西安市大气颗粒物中水溶性无机离子的季节变化特征

用离子色谱法对11种无机水溶性离子(Na+,NH4+,K+,Mg2+,Ca2+,F-,Cl-,Br-,NO-2,NO-3和SO2-4)进行分析,探讨大气颗粒物中水溶性无机组分的季节变化与典型污染(灰霾、浮尘、燃烧秸秆和燃放烟花)的理化特性.结果表明,西安市大气中PM2.5和TSP的日均质量浓度分别为167.1和382.0μg·m-3,PM2.5占TSP总质量浓度的44%.PM2.5和TSP中无机水溶性离子组分的年均值分别为75.2μg·m-3和101.7μg·m-3.PM2.5中水溶性离子组分占PM2.5总质量浓度的45%左右,TSP中水溶性离子组分占TSP总质量浓度的30%左右.各种水溶性离子的来源和形成机理不同,其季节变化趋势和粒径分布也不同.典型污染事件期间,颗粒物污染特征与平时相比有很大差异:雾霾时PM2.5和TSP的质量浓度都显著增加,主要污染组分为二次污染离子NH+4,NO-3和SO2-4;浮尘发生时,大气颗粒物中人为污染组分会大大减少,而来自沙尘传输和地面扬尘等的地壳物质显著增加;燃烧秸秆对大气颗粒物中K+和Cl-的影响最大;燃放烟花时K+,Mg2+和Ca2+的质量浓度显著增加.     

我国4个大气背景点环境空气颗粒物(PM_(2.5)、PM_(10))中水溶性离子分布特征

为研究国家大气背景点颗粒物质量浓度与水溶性离子组成特征,于2013年2月、7月、9月、12月分别对4个国家大气背景点进行了PM2.5及PM10的采样,通过超声萃取-IC法测定了样品中的9种水溶性离子(F-、Cl-、NO-3、SO2-4、Na+、NH+4、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+)质量浓度,结果表明:(1)可吸入颗粒物浓度水平一、二季度重于三、四季度,PM2.5、PM10年均值分别为17μg·m-3、32μg·m-3,与其他主要国家和地区背景区域浓度相当,背景点大气状况良好;(2)PM2.5中水溶性离子比重全年波动不大,为35.5%—42.2%,浓度排序为SO2-4、NH+4、NO-3Ca2+、Cl-、K+、Na+F-、Mg2+,第一季度PM10中Ca2+浓度显著升高,控制风沙尘将有效降低PM10的浓度;PM2.5及PM10中的9种水溶性离子在不同季节的浓度分布规律与颗粒物浓度类似,一季度较高,三、四季度较低;(3)二次离子是背景点区域的主要水溶性离子,浓度值与其他主要国家和地区相当.NO-3、SO2-4的物质的量浓度与NH+4存在显著相关性,相关系数r为0.7539,斜率小于1,水溶性离子中酸性离子的量比铵根离子略占优势,对气溶胶酸度产生重要贡献.     

丽江市降水中常量离子的化学特征

运用相关分析、因子分析、趋势分析、海盐示踪法和HYSPLIT模型,对1989-2006年期间丽江市降水中常量离子的化学特征分析表明,该区降水中常量离子浓度为SO2-4﹥Ca2 ﹥Cl-﹥NO-3﹥K ﹥Mg2 ﹥Na ,其中SO2-4和Ca2 是降水中高浓度离子,分别占总离子浓度的43.9%和32.1%,降水中阴离子总浓度显著高于阳离子总浓度,由于离子在大气中的化学反应和来源的一致性,离子间相关性水平较好,特别是K ,Mg2 ,Ca2 与NO-3和SO2-4.离子浓度的年际变化与丽江市产业结构的变化关系密切.研究区大气降水中离子主要是陆源物质贡献,NO-3,SO2-4,K ,Ca2 ,Mg2 和Cl-陆源物质贡献比例依次为100%,98.4%,98.4%,99.8%,92.4%和83.4%.     

