A 3D aerosol and visibility information system for urban areas using remote sensing and GIS

Currently, the depiction of urban air quality at boundary layer scale uses modelled climatic and land cover data. However, such models are difficult to verify, and only low to moderate accuracy may be achieved due to the complexity of the input data required and the reliance on assumptions about dispersion patterns. The provision of comprehensive air quality data to urban residents in city districts, at a level of detail commensurate with other Location-Based Services (LBS) which are time- and place-sensitive, has therefore not been possible. A method for urban air quality monitoring over cities at boundary layer scale, other than by the use of air quality models is presented here. The system presented uses empirical Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) data in near-real time, combining AOT data from AERONET with aerosol vertical profiles computed from twice-daily MODIS satellite images at 500 m resolution, to give three dimensional (3D) air quality data over the urban landscape. There has been no previous attempt to project the horizontal spatial distribution of aerosols from satellite image pixels into a vertical dimension to give a spatially comprehensive three dimensional record of air quality. The paper describes the sources and accuracy of the AOT data input to the system as well as its storage and retrieval on a Geographic Information System (GIS) platform, to provide air quality and visibility information according to user query at any 3D geographical location, including individual buildings or building floor.     

Woodstove smoke and CO emissions: comparison of reference methods with the VIP sampler

A new field sampler has been developed for measuring the particulate matter (PM) and carbon monoxide emissions of woodburning stoves. Particulate matter is determined by carbon balance and the workup of a sample train which is similar to a room-temperature EPA Method 5G train. A steel tank, initially evacuated, serves as the motive force for sampling and also accumulates a gas sample for post-test analysis of time-averaged stack CO and CO2 concentrations. Workup procedures can be completed within 72 hours of sampler retrieval. The system has been compared to reference methods in two laboratory test series involving six different woodburning appliances and two independent laboratories. The correlation of field sampler emission rates and reference method rates is strong.     

Woodstove Smoke and CO Emissions: Comparison of Reference Methods with the VPI Sampler

A new field sampler has been developed for measuring the particulate matter (PM) and carbon monoxide emissions of woodburning stoves. Particulate matter is determined by carbon balance and the workup of a sample train which is similar to a room-temperature EPA Method 5G train. A steel tank, initially evacuated, serves as the motive force for sampling and also accumulates a gas sample for post-test analysis of time-averaged stack CO and CO₂ concentrations. Workup procedures can be completed, within 72 hours of sampler retrieval. The system has been compared to reference methods in two laboratory test series involving six different woodburning appliances and two independent laboratories. The correlation of field sampler emission rates and reference method rates is strong.     

Retrieval of Carbon monoxide profiles over Indian region using MOPITT data

Vertical profiles of carbon monoxide (CO) over the Indian region have scarcely been monitored. Satellite sensor, Measurement Of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT) provides profiles of CO using a global retrieval scheme, which converts measured radiances to CO mixing ratios. In this study we have developed a regional retrieval scheme, valid over the Indian region, which employs Line-By-Line (LBL) calculations over a tropical model atmosphere to generate a Look-Up-Table (LUT) forward model function and uses a regional a priori dataset of CO along with seasonally variable emissivity to invert the MOPITT radiances to CO profiles. This baseline study provides an approach to optimizing retrievals for specific regional applications. A case study was carried out over a forest fire prone region in Northern India from February to April 2005 to validate the retrieval algorithm. The results are in agreement with the fire maps generated from MODerate resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS). The shape of the CO profiles over the region matches quite well with the vertical structure of CO during the INDOEX campaign, especially during the polluted month of April. Inter-comparisons with the MOPITT data product indicate some discrepancies in the lower troposphere, especially during the forest fire season. Future studies with in-situ measurements may be able to diagnose these disparities.     

锌精炼铅塔燃烧系统烟气温度模糊控制研究

针对锌精馏铅塔动态过程中的非线性、非最小相位特征、不稳定性、时滞和负荷干扰,基于模糊控制策略下给出了锌精馏铅塔燃烧系统新的控制方法.运用模糊控制系统对锌精馏铅塔的烟气温度进行仿真研究和实时控制结果表明,该研究所设计的模糊控制器能够克服许多干扰因素,产生了良好的控制效果.     

