集中式饮用水源地高锰酸盐指数限值研究

COD_Mn(高锰酸盐指数)是一个反映地表水体受有机污染物和还原性无机物质污染程度的综合性指标,也是饮用水源地有机污染控制的重要指标. 对人体健康而言,COD_Mn一般不具备毒理特征,但ρ(COD_Mn)与经氯消毒后出水中消毒副产物浓度存在一定关联. 2007年典型流域集中式饮用水源地ρ(COD_Mn)调查结果表明了饮用水源地有机污染总体状况,即:湖库型水源地ρ(COD_Mn)最高,平均值为(2.70±1.40)mg/L;河流型水源地次之,平均值为(2.49±1.26)mg/L;地下水型水源地ρ(COD_Mn)最低. 湖库型和河流型水源地的ρ(COD_Mn)季节性变化较为明显,1—4月、11—12月较低,5—10月高,最大值均出现在8月;地下水型水源地的ρ(COD_Mn)较低,并且无明显季节性变化,平均值为(1.11±0.81)mg/L. 根据GB 5749—2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》和国内自来水厂主体净水工艺,建议我国饮用水源地ρ(COD_Mn)标准限值为4.0mg/L. 河流和湖库型水源地在不同月水质达标率分别为84.9%~89.0%和81.0%~89.6%,地下水型水源地水质达标率为99.6%. 为提高饮用水源地ρ(COD_Mn)达标水平,应重点加强河流和湖库型饮用水水源地农业面源的控制.      

环太湖主要河流氮素组成特征及来源

以2012年太湖20条主要环湖河流中氮素的逐月调查数据为依据,探讨了河水中氮素的含量、形态组成和季节性分布规律,旨在为进一步实施入湖河流小流域的污染治理提供依据. 结果表明,太湖20条环湖河流的ρ(TN)平均值为2.53~6.31 mg/L,鉴于太湖水体中ρ(TN)多年来居高难下,水质类别主要由ρ(TN)决定,因此按ρ(TN)年均值,将环湖20条河流分为重度、中度和轻度污染3类. DIN(溶解态无机氮)是氮素的主要存在形式,ρ(DIN)平均占ρ(TN)的72%以上. 其中,重度和中度污染河流中ρ(NH₃-N)和ρ(NO₃--N)各占ρ(DIN)的约50%,轻度污染河流则以NO₃--N为主,ρ(NO₃--N)占ρ(DIN)的60%以上. 除个别河流外,重度和中度污染河流水体中非汛期(11月—翌年4月)ρ(TN)、ρ(NH₃-N)和ρ(NO₃--N)普遍高于汛期(5—10月),并且汛期和非汛期差异显著. 这可能与非汛期的水温较低并且污水处理厂及湿地等生态系统的氮素去除率低于汛期有关,此外,也说明点源污染占主要地位;轻度污染河流中ρ(NH₃-N)在汛期和非汛期差异不显著,说明点源和非点源负荷相当. 重度和中度污染河流应重点针对点源污染开展治理;轻度污染河流应将点源、面源污染协同治理,以利于进一步改善水质.      

南明河流域水质对景观格局演变的响应

以贵阳市南明河流域具有不同土地利用特征和景观格局的花溪河段和新庄河段为研究对象,以2000年、2005年、2010年和2014年10 m分辨率SPOT(Systeme Probatoire d'Observation de la Terre,地球观测系统)影像为数据源,结合实测水质数据,运用空间分析与统计分析方法,从河岸缓冲区尺度探讨2个河段土地利用方式、景观格局与河流水质的相关性. 结果表明,从花溪河段到新庄河段表现为农业景观—城市景观的梯度变化,水质表现为前者优于后者,并且以枯水期的差异更大. 0~500 m缓冲范围景观指标与水质变化的相关性在不同季节存在差异,花溪河段源景观比例(促进污染过程发展的景观面积占景观总面积的比例)与枯水期ρ(NH₄+-N)、ρ(TN)呈较好的正相关性,相关系数分别为0.997 8、0.952 1;新庄河段源景观比例与枯水期ρ(NH₄+-N)呈正相关,相关系数为0.998 7;景观多样性指数与枯水期ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.958 1、0.891 2. 研究显示,2个河段源景观比例是影响水质变化的重要因素.      

