the plant in the long period. EN-1948:2006 is still the European technical reference standard for the determination of PCDD/PCDF from stationary source emissions. In this paper, a methodology to estimate the measurement uncertainty of long-term automated sampling is presented. The methodology has been tested on a set of high concentration sampling data resulting from a specific experience; it is proposed with the intent that it is to be applied on further similar studies and generalized. A comparison between short-term sampling data resulting from manual and automated parallel measurements has been considered also in order to verify the feasibility and usefulness of automated systems and to establish correlations between results of the two methods to use a manual method for calibration of automatic long-term one. The uncertainty components of the manual method are analyzed, following the requirements of EN-1948-3:2006, allowing to have a preliminary evaluation of the corresponding uncertainty components of the automated system. Then, a comparison between experimental data coming from parallel sampling campaigns carried out in short- and long-term sampling periods is realized. Long-term sampling is more reliable to monitor PCDD/PCDF emissions than occasional short-term sampling. Automated sampling systems can assure very useful emission data both in short and long sampling periods. Despite this, due to the different application of the long-term sampling systems, the automated results could not be directly compared with manual results, not even in terms of measurement uncertainty. This investigation focuses on both uncertainty and repeatability of the automated sampling method. The standard 20988, developed by Internarional Organization of Standardization (ISO) can be used to estimate the measurement uncertainty. The results confirm that the uncertainties of manual and automated methods are comparable. At the same time, it is not appropriate to consider the manual method as a reference for the evaluation of the uncertainty of the automated sampling system, due to the high variability of both systems.     

锌精炼铅塔燃烧系统烟气温度模糊控制研究

针对锌精馏铅塔动态过程中的非线性、非最小相位特征、不稳定性、时滞和负荷干扰,基于模糊控制策略下给出了锌精馏铅塔燃烧系统新的控制方法.运用模糊控制系统对锌精馏铅塔的烟气温度进行仿真研究和实时控制结果表明,该研究所设计的模糊控制器能够克服许多干扰因素,产生了良好的控制效果.     

环境安全预警系统的研建

建立环境安全预警系统的呼声随着环境安全问题的日益突出而逐渐高涨。通过分析论述环境安全预警系统研究的进展及特点，提出环境安全预警系统的逻辑结构、系统总体架构和系统功能结构，以期从方法和技术角度为建立环境安全预警系统提供一个全面新颖的实现方案。     

自动混合呼吸测量仪的开发与验证

呼吸测量技术通过测量和解析氧利用速率(OUR)能够反映活性污泥微生物代谢状态、监控废水处理工艺运行状况、获取反应动力学参数和污水组分参数.混合呼吸测量原理即是为满足这些应用而提出的具有高测试精度和频率的OUR测试方法.依据该原理,本研究提出了一种新的具体实现形式.实验证实,所研制的自动混合呼吸测量仪通过测量室的设计解决了流速和流态差异对DO电极测量值的影响,通过温控和磁力搅拌系统实现了系统整体恒温,通过测试软件开发,减小了干扰,提高了测试精度,实现了测量过程可视化.实用结果表明,自动混合呼吸测量仪具有很好的精度和长期稳定性,有较好的应用前景,值得进行深入研究.     

automated data handling for small authorities

The body of information presented in this paper is directed to administrators of smaller authorities—defined, arbitrarily, as those with small staff and not embracing large metropolitan areas. As their activities increase, viable programs are likely to produce prodigious quantities of data, necessitating the use of modern computers for most efficient analysis.

Remote links with high-speed time sharing computers provide a means for smaller authorities to satisfy this need. The capabilities of a large computer can be brought into the local office to handle (a) administrative and enforcement problems, (b) technical data analysis, and (c) instructional needs.

A data handling system being developed for use by the Northwest Air Pollution Authority is described, together with an examination of its potential utility to the Authority as its activities increase.     