The National Air Pollution Technical Information Center: Its Operation and Services

This report describes the operations of the National Air Pollution Technical Information Center of the Division of Air Pollution, Public Health Service, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; and discusses the Center’s expanding coverage of the world’s journal literature and the report literature from four major clearinghouses. Also reported are efforts to complete the development of an effective information storage and retrieval system, including vocabulary control and hardware testing. A brief analysis is made of the relationships between the Air Pollution Control Association (APCA) ana the Air Pollution Technical Information Center (APTIC) and the benefits to be derived from an effective technical literature program.     

模拟车用工况下5kW燃料电池尾气净化系统

模拟了车用工况下燃料电池发动机脉冲式排氢的特点,设计开发了一套质子交换膜燃料电池的尾气净化系统,并以5 kW燃料电池的尾气排放为例,研究其净化效果。研究了电池阳极排放氢气缓冲前后尾气中氢气浓度的变化,以及不同空速条件下氢气的去除效果。结果表明：电堆阳极排放氢气经过缓冲处理后,尾气中氢气浓度趋于平稳,大部分工况下处在2%以下,达到了安全处理的要求;尾气中氢气的去除效果与空速密切相关。对自制的整体式催化剂而言,当空速低于20000 h^-1时,氢气的去除率能达到约95%,而当空速达到39270 h^-1时,氢气的去除率仅为10.9%。鉴于这一问题,提出通过采用尾排空气的分流手段调整催化燃烧反应器对空速的要求,以提高尾气中氢气的去除率。     

模拟车用工况下5 kW燃料电池尾气净化系统

模拟了车用工况下燃料电池发动机脉冲式排氢的特点,设计开发了一套质子交换膜燃料电池的尾气净化系统,并以5 kW燃料电池的尾气排放为例,研究其净化效果。研究了电池阳极排放氢气缓冲前后尾气中氢气浓度的变化,以及不同空速条件下氢气的去除效果。结果表明：电堆阳极排放氢气经过缓冲处理后,尾气中氢气浓度趋于平稳,大部分工况下处在2%以下,达到了安全处理的要求;尾气中氢气的去除效果与空速密切相关。对自制的整体式催化剂而言,当空速低于20 000 h^-1时,氢气的去除率能达到约95%,而当空速达到39 270 h^-1时,氢气的去除率仅为10.9%。鉴于这一问题,提出通过采用尾排空气的分流手段调整催化燃烧反应器对空速的要求,以提高尾气中氢气的去除率。     

有机污染物湿地生物降解实验规律研究

本文以苯、甲苯和萘为对象 ,通过实验研究 ,测定有机污染物的土壤 水吸附平衡过程、在水溶液中生物降解过程以及在湿地系统 (即土壤 水 微生物系统 )中生物降解过程 ,并以质量守恒定律为基础 ,建立有机污染物湿地生物降解过程综合数学模型 ;数学模型通过实验验证。利用模型 ,定量预测了污染物生物降解所需的时间和程度 ,并提出动力学因子FK,判断污染物湿地生物降解速度的控制因素 ,定量预测了污染物在土壤固相的浓度分布规律     

Economic insight into municipal solid waste management in Mumbai: a critical analysis

Mumbai generates 6256 tonnes of waste every day, of which 17.20% is recyclable, but only a fraction of this is retrieved by rag-pickers. The economic value of the retrieved material is not considered by the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai in valuing the waste management system as there is no retrieval mechanism except the informal rag-picking activity. Moreover, the cost of land used for the dumping of waste is also not accounted for. In the present paper, a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis for the present system of municipal solid waste management in Mumbai is carried out, with due consideration for implicit or hidden costs and benefits. Accounting for the implicit costs and benefits showed a difference of $6 per every tonne of waste disposal. This could show a considerable difference in policy development at the municipality level. Demand supply analysis proved that the present system of waste management would not yield a feasible market solution without private sector participation. With the increasing demand for improved waste management, private sector participation is essential and a Pigouvian tax is a necessary tool to make the private sector participation in solid waste management a success.     