京津冀冬季与夏季PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)及其水溶性离子组分区域性污染特征分析

为研究京津冀地区冬、夏两季大气颗粒物质量浓度与水溶性离子组成特征,于2013年2月、7月对北京、天津、石家庄及4个国家大气背景点进行了PM2.5及PM10的采样,分析了质量浓度及9种水溶性离子,结果表明:(1)京津冀地区颗粒物污染冬季重于夏季,冬季污染水平石家庄天津北京,夏季污染天津、北京石家庄,区域内PM2.5与PM10之间有很好的相关性,相关系数r冬季为0.8796,夏季为0.8424,说明整个区域颗粒物污染有较为相近的来源,大气颗粒物污染表现出区域性特征;(2)京津冀地区PM2.5及PM10中的9种水溶性离子浓度规律为NO-3、SO2-4、NH+4Cl-、Ca2+K+、Na+F-、Mg2+.该地区水溶性离子污染冬季最重为石家庄,夏季则为北京;(3)在京津冀地区二次离子NO-3、SO2-4、NH+4是主要的污染离子,3种离子质量浓度总和在PM2.5、PM10中冬季分别占48.9%、27.8%,夏季分别占58.7%、48.5%.二次离子主要集中在PM2.5中,其对细离子浓度的升高起到直接作用,且二次离子的构成关系也在发生变化.整个区域向硝酸型污染转变,二次离子的季节分布也呈现区域特征,冬季NO-3离子质量浓度比重最大.夏季则为SO2-4;(4)粒径越小富集水溶性离子的能力越强,在PM1中分布了50%以上的水溶性离子,73.9%—94.8%的水溶性离子分布在PM2.5中.     

2014年APEC期间北京及周边重点城市PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子变化特征

2014年11月北京APEC会议前后,采集了北京、天津、石家庄、保定、济南的PM2.5样品,并测定了其中Cl-、NO-3、SO2-4、Na+、NH+4、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+等8种水溶性离子的质量浓度.结果表明:(1)北京市在特殊减排期内水溶性离子浓度均有显著降低,2013年是该时段的1.2—5.2倍,会后为该时段的1.5—6.1倍.其中变化较大的是Ca2+,由2.58μg·m-3降至0.494μg·m-3,其次为SO2-4、NOx,说明土壤尘、硫化物及氮氧化物的控制尤为显著.(2)APEC期间整个北京及周边城市群地区,水溶性离子特征呈现了一定的区域性特征,二次离子占水溶性离子的80%以上,模拟方程计算可知,大气气溶胶中SO2-4、NO-3和NH+4是以(NH4)2SO4和NH4NO3形式共存.水溶性离子占PM2.5质量浓度的比重均较以往及会后降低,其中北京最低为37.8%.针对区域的阴阳离子平衡计算,阴阳离子较高的相关性(R=0.974)说明了区域呈现一定的整体性特征.会后NO-3/SO2-4比值下降,说明硫化物在减排期间浓度显著降低.污染减排措施在APEC期间对大气颗粒物中的水溶性离子污染的减轻起到了积极作用.     

北京春季城区与远郊区不同大气粒径颗粒物中水溶性离子的分布特征

为比较北京城区与远郊区大气颗粒物中水溶性无机离子的组成特征,2012年4月,利用Andersen分级撞击式采样器同时在2个采样点进行大气颗粒物分级采样,样品采用离子色谱分析.结果表明,城区和上甸子大气颗粒物中水溶性无机离子总浓度分别为(83.7±48.9)μg·m-3和(75.5±52.9)μg·m-3,NO-3、SO2-4和NH+4是最主要的水溶性无机离子,分别占总离子浓度的81.2%和84.2%.粒径分布显示,Mg2+和Ca2+在5.8～9.0μm的粒径范围出现峰值,Na+、NH+4、Cl-在0.43～1.1μm和4.7～9.0μm的粒径范围出现双峰,K+、NO-3和SO2-4在0.65～2.1μm的粒径范围出现峰值.后向轨迹簇分析表明,气团来自南方时,城区和上甸子二次离子浓度分别为(92.4±40.0)μg·m-3和(95.0±35.4)μg·m-3,来自其他方向时,分别为(24.0±10.8)μg·m-3和(13.3±10.6)μg·m-3.     