铁碳微电解-生物膜法-高级氧化工艺处理印染废水中试研究

采用铁碳微电解-生物膜法-高级氧化工艺对某印染厂废水处理进行中试研究。该工艺处理水量为7.2 t/d,原水水质:ρ(COD)为800~1 200 mg/L,ρ(BOD_5)为150~280 mg/L,色度为280~350倍,ρ(TN)为20~35 mg/L,ρ(NH3-N)为15~25 mg/L,ρ(TP)为0.4~0.7 mg/L。经组合工艺处理后,出水ρ(COD)为15~35 mg/L,ρ(BOD_5)为10~15 mg/L,色度为2~5倍,ρ(TN)为4~6 mg/L,ρ(NH3-N)为1~3 mg/L,ρ(TP)为0.05~0.1 mg/L,出水水质可达DB 32-1072—2007《太湖地区城镇污水处理厂及重点工业行业主要水污染物排放限值》中纺织染整工业排放标准要求,运行费用合计为3.514元/t。通过紫外光谱扫描对其降解产物进行分析,结果表明废水中降解产物主要为CO_2、H_2O等。     

生物接触氧化+混凝沉淀工艺处理医院综合污水

利用生物接触氧化、混凝沉淀工艺改造原处理工艺,处理中型医院综合污水,设计能力100 m3/d,处理效果显著且稳定达标。废水进水水质ρ(COD)为408~594 mg/L、ρ(SS)为211~280 mg/L;调试稳定后,出水水质ρ(COD)为12~40 mg/L、ρ(SS)为11~18 mg/L,COD、SS去除率分别为90.2%~97.9%、91.5%~96.1%,出水水质达山东省DB37/596-2006《医疗污染物排放标准》的二级排放标准。     

典型城市河流中嗅味物质和微生物菌落特征

对某城市河流沿程水质、典型嗅味物质以及微生物群落结构进行了调查分析. 结果表明:河水中2种嗅味物质〔二甲基异莰醇(2-MIB)和土臭素(Geosmin)〕的质量浓度均受到ρ(DO)的显著影响. 绝对厌氧条件〔ρ(DO)<0.2 mg/L〕水体中,ρ(二甲基异莰醇)和ρ(土臭素)的平均值分别为794.8和269.8 ng/L;好氧条件〔ρ(DO)>2.0 mg/L〕水体中,二者的平均值分别为91.6 和104.7 ng/L;而且ρ(DO)较低时,水体中的可疑致病菌含量升高,微生物安全性降低. 控制该河流水体ρ(DO)在2.0 mg/L以上,有利于抑制水体中嗅味物质的产生,可提高河流水体的微生物安全性.      

丹江口水库水体氮的时空分布及入库通量

为解析丹江口水库水体氮的时空分布特征及主要污染来源,以丹江口库区及主要入库河流为研究对象,分析了水体氮的空间分布、季节及年际变化;利用回归分析,解析了氮污染驱动因素;并估算了入库河流氮通量及对库区氮污染负荷的贡献率. 结果表明:研究区水体ρ(TN)、ρ(NH₄+-N)分别在0.07~16.73和0.01~10.65 mg/L之间,年均值分别为2.34和0.71 mg/L,空间分布呈入库河流高于库区的趋势;季节特征表现为春季、冬季>秋季>夏季. 2005—2014年库区水体ρ(TN)整体呈先升后降的趋势,其中取水口陶岔断面ρ(TN)上升较快,2012年较2007年增加了1.5倍,2013年开始ρ(TN)有所下降,但仍然维持在较高水平. 近10年来库区水体ρ(NH₄+-N)始终维持在较低水平. 神定河、犟河、泗河、剑河等环库支流河口氮污染最严重,城镇化是造成流域水体氮污染的主要驱动力. 汉江TN入库量贡献最大,占63.0%,其中境外来水TN入库量占总量的59.2%,为达到丹江口水库生态环境保护要求的Ⅲ类水质(GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》)目标,汉江TN需削减量为16 715.0 t/a. 境内河流中,环库河流的TN入库量最大,其中泗河、老灌河、神定河、金钱河、犟河和天河等TN入库量较大,TN需削减量分别为 2 286.7、2 197.7、1 493.6、1 106.9、979.1和728.9 t/a.      