湿法烟气脱硫系统的脱汞性能现场实验

分析湿法烟气脱硫系统的脱汞性能,对控制燃煤电厂的汞污染具有重要意义。利用安大略水法和吸附管法分别对某600 MW电厂湿法脱硫系统的进出口的烟气进行了采样,测量了烟气中各形态汞浓度,并分析了该系统对烟气总汞、气态氧化态汞的脱除效果以及对气态单质汞的影响。研究结果表明,安大略水法和吸附管法均能较为准确地测定湿法脱硫系统进出口烟气中的汞含量,测得入口和出口的氧化汞与平均值的相对误差的绝对值分别为3.5%和1.3%;入口和出口的单质汞与平均值相对误差的绝对值分别为16.6%和3.3%。其中吸附管法操作相对简单。通过湿法烟气脱硫系统后,烟气中氧化态汞的浓度可下降87.5%,其中约67.5%的氧化态汞被湿法脱硫系统脱除,约20%的氧化态汞在脱硫浆液的还原作用下被还原为单质汞,导致脱硫系统出口的单质汞浓度高于入口。     

基于因特网的危险废物转移联单系统研究与开发

危险废物转移联单是跟踪危险废物转移和处理处置的基本方法 ,也是实施危险废物全过程管理的有效工具。然而 ,目前使用的纸质联单系统 ,运行过程繁杂、周期长、耗费人力和物力 ,与现代化管理不相适应。本文提出了符合中国国情的电子化转移联单解决方案 ,论述了系统的设计开发过程和运行情况。这一系统采用了因特网技术 ,能实现联单运行的电子化和自动化 ,简化运行过程 ,提高效率 ,为我国危险废物转移的电子化管理奠定了基础     

An automated systems for air sampling with annular denuder systems at a remote site

An automated air sampling system has been designed for use with the annular denuder system (ADS). The automated air sampling system allows for accurate measurements of air volume and day-night sampling while preventing the accumulation of moisture within the ADS caused by condensation or cloud events. The sampling system consists of air flow, monitoring and control subsystems. Calibration of the sampling system against a Hoffer turbine flow meter indicated accurate measurement of air flow volumes. Field testing and preliminary data have shown that the sampling system functions well in a remote mountain forest site, and was relatively unaffected by condensation, fog, or cloud events.     

SBR系统静压式滗水器的研究

对SBR系统静压式滗水器进行了研究,与传统SBR系统常用的滗水器进行比较,研究结果表明,该滗水器具有运行稳定、滗水负荷大、能耗低、自动化程度高、造价及维修费用低等特点,减少机械设备,结构简单,便于与SBR系统的控制方式相结合,具有实际应用价值.     

SBR系统静压式滗水器的研究

对SBR系统静压式滗水器进行了研究，与传统SBR系统常用的滗水器进行比较，研究结果表明，该滗水器具有运行稳定、滗水负荷大、能耗低、自动化程度高、造价及维修费用低等特点，减少机械设备，结构简单，便于与SBR系统的控制方式相结合，具有实际应用价值。     

矿山环境预警信息系统设计及应用

针对矿山环境监测和预警的需要，采用地理信息系统的理论和方法，设计了满足矿山实际需要的环境预警信息系统，并阐述了该信息系统设计中的关键技术（如系统分析，数据库设计，应用子系统设计、系统功能实现等），还着重探讨了系统应用中的数据模型及方法。     

Certification of a long-term sampling system for PCDFs and PCDDs in the flue gas from industrial facilities

AMESA (adsorption method for sampling of dioxins) is a fully automatic system for long term monitoring of dioxin emissions from industrial processes based on the adsorption method. The system has been tested and undergoing a certification procedure according to the German guidelines for certification of systems for continuous monitoring of special substances. The certification covered parameters such as disposability of the system, reproducibility of the results and comparability of the sampling method with German and European standard methods. Furthermore break through, blanks and sample storability were investigated. The results prove that AMESA is a state of the art sampling system for continuous monitoring of dioxin/furan emissions.     

危险废物回转窑焚烧系统的工艺设计

介绍杭州市危险废物回转窑焚烧处理示范工程的一期规模、工艺流程及主要设备的设计方法。