石家庄冬季道路积尘水溶性离子污染特征及来源分析

为了解石家庄市城市道路积尘水溶性离子组分特征及来源,于2015年冬季使用移动采样法收集城市道路积尘样品,经离子色谱仪分析其水溶性离子组分,用相关性分析和比值分析法解析其污染特征,用主成分分析法初步推断其主要来源.结果表明,10种水溶性离子(Na+、NH+4、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+、F-、Cl-、NO-2、NO-3、SO2-4)占道路积尘PM2.5的15.31%、PM10的11.15%,Ca2+和SO2-4的百分含量在PM2.5和PM10中均大于1%;其中Ca2+在10种离子中所占比例最高、SO2-4次之,PM2.5和PM10中NO-3/SO2-4分别为0.24和0.18;颗粒物总体偏碱性,且PM2.5较PM10碱性更强;推测其来源于机动车排放、大气中燃煤、生物质燃烧和建筑尘的沉降及绿化带尘土.     

北京冬季一次重污染过程PM2.5中水溶性无机盐的变化特征

为了解北京冬季重污染过程大气颗粒物化学特性,利用高时间分辨率实时在线细粒子快速捕集及化学成分分析系统(RCFP-IC)对2011年2月18—24日发生的一次重污染过程PM2.5中水溶性无机离子浓度变化进行了在线观测.结合颗粒物质量浓度、气态污染物浓度及气象资料,对此次污染过程中污染物的化学成分变化特征进行了详细分析.结果表明,此次北京冬季重污染4 d中颗粒物污染严重;总水溶性无机离子平均质量浓度151.31μg·m-3,占PM2.5相对比例54%,其中NO3-、SO24-和NH4+质量浓度占总水溶性无机离子质量浓度91%,二次离子污染非常严重;硝酸根氧化率(NOR)和硫酸根氧化率(SOR)结果显示NO3-与SO24-主要通过非均相反应生成,水溶性无机盐存在形态以NH4HSO4和(NH4)2SO4为主;重污染期K+和Cl-质量浓度显著升高,Mg2+和Ca2+质量浓度下降;阳、阴离子电荷比(C/A)重污染平均值为0.8,细粒子偏酸性.     

临汾市PM2.5中水溶性离子季节变化特征及来源解析

利用在线监控平台获得临汾市2019年3月1日至2020年2月29日PM2.5的24 h均值及其中8种水溶性离子(NO3-、SO42-、NH4+、Cl-、K+、Na+、Mg2+和Ca2+)的监测数据,分析了PM2.5及水溶性离子浓度的季节变化特征,采用主成分分析法探讨了各种离子的主要来源.结果 表明,在研究期内,临汾市PM2.5年均浓度为57 μg·m-3,季节性特征明显,冬季最高,夏季最低,秋季略高于春季;各离子浓度依次为NO3-＞SO42-＞NH4+＞Cl-＞Ca2+＞Na+＞K+＞Mg2+;全年阴阳离子电荷当量的比值为0.86,大气气溶胶呈碱性;SO42-、NO3-与NH4+是其中的主要水溶性离子,不同季节这3种离子之和占8种离子总量的比例分别为夏季(90.98％)＞秋季(88.98％)＞冬季(87.58％)＞春季(85.68％),存在较强的SO2向SO42-、NO2向NO3-的二次转化过程.PM2.5中水溶性离子的主要来源有工业源、生物质燃烧、机动车尾气以及土壤风沙和建筑扬尘等,不同季节各污染源的贡献有较大差别.     

