Feeding, metabolism and growth in the Antarctic limpet, Nacella concinna (Strebel 1908)

Post-prandial increases in metabolism, the specific dynamic action of feeding (SDA), were evaluated in the Antarctic limpet Nacella concinna. O₂ consumption rose to a peak value 2.3 times higher than pre-feeding standard metabolic rates. This peak rise is low for marine ectotherms, but is typical of polar species. There were three peaks in the SDA, the first lasted only for the 1st day, was caused by handling, and was minor. The second was the major peak. It lasted from post-prandial days 4–9 inclusive, and accounted for around 70% of the SDA response. The third peak lasted from day 11 to day 15 and accounted for 30% of the total SDA. A 15-day SDA is much longer than values for temperate species, but is again typical for polar marine ectotherms. NH₃ excretion declined post-prandially from around 0.4 μmol animal⁻¹ h⁻¹ to values between 0.025 and 0.223 μmol animal⁻¹ h⁻¹ throughout the SDA. The total O₂ consumed in the SDA was 90.2 μmol O₂, which converts to 44.7 J of energy. This was 45–50% of the energy consumed in the meal (93.5 J). Pre-feeding O:N ratios, after 26 days without food, were around 1, indicating protein as the sole metabolic substrate prior to initiating the SDA. After feeding, O:N ratios rose to between 2.5 and 19, indicating significant use of lipid or carbohydrate from the food. Experiments were conducted in ambient seawater with enhanced levels of Sr (SrCl added at 800 mg kg⁻¹), and limpets were fed microalgal films also grown in enhanced Sr media. Sr incorporated in the shells during the experiment allowed the measurement of shell increments deposited during the SDA. Between five and eight microgrowth bands were present in the Sr-enhanced increments, which was similar to the number of days in the second SDA peak. The mean shell increment laid down was 17.6 μm. Estimating tissue deposition from measured growth increments and published ash-free dry mass (AFDM) to length relationships produced a value of 0.81 mg AFDM, which converted to 26.4 J of energy, or 25–30% of the energy ingested in the meal. Estimates of growth increments associated with a single SDA have not previously been possible. Overall energy used in the SDA and tissue deposition accounted for 75–80% of the energy ingested; the remainder was probably accounted for by unmeasured costs such as mucus production. Received: 6 June 2000 / Accepted: 20 September 2000     

运用熵值法探讨广州25年社会、环境和经济变化状况

改革开放以来,在广州经济社会发展和城市建设取得了显著成就的同时,人口、资源、环境与发展的矛盾也日益突出.如何有效度量社会、环境和经济的演进状况和协调程度是指导建设可持续发展社会的必要条件.文章汇总了广州1978-2003年的城市发展统计数据,从社会、环境和经济发展三个方面选取典型的评价指标,利用熵值法探讨期间广州城市可持续发展状况,结果表明:①社会进步指数由1978年的0.08增长到2003年的0.88,对可持续发展系数的贡献率为28.91%;②广州市环境支持指标值变化明显,环境支持指数由1978年0.07增长到2003年0.76,对发展可持续系数的贡献率为19.69% ;③经济发展进步较快,经济发展指数由1978 年的0.02增长到2003年0.84,是三个指数中增幅最大的指数,对发展可持续系数的贡献率为51.4%;④自改革开放以来,在经济高速发展的同时,社会子系统也同步发展,环境子系统虽有起伏,但波折并不大,可持续发展水平系数曲线仍然保持向上的势头,经济与社会、环境基本协调向前发展.     

Metabolic activity and elemental composition of krill and other zooplankton from Prydz Bay,Antarctica, during early summer (November–December)