入湖污染河流对受纳湖湾水质的影响

为研究滇池重污染湖湾——福保湾的污染现状及入湖污染河流对湖湾水质的影响,并为福保湾污染底泥固化技术示范工程提供基础数据,在福保湾布设15个采样点,采集并分析表层水中营养元素氮、磷的含量. 结果表明,福保湾氮、磷等营养元素含量的空间分布规律明显,入湖河流污染负荷对湖湾水质有较大影响. 河口附近水域水质较差,ρ(TP)高达0.7 mg/L,以不溶的颗粒态磷为主;ρ(TN)为7 mg/L左右,其中的50%以上以NH₃-N的形态存在. 随与河口间距离的增加,上覆水中ρ(TN)和ρ(TP)逐渐降低. 在距河口300 m的水域范围内,ρ(TN)和ρ(TP)的空间分布规律与A.B.卡拉乌舍夫扩散模型计算结果相符.      

丹江口库区土地利用格局与水质响应关系

为探究山地丘陵地区不同土地利用类型对流域水质的影响,利用2014年丹江口库区流域Landsat 8遥感影像数据(分辨率为30 m)和14条入库河流的水质数据,以库区14个小流域为基本研究单元,采用流域分割和多元统计分析相结合的方法研究土地利用类型对入湖河流水质的影响.结果表明:丹江口库区14条直接入库河流ρ(COD_Cr)、ρ(TN)、ρ(NH₄+-N)和ρ(TP)年均值分别为14.98、4.06、1.32和0.17 mg/L,可将其划分为3组,即清水保育型、轻污染防控型和重污染治理型,各组之间的显著性差异指标为ρ(COD_Cr)、ρ(NH₄+-N)、ρ(TN)和ρ(TP).冗余分析显示,建设用地对14条主要入库河流水质指标的影响最大,尤其是对重污染河流ρ(TN)、ρ(COD_Cr)和ρ(COD_Mn)的影响较大,应划为蓝线优化开发区;耕地对清水保育型和轻污染防控型河流ρ(TN)和ρ(TP)的影响较大,并且对ρ(TN)的影响大于ρ(TP),划为黄线控制区;林地有助于削减水体污染物,是流域主要清水产流区,划为红线保护区.      

电混凝-微滤工艺深度处理污水厂二级出水

采用电混凝-微滤组合工艺处理城市污水厂二级出水,考察组合工艺的处理效果及电混凝作为微滤进水的预处理对微滤膜污染的改善情况。结果表明:组合工艺出水浊度为0.07~0.19 NTU;ρ(BOD5)、ρ(NH_3-N)、ρ(TP)分别为2.5~4.9,3.3~4.5,0.14~0.44 mg/L,可满足GB/T 18921—2002《城市污水再生利用-景观环境用水标准》和GB/T19923—2005《工业用水标准》。另外,电混凝预处理能够减轻微滤膜的膜污染,改善微滤膜的膜通量,提高膜的产水率,可以作为膜前预处理工艺。     

Gaseous elemental mercury concentration in atmosphere at urban and remote sites in China

An investigation of gaseous elemental mercury concentration in atmosphere was conducted at Beijing and Guangzhou urban, Yangtze Delta regional sites and China Global Atmosphere Watch Baseline Observatory (CGAWBO) in Mt. Waliguan of remote continental area of China. High temporal resolved data were obtained using automated mercury analyzer RA-915 . Results showed that the overall hourly mean Hg0 concentrations in Mt. Waliguan were 1.7± 1.1 ng/m3 in summer and 0.6±0.08 ng/m3 in winter. The concentration in Yangtze Delta regional site was 5.4±4.1 ng/m3, which was much higher than those in Waliguan continental background area and also higher than that found in North America and Europe rural areas. In Beijing urban area the overall hourly mean Hg0 concentrations were 8.3±3.6 ng/m3 in winter, 6.5±5.2 ng/m3 in spring, 4.9±3.3 ng/m3 in summer, and 6.7±3.5 ng/m3 in autumn, respectively, and the concentration was 13.5±7.1 ng/m3 in Guangzhou site. The mean concentration reached the lowest value at 14:00 and the highest at 02:00 or 20:00 in all monitoring campaigns in Beijing and Guangzhou urban areas, which contrasted with the results measured in Yangtze Delta regional site and Mt. Waliguan. The features of concentration and diurnal variation of Hg0 in Beijing and Guangzhou implied the importance of local anthropogenic sources in contributing to the high Hg0 concentration in urban areas of China. Contrary seasonal variation patterns of Hg0 concentration were found between urban and remote sites. In Beijing the highest Hg0concentration was in winter and the lowest in summer, while in Mt. Waliguan the Hg0 concentration in summer was higher than that in winter. These indicated that different processes and factors controlled Hg0 concentration in urban, regional and remote areas.     