西安冬、夏季PM2.5中水溶性无机离子的变化特征

为探讨西安市冬、夏季水溶性无机离子的季节和空间变化特征,2010年1月和7月分别在西安城区4个站点及上风区高陵(GL)和下风区黑河(HH)连续采集2周的PM2.5样品,使用离子色谱仪分析样品中水溶性无机离子成分.结果表明,PM2.5质量浓度冬季明显高于夏季,空间变化表现为:城区站点浓度均值(172.6μg.m-3)>上风区点GL(98.9μg.m-3)>下风区点HH(81.0μg.m-3).水溶性无机离子浓度总和占PM2.5质量浓度的41.8%,其中SO24-、NO3-和NH4+是水溶性离子的主要成分,分别占总离子质量浓度的35.1%、22.6%和12.2%.Na+、Ca2+和Mg2+在冬、夏季浓度相差不大,而SO24-、NO3-、NH4+以及K+、Cl-等均明显表现为冬季浓度高于夏季.SO24-、NO3-和NH4+在冬、夏季空间变化均表现为城区站点>GL>HH,这3种离子夏季在大气中的主要存在方式为NH4HSO4和NH4NO3,而冬季主要以(NH4)2SO4、NH4NO3和NH4Cl形式存在.NO3-/SO24-的比值为0.64,表明西安市固定源仍是主要污染贡献源,但是移动源所占比例较之前研究有所上升,应采取一定措施控制机动车数量并加强排放监控.     

中国水稻土碳循环研究进展

文章首先分析了水稻土在碳循环研究中的地位和重要性，进而对我目水稻土碳循环的研究现状作了较为详尽的阐述，对其主要研究结论进行了深入的剖析。中国大而积的水稻土自1980年以来显示出有机碳库增加现象，说明水稻田对大气CO2可能产生汇效应。水耕熟化过程足有机碳的积累过程，水稻土的碳密度是早作土碳密度的2-3倍。水稻土的同碳能力与土壤的微团聚体的粒径有关。但对于水稻土中有机碳的分布和结合状态与农业管理措施、水稻土质量变化、农业生态环境变化的关系仍不清楚。因而建议就这一问题从土壤物理学、化学和生物学的相互作朋与土壤微团聚体中矿物质、有机质和微生物的相互结合关系的层面上进行多学科研究。同时提出了今后我困水稻土碳循环的重点研究方向和领域，即从整体和系统的角度来研究碳循环和平衡，从不同的时空区域来研究碳循环的过程和强度。     

森林土壤固碳机理研究进展

全球碳平衡中,土壤有机碳储量为2000 Pg,植被碳储量500 Pg,大气碳储量785 Pg,土壤中有机碳变化是影响大气温室气体含量的重要因素。中国人工林总量世界第一,可以通过造林树种的选择,增加森林土壤的碳汇功能,它主要通过4种机理来实现,包括稳定性有机-矿物复合体的形成、持久性封存的深层碳的增加、耐分解有机物成份的积累、以及土壤团聚体结构中碳的物理性保护。中国近年来对木材的需求上升,导致大量短轮伐期人工林的种植,采伐、火烧炼山、施肥与整地等营林措施对土壤碳汇功能形成重大影响。因而,通过加强对中国人工林土壤固碳机理的研究,通过人为措施实现具有较强固碳能力的森林类型,从而提高人工森林生态系统的固碳能力,它对中国减排增汇战略具有重要意义,而加强对不同营林措施对碳汇功能影响的研究是中国当前面临的重大课题。     