EPA site demonstration of BioTrol aqueous treatment system

BioTrol's pilot scale, fixed-film biological system was evaluated, under the EPA's SITE program, for its effectiveness at removing pentachlorophenol from groundwater. The demonstration was performed in the summer of 1989 at a wood preserving site in New Brighton, Minnesota. The system employs indigenous microorganisms amended with a specific pentachlorophenol-degrading bacterium. Groundwater from a well on the site was fed to the system at 1, 3, and 5 gpm with no pretreatment other than pH adjustment, nutrient addition, and temperature control. Each flowrate was maintained for about two weeks while samples were collected for extensive analyses. At 5 gpm, the system was capable of eliminating about 96 percent of the pentachlorophenol in the groundwater and producing effluent with pentachlorophenol concentrations of about 1 ppm. At the lower flows (1 and 3 gpm) removal was higher (about 99 percent) and effluent pentachlorophenol concentrations were well below 0.5 ppm. The system consistently produced a completely nontoxic effluent at all three flowrates. Review of other data provided by BioTrol indicates that the process is also effective on other hydrocarbons, including solvents and fuels. The system appears to be a compact and cost-effective treatment for contaminated wastewaters requiring minimal operating attention once acclimated.     

基于因特网的危险废物转移联单系统研究与开发

危险废物转移联单是跟踪危险废物转移和处理处置的基本方法 ,也是实施危险废物全过程管理的有效工具。然而 ,目前使用的纸质联单系统 ,运行过程繁杂、周期长、耗费人力和物力 ,与现代化管理不相适应。本文提出了符合中国国情的电子化转移联单解决方案 ,论述了系统的设计开发过程和运行情况。这一系统采用了因特网技术 ,能实现联单运行的电子化和自动化 ,简化运行过程 ,提高效率 ,为我国危险废物转移的电子化管理奠定了基础     

清洁型一体化污水处理系统研究

针对城镇分散型污水处理的特点,开发了一种清洁型一体化污水处理系统.该系统由立体循环一体化氧化沟(IODVC)、污泥减量区和臭气处理区优化整合而成.中试试验结果表明:该系统可以使微生物有效处理污水,并实现污泥减量和臭味气体净化.经该系统处理的污水,出水COD、NH4 -N、SS的浓度维持在35 mg/L、1 mg/L和20 mg/L以下;同时,臭味气体得到有效去除,氨气和硫化氢等臭味气体可以达标排放;经过生物减量,排放的剩余污泥减少了46.4%;污泥的比阻有所降低.本系统占地少,运行操作简便,无二次污染,属于适合中小型污水处理的技术工艺.     

环境安全预警系统的研建

建立环境安全预警系统的呼声随着环境安全问题的日益突出而逐渐高涨。通过分析论述环境安全预警系统研究的进展及特点，提出环境安全预警系统的逻辑结构、系统总体架构和系统功能结构，以期从方法和技术角度为建立环境安全预警系统提供一个全面新颖的实现方案。     

Evaluation of the MODIS aerosol optical depth retrieval over different ecosystems in China during EAST-AIRE

The accuracy of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer's (MODIS) aerosol products is still uncertain in China, due to a lack of validation by long-term and large-scale ground-based observations. In this paper, the MODIS aerosol optical depth (AOD) product is evaluated using Chinese Sun Hazemeter Network (CSHNET) data as ground truths over different ecological regions in China during the East Asian Study of Tropospheric Aerosols—an International Regional Experiment (EAST-AIRE). The evaluation results show very large differences in the MODIS AOD retrieval between different ecosystems and geographic locations. The most agreement between the MODIS data and that of the CSHNET was in farmland sites in central-southern China, where high correlation (R>0.82) and large percentages (R2>72%) within the expected error lines issued by NASA were found. In temperate forest, coastal regions, and northeast and central farmlands, there appeared moderate agreement, with R∼0.64–0.80 and 45–73% of retrieval data falling within the expected errors. The poorest agreement existed in northern arid and semiarid regions, in remote northeast farmlands, in the Tibetan and Loess Plateau, and in southern forests, with 13–54% of retrieval data falling within the expected errors. In addition, the MODIS AOD retrievals were significantly overestimated in the northern arid and semiarid regions and underestimated in remote northeast farmlands and southern forests.     