Oxygen uptake and ammonia excretion rates, and body carbon and nitrogen contents were measured in krill (Euphausia superba) and eight other zooplankton species collected during November–December 1982 in the Prydz Bay, Antarctica. From these data, metabolic O:N ratios (by atoms), body C:N ratios (by weight) and daily metabolic losses of body carbon and nitrogen were calculated as a basis from which to evaluate seasonal differences in metabolism and nutritional condition. Comparison of the present data with mid-summer (January) data revealed that early-summer E. superba were characterized by higher metabolic O:N ratios (58.7 to 103, compared with 15.9 to 17.5 for mid-summer individuals). Higher O:N ratios of early-summer E. superba resulted largely from reduced ammonia excretion rates and, to a lesser degree, from slightly increased oxygen uptake rates. Body C:N ratios of E. superba were low in early-summer (3.8 to 4.2) compared with mid-summer krill (4.1 to 4.7) due to lowered body-carbon contents in the former (42.6 to 43.6% compared with 43.2 to 47.5% dry weight of midsummer individuals); gravid females formed an exception, since no seasonal differences in body elemental composition were detected for these. No significant changes in water content (75.3 to 81.4% wet wt) and nitrogen content (9.9 to 11.1% dry wt) in E. superba were evident between the two seasons. Seasonal differences in metabolic rates and elemental composition were less pronounced in a salp (Salpa thompsoni), but a higher metabolic O:N ratio occurred in early-summer individuals. Interspecific comparison of the seven remaining zooplankton species studied with twelve species from mid-summer zooplankton investigated in an earlier study indicated that higher metabolic O:N ratios in early-summer are characteristic not only of herbivore/filter-feeders, but also of some carnivores/omnivores. No relationship between metabolic O:N ratios and body C:N ratios was apparent either intraspecifically or interspecifically, within or between early-summer and mid-summer seasons.     

论制约21世纪城市园林绿化发展的因素

改革开放以来，我国城市园林绿化事业虽然取得了长足进展，但仍面临着人多地少、资金严重缺乏的窘境，本文分析了产业这些问题的症结，提出了相应的对策与建议。     

Age-structure, recruitment, and adult mortality in populations of the Atlantic surfclam, Spisula solidissima, from 1978 to 1997

The Atlantic surfclam, Spisula solidissima (Dillwyn, 1817), is a dominant member of the benthic community on the continental shelf from Georges Bank to North Carolina, USA. This bivalve has supported a major fishery, primarily off New Jersey and the Delmarva Peninsula, since the 1960s. Early papers documented that these populations were at historical lows in the mid-1970s owing to commercial harvesting and a hypoxic event off New Jersey. It was also shown that major recruitment took place off New Jersey in 1976 and off the Delmarva Peninsula in 1977. Because the size frequencies of surfclams from federal surveys do not show distinct year classes, there has been uncertainty about the number of year classes in these populations throughout the 1980s and 1990s. The present study describes changes in population age- and size-structure from 1978 to 1997 in federal waters (≥5.5 km from shore) of the USA. Given the 30 to 35 year life span of S. solidissima, these populations could be composed of many year classes. Yet, these populations were composed of only two to three year classes in 1978. Through annual recruitment, the number of year classes increased over time, and populations off New Jersey and the Delmarva Peninsula contained at least 19 year classes in 1997. This major change in population structure over time was not evident from examination of available size-frequency data, and could only be inferred from data on age-composition. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, the surfclam fishery was supported by multiple year classes. The mean and variance of recruitment to the New Jersey region, as indicated by the abundance of 4-year-olds over time, was greater than that off Delmarva, particularly between 1980 and 1986. The instantaneous rate of adult mortality, which includes the effect of harvesting, was approximately 0.26 yr⁻¹ in each region. Received: 11 September 1998 / Accepted: 1 February 1999     

芒苞草（芒苞草科）种子的无菌萌发研究

选取野外采回的芒苞草种子为材料,研究无菌水和不同状态Ms培养基以及不同激素种类和浓度对芒苞草种子萌发的影响,并初步探讨了芒苞草幼苗的生长情况.结果表明:经4℃的低温春化处理2 mo后,播种在无菌水中的芒苞草种子萌发率可达95%,比同样条件下MS液体(25.1%)和固体(10.4%)培养基中的萌发率高;在有关激素影响的实验中,无菌水中6-BA和GA,对种子萌发没有促进作用,液体MS培养基中的1.0 mg/L GA,明显促进种子萌发,而固体MS培养基中0.5 mg/L 6-BA对种子萌发的促进作用较明显,1.0 mg/L 6.BA有利于从生芽的诱导.将无菌水和液体MS培养基中已发芽的芒苞草种子转移至固体MS培养基中培养可长成小植株.     

光(温)敏核不育水稻生态及生理生化研究概述

本文介绍了光、温敏核不育水稻在生态及生理生化方面取得的主要成就.着重概述了光、温敏核不育水稻雄性育性转换的光温生态条件,育性转换过程中蛋白质、氨基酸、酶活性、ATP及内源植物激素持续变化.另外,对光、温敏不育水稻研究存在的问题进行了分析.     

浅谈市场经济对当代大学生的思想影响

市场经济对大学生既有积极向上的、有利的影响.同时也会产生消极的、落后的不利的影响.这两个方面.就像市场经济本身具有进取性、进步性和自发性、盲目性一样.是同时存在.不可分离的.对此.从事思想政治工作的同志必须清醒的认识和把握.     