Contribution of additives Cu to its accumulation in pig feces： study in Beijing and Fuxin of China

Massive amounts of pig manure are produced by intensive pig farm in China, and the composition of pig manure has changed much due to the use of feed additives. However, little is known about the exact Cu （copper） feed as additives or present as contaminants in pig feed and the residues in feces. One hundred and thirty-seven feeds and one hundred and forty-two fecal samples from 48 pig farms were collected in Beijing and Fuxin cities in 1999 and 2005, respectively. The concentrations of Cu were in the range of 6.86-395.19 mg/kg in the feed samples, and the mean values were in the order of weaner〉 grower-finisher〉 sow＇s feeds. The high concentrations over EU recommendations implied that excessive levels of Cu are fed on many pig farms in Beijing and Fuxin. Cu was also present in high concentrations in feces, and concentrations were highly variable. Cu concentrations in the feces from grower-finisher and weaner pigs were significantly greater than feces of sows. The super-intensive and small-scale farms had higher levels of Cu in feces than the middle farms. Cu concentrations in pig feces were approximately 5-times greater than in pig feeds. Feed management in grower-finisher pigs on super-intensive and small-scale pig farms is needed to reduce high Cu concentrations in feces and risks to soil contamination while feces are land-applied.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

黄浦江江水和沉积物中汞的分布和形态特征

黄浦江江水的总汞、溶解态汞和颗粒汞含量变化较大,其平均值分别为(0.4±0.44)ng/mL、(0.27±0.42)ng/mL和(0.13±0.10)ng/mL,江水中汞以溶解态汞为主.黄浦江沉积物的总汞含量为70.52ng/g～387.30ng/g,平均汞含量为(204.03±97.41)ng/g.江水和沉积物中汞的沿江分布具有中游高,上游和下游低的特征,西渡—南浦大桥江段汞含量为整个黄浦江最高的江段,汞的分布特征与两岸工农业布局相一致.沉积物总汞与有机质显著相关,沉积物中高汞含量的地点都在高水汞点的下游,与河流的动力沉积特点一致.沉积物中汞以可交换态、腐殖酸结合态、残渣态为主,少量为碳酸盐结合态.从上游到下游,沉积物中可交换态汞具有两端高中间低的特点,而残渣态汞与此相反.在剖面方向上,沉积物中的汞主要集中在残渣态,少量为腐殖酸结合态,可交换态及碳酸盐结合态,随着深度增加残渣态所占比例不规则增加.愈接近长江口,沉积物中的重金属愈容易被重新激活.     

逐级提取试验研究岩石中氟的化学活动性

使用逐级化学提取方法对岩石中氟元素的化学活动性进行了研究.结果表明,不同时代、不同类型岩石中氟的化学活动性具有很大的差异,碳酸盐岩中氟均具有很强的化学活动性,其中氟的可淋失比例一般高于75%;下寒武统黑色岩系中氟的化学活动性与岩石变质程度有关,变质程度较高的黑色碳质板岩中氟的可淋失比例一般小于黑色页岩、黑色硅质岩中氟的可淋失比例.磷块岩中氟的可淋失比例较高,而千枚岩中氟的可淋失比例一般较低;辉绿岩中氟的可淋失比例与原岩中氟含量存在正相关关系.不同时代的石煤中氟的化学活动性具有较大差异.下志留统石煤中氟的可淋失比例(平均为47.39%)一般高于下寒武统石煤中氟的可淋失比例(平均为29.43%).     