Efficient retrieval of vegetation leaf area index and canopy clumping factor from satellite data to support pollutant deposition assessments

Canopy leaf area index (LAI) is an important structural parameter of the vegetation controlling pollutant uptake by terrestrial ecosystems. This paper presents a computationally efficient algorithm for retrieval of vegetation LAI and canopy clumping factor from satellite data using observed Simple Ratios (SR) of near-infrared to red reflectance. The method employs numerical inversion of a physics-based analytical canopy radiative transfer model that simulates the bi-directional reflectance distribution function (BRDF). The algorithm is independent of ecosystem type. The method is applied to 1-km resolution AVHRR satellite images to retrieve a geo-referenced data set of monthly LAI values for the conterminous USA. Satellite-based LAI estimates are compared against independent ground LAI measurements over a range of ecosystem types. Verification results suggest that the new algorithm represents a viable approach to LAI retrieval at continental scale, and can facilitate spatially explicit studies of regional pollutant deposition and trace gas exchange.     

Atrazine degradation in a containerized rhizosphere system

The effect of atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) on rhizosphere microorganisms and its fate in a containerized rhizosphere system was studied. The rhizosphere system consisted of corn grown in pot containing a defined potting mix of sand and bark with atrazine. Sterilized potting mix and a container without plants served as controls. Atrazine was extracted and analyzed via HPLC. Fluorescent pseudomonad populations increased 100-fold in the rhizposphere during a 60-day incubation period as compared to the nonvegetated control. Atrazine degradation was higher in the rhizosphere system (half-life of 7 days) compared to the nonvegetated control (half-life of greater than 45 days). The major degradation product detected in the rhizosphere system was deisopropylatrazine; other products detected included deethylatrazine, deethylhydroxyatrazine, deisopropylatrazine and hydroxyatrazine. Hydroxyatrazine was detected in the nonvegetated and sterile controls. The containerized rhizosphere system provides an experimental system to study the fate of pesticidal chemicals as well as the effects on microbial populations.     

自然循环式污水处理系统及应用实例研究

自然循环污水处理系统(naturalcirculationsystem,NC)是日本研究开发的一种新型的污水人工渗滤处理系统,该技术将落叶、木屑、木炭和石头等自然材料作为填料,并通过各处理单元的有效组合,使该装置内的生物净化功能达到最佳效果。在江苏省宜兴市建立的示范工程显示:NC系统对污水中几个代表性水质指标有较好的去除,CODCr、BOD5、TP和NH+4N等指标基本去除率分别为4951%~9513%、50%~80%、3560%~7813%和7198%~9844%。     

Atrazine degradation in a containerized rhizosphere system

Abstract

The effect of atrazine (2‐chloro‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐isopropylamino‐s‐triazine) on rhizosphere microorganisms and its fate in a containerized rhizosphere system was studied. The rhizosphere system consisted of corn grown in pot containing a defined potting mix of sand and bark with atrazine. Sterilized potting mix and a container without plants served as controls. Atrazine was extracted and analyzed via HPLC. Fluorescent pseudomonad populations increased 100‐fold in the rhizposphere during a 60‐day incubation period as compared to the nonvegetated control. Atrazine degradation was higher in the rhizosphere system (half‐life of 7 days) compared to the nonvegetated control (half‐life of greater than 45 days). The major degradation product detected in the rhizosphere system was deisopropylatrazine; other products detected included deethylatrazine, deethylhydroxyatrazine, deisopropylatrazine and hydroxyatrazine. Hydroxyatrazine was detected in the nonvegetated and sterile controls. The containerized rhizosphere system provides an experimental system to study the fate of pesticidal chemicals as well as the effects on microbial populations.     

环境监理计算机管理信息系统开发设计

结合浙江省环保局环境监理信息系统的课题,对环境监理计算机管理信息系统软件进行了总体设计,该软件选择Ｗｉｎ９５为操作平台,ＶｉｓｕａｌＢａｓｉｃ５．０为编程软件及Ａｃｃｅｓｓ２．０为数据软件。