Responses of the whipscorpion, Mastigoproctus liochirus (Arachnida, Uropygi) to environmental humidity

Experiments were conducted to determine the responses of third-instar nymphs of the whipscorpion Mastigoproctus liochirus to various moisture (relative humidity) levels under constant temperature conditions, using a linear humidity gradient apparatus. No previous data exist on the water relations of this uropygid. Under saturated conditions (100% RH) animals showed no preference for any section of the chamber. When a humidity gradient was established (20 to 100% RH), whipscorpions exhibited a marked preference for an area of the chamber characterized by 70 to 80% RH.     

十溴联苯醚(BDE 209)暴露对孕期大鼠和胎鼠甲状腺激素干扰效应研究

为探讨孕期十溴联苯醚(BDE 209)暴露对孕期羊水和胎鼠循环甲状腺激素(TH)的影响及其对胎脑发育的损害作用,将24只Wistar雌性大鼠随机分为对照组、BDE 209低剂量组(100 mg·kg-1 bw)和高剂量组(300 mg·kg-1 bw),与雄鼠合笼,经阴道涂片确认受孕后,在孕1 d给予BDE 209经口持续灌胃染毒至孕15 d(GD15)和孕20 d(GD20).在GD15和GD20这2个时间点麻醉母鼠后剥离胎鼠称取体质量;应用酶联免疫吸附剂测定(ELISA)检测GD15、GD20羊水及GD20胎鼠循环TH水平,包括总三碘甲状腺原氨酸(TT3)、血清游离三碘甲腺原氨酸(FT3)、血清总甲状腺素(TT4)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)和促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平;应用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)法检测胎脑促甲状激素释放激素(thyrotropin-releasing hormone,Trh)基因相对表达;应用苏木精-伊红染色(HE染色)观察GD20胎脑形态学改变.结果表明:(1)高剂量BDE 209可引起胎鼠体质量异常改变.(2)BDE 209可引起孕期羊水和孕后期胎鼠循环TH水平紊乱,表现为GD15时,BDE 209可引起羊水FT3下降、TT4和TSH增高,但未见统计学意义;低、高剂量BDE 209均可引起羊水FT4水平升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),且具有剂量依赖性.GD20时,与GD15相比,对照组羊水TH水平有所变化,FT3和TT4水平均明显增高,而TSH水平有所降低;低、高剂量BDE 209引起FT3显著降低(P<0.05),FT4在高剂量组升高(P<0.05);低、高剂量BDE 209引起TSH水平显著升高(P<0.05).GD20时,胎鼠血清TH变化与同时期羊水中的基本一致,BDE 209可致胎鼠血清FT3和TT4下降,虽然没有显著性差异,胎鼠血清TSH水平增高,尤其在高剂量组(P<0.05).(3)BDE 209可导致孕育中胎脑Trh基因表达下调(P<0.05),并随着孕期进程而加重.(4)病理学观察发现BDE 209可引起孕末期胎鼠脑细胞结构发生变化,使细胞数量减少,脑组织出现萎缩.综上,孕期BDE 209暴露可影响胚胎大鼠生长发育;引起羊水TH水平紊乱、胚胎大鼠循环TH水平紊乱以及胚胎脑组织Trh基因表达抑制,导致脑组织结构产生病理改变.这些可能是BDE 209致子代发育神经毒性的病理基础.     

Population dynamics of beech scale (Cryptococcus fagisuga) (Coccina,Pseudococcidae) related to physiological defence reactions of attacked beech trees (Fagus sylvatica)

Summary Changes in the density of beech scale infestation (Cryptococcus fagisuga) of a mature beech stand (Fagus sylvatica) were investigated after gap-cutting in limed and unlimed areas bordering on the gaps and in untreated areas over a 5-year period. Parallelly the concentrations of sucrose, protein amino acids, and procyanidins were examined in the inner and outer bark of non-infested beech trees and beeches infested by beech scale.Irrespective of liming in the areas bordering on the gaps the proportion of beech trees with increasing beech scale infestation was significantly higher, the proportion of beeches with diminishing infestation was significantly lower than in the untreated control areas. Trees with the same infestation tendency occurred in clusters.Physiological defence reactions in the inner and outer bark of the infested beech trees were registrated as an increase in the procyanidin content and a decrease in the protein amino acid content. A change in the outer bark—inner bark—ratio of the infested beech trees showed a transfer of compounds between the inner and outer bark. During the period of observation long-lasting shifts occurred in the pattern of compounds of the bark irrespective of actual infestation intensity.