沈阳市大气微生物区系分布的研究

本文研究了沈阳市不同环境位置大气微生物分布情况，实验结果表明、市区大气中细菌数量明显高于郊区，市区中繁华的商业区、交通路口也明显多于学校、工厂和居民小区．霉菌郊区多于市区．放线菌在市区与郊区的分布差别不大．郊区大气清洁，市区大气污染严重．尤其是繁华的商业区、交通路口大气污染最为严重．     

胶州湾水体重金属HgⅠ.分布和迁移

根据1979年5月,8月,11月胶州湾水域调查资料,并且与近几十年来的调查资料进行对比分析,探讨和研究胶州湾重金属Hg的平面分布、垂直分布、季节分布以及发展趋势.结果表明:胶州湾东北部海域春季污染较为严重,西南部的污染程度相对较轻;春季和夏季的表层含量大于底层含量,秋季时底层含量高于表层含量;而且春季Hg污染较为严重,秋季水质状况最好.从历史资料来看,1979年到1982年,Hg污染在加剧;1982年到1997年,从污染严重到缓和,在1997年就达到了一类水质的要求;1997年到1999年,水质更加清洁.     

刁江水体多相介质中As,Zn和Pb的空间和季

调查了广西刁江河水中As,Zn和Pb的溶解态、悬浮颗粒态分布情况及季节变化,以及3种重金属在不同粒级沉积物中的分布情况. 结果表明:刁江流域河水与沉积物中3种重金属污染在流域尺度上的分布存在差异,沉积物污染更为严重. 与土壤污染一致,沉积物中3种重金属的污染范围扩散延伸到距离污染源近200 km的下游区域,其中车河矿区对As污染的贡献率明显高于大厂矿区,而对Pb污染的贡献率明显小于大厂矿区;不同重金属在水体中的赋存形态存在差异,河水中悬浮颗粒态Pb所占比例远高于As和Zn,这与3种重金属矿物的稳定性以及在不同粒级沉积物中的富集特征有关;河水中重金属的赋存形态存在季节差别,丰水期悬浮颗粒态重金属所占比例明显高于枯水期.      

Oxidative stress and DNA damages induced by cadmium accumulation

Experimental evidence shows that cadmium （Cd） could induce oxidative stress and then causes DNA damage in animal cells, however, whether such effect exists in plants is still unclear. In the present study, Vicia faba plants was exposed to 5 and 10 mg/L Cd for 4 d to investigate the distribution of Cd in plant, the metal effects on the cell lipids, antioxidative enzymes and DNA damages in leaves. Cd induced an increase in Cd concentrations in plants. An enhanced level of lipid peroxidation in leaves and an enhanced concentration of H2O2 in root tissues suggested that Cd caused oxidative stress in Vicia faba. Compared with control, Cd-induced enhancement in superoxide dismutase activity was significant at 5 mg/L than at 10 mg/kg in leaves, by contrast, catalase and peroxidaseactivities were significantly suppressed by Cd addition. DNA damage was detected by neutral/neutral, alkaline/neutral and alkaline/alkaline Comet assay. Increased levels of DNA damages induced by Cd occurred with reference to oxidative stress in leaves, therefore, oxidative stress induced by Cd accumulation in plants contributed to DNA damages and was possibly an important mechanism of Cd-phytotoxicity in Vicia faba plants.     

乌江流域东风水库沉积物中汞及甲基汞的时空分布特征

为弄清东风水库水库沉积物中汞及甲基汞的时空分布特征,于春、夏两季对东风水库进行了采样,分别采用王水水浴消解-冷原子荧光法和萃取-乙基化结合GC-CVAFS法测定沉积物总汞和甲基汞的浓度。结果表明,春、夏两季东风水库沉积物的总汞剖面分布特征具有良好的一致性,没有明显的季节性变化;水库沉积物甲基汞浓度表现为夏季略高于春季,中、下游略高于上游,但在垂直方向上的分布规律不明显,并未像其他的水库一样在沉积物剖面中出现峰值。