Evaluating losses in ecosystem services in nature reserves in Sichuan,China

Nature reserves have developed rapidly over the decades in China and play a significant role in the function of ecosystem services. The function of ecosystem services in nature reserves, however, has tended to decline in recent years due to natural hazards and human activities. Based on land use, the variation of ecosystem services value (ESV) during 2000–2010 in national nature reserves in Sichuan was evaluated. We analyzed the comprehensive effects of natural disasters and human activities on the decline of ESVs. Total ESV in the national nature reserves in Sichuan was approximately 2741.35 million US$ in 2000, 2616.81 million US$ in 2005, and 2499.06 million US$ in 2010, representing a decrease of 242.29 million US$, or 8.84%, in the decade. Forestland, grassland, wetland, and water bodies played vital roles in the function of ecosystem services, with an aggregated ESV of 99% of the total. The largest proportion of the total ESV was the protection of biodiversity at 48.6%. ESV of all land use types and single ecosystem services continued to decline during 2000–2010. A mechanism of adaptable risk prevention should be established, and unreasonable human activities should be avoided to protect ecosystems and to improve the functions of ecosystem services.     

中国公众参与环境管理的研究

回顾了中国公众参与环境管理的发展历程,分析了公众参与环境管理存在的问题。针对公众参与环境保护管理的有效性的影响因子,例如主观因素、传统背景、时效因素及执行技巧等进行一系列的探讨,并根据公众参与计划的设计构思、公众参与计划的关键两方面的讨论,提出增加公众参与环境保护管理有效性的一些建议。     

Is the antipredatory response in behaviour reflected in stress measured in faecal corticosteroids in a small rodent?

Predation risk has been shown to alter various behaviours in prey. Risk alters activity, habitat use and foraging, and weight decrease might be a consequence of that. In mammals, studies on physiological measures affected by risk of predation, other than weight, are rare. We studied in two separate laboratory experiments foraging, hoarding behaviour and expression of stress measured non-invasively from the faeces in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), a common boreal rodent. Voles were exposed to predation risk using odours of the least weasels (Mustela nivalis nivalis). Distilled water served as control. In the first experiment, we found that foraging effort, measured as sunflower seeds taken from seed trays filled with sand, was significantly lower in trays scented with weasel odour. Both immediate consumption of seeds and hoarding were affected negatively by the weasel odour. Females hoarded significantly more than males in autumn. In the second experiment, the negative effect of weasel odour on foraging was consistent over a 3-day experiment, but the strongest effect was observed in the first night. Foraging increased over the time of the experiment, which might reflect either energetic compensation during a longer period of risk, predicted in the predation risk allocation hypothesis, or habituation to the odour-simulated risk. Despite decreased foraging under predation risk, stress measured as corticosteroid metabolite concentration in vole faeces was not affected by the weasel odour treatment. In conclusion, we were able to verify predation-risk-mediated changes in the foraging effort of bank voles but no physiological stress response was measured non-invasively, probably due to great individual variation in secretion of stress hormones.     

生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用

综合评述了生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用研究进展和热点问题,并进行了展望。国际上十分重视水层-底栖界面耦合过程的研究并已有一定基础,生物扰动作为海洋生态学的重要内容之一早在20世纪50—60年代就已开展了工作,但直到10余年前才真正开始定量研究,进入了实验模拟、现场观测与建立模型相结合的新阶段。国内的生物扰动研究尚处于起步阶段,加上技术方法落后,一直未能取得突破性进展。目前国内外关于水层-底栖界面生物扰动效应研究基本上都在海洋中开展,尤其在河口、近岸和浅海水域进行,湖泊和河流研究明显薄弱。作为水生态动力学的重要分支和前沿领域,生物扰动研究具有广阔前景。急需针对我国水域特点,引进先进的现场观测和室内测试手段,进一步揭示水层-底栖界面耦合过程中的生物扰动机制,更精准和更详细地掌握水域中各种物质的生物地球化学循环的全过程,为控制水体内源污染释放、富营养化治理和生态建模等提供科学依据。     

Lead in a residential environment in Jamaica

The background levels of lead in Jamaica in soils and sediments, estimated at 37 mg kg^–1, are relatively high compared with world averages. Several areas have values in excess of this due to mineralisation and pollution. One such is the residential Hope Flats/Kintyre area in which levels of lead up to 2.5% are found in the soils and up to 8 g kg^–1 in the water of the nearby Hope River. The blood lead levels of a sample of children were in the range 5.7–57 g dl^–1. The high lead levels suggest a potential health risk, particularly for the children. This can be minimised by programmes which include community education, case management and abatement to reduce the lead exposure.     

硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究进展

硝基芳香化合物是环境中难以降解的污染物之一。因其用途广泛,大量残留于土壤,水体和大气中,造成的环境污染日趋严重。多种植物对该类污染物具有吸收、富集和代谢降解作用,利用植物对其环境污染进行治理是一种有效的方法。文章在总结国内外有关硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究基础上,重点阐述了植物对硝基芳香化合物的吸收、转运和代谢过程,分析了吸收、代谢机理以及影响吸收的因素;硝基芳香化合物的理化特性、浓度和植物自身特性及其它外界条件都会影响植物对该类化合物的吸收,植物可以通过体内降解、体外联合代谢、根部释放酶催化的机制实现该类化合物的降解。目前,硝基芳香化合物进入植物细胞膜的机理认知不足,模拟模型缺乏有力数据验证;代谢机制中参与反应的酶、化合物等体系和反应产物环境特性仍不明确,植物修复可行性缺乏有力证据。未来将在模型预测构建、降解机理和修复工程的实际应用方面作进一步探究,以形成系统的认知,为硝基芳香化合物污染土壤和农产品的生态风险评价以及植物修复提供理论依据。     

Employment of passive sampling in monitoring indoor air quality in selected residences in a Tri-city area in Poland

Time-weighted average concentrations of selected volatile compounds were measured in chosen residences in a Tri-City area of Poland by means of passive sampling. The results were compared to those obtained by dynamic technique – sorption tubes filled with Tenax TA sorbent. Results obtained by employing the two techniques were similar. Total volatile organic compound (TVOC) parameters were also determined. An attempt was also made to evaluate the influence of outdoor air pollutants on indoor air quality.     

Bioavailability of trace metals in brownfield soils in an urban area in the UK

Thirty-two brownfield sites from the city of Wolverhampton were selected from those with a former industrial use, wasteland or areas adjacent to industrial processes. Samples (<2 mm powdered soil fraction) were analysed, using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry (ICP–AES) for 20 elements. Loss on ignition and pH were also determined. A five-step chemical sequential extraction technique was carried out. Single leach extraction with 0.12 M hydrochloric acid of Pb, Cu and Zn in soil was determined as a first approximation of the bioavailability in the human stomach. Some of the sites were found to have high concentrations of the potentially toxic elements Pb, Zn, Cu and Ni. The partitioning of metals showed a high variability, however a number of trends were determined. The majority of Zn was partitioned into the least chemically stable phases (steps 1, 2 and 3). The majority of Cu was associated with the organic phase (step 4) and the majority of Ni was fractionated into the residue phase (step 5). The majority of Pb was associated with the residue fraction (step 5) followed by Fe–Mn oxide fraction (step 3). The variability reflects the heterogeneous and complex nature of metal speciation in urban soils with varied historic histories. There was a strong inverse linear relationship between the metals Ni, Zn and Pb in the readily exchangeable phase (step 1) and soil pH, significant at P < 0.01 level. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the partitioning of Cu, Ni and Zn into step 4 (the organic phase) in soils with a higher organic carbon content (estimated by loss on ignition). Copper was highly partitioned into step 4 as it has a strong association with organics in soil but this phase was not important for the partitioning of Ni or Zn. The fractionation of Ni, Cu and Zn increased significantly in step 3 when the total metal concentration increases (P < 0.01). The Fe–Mn oxide fraction becomes more important in soils elevated in these metals, possibly due to the scavenging of metals by oxides. Cu and Pb extracted by HCl was statistically similar to the sum of the metals in steps 1 to 4 (P < 0.01) and HCl available Zn was statistically similar to the sum of Zn in steps 1 to 3 (P < 0.01). Step 4 (the organic phase) was not an important phase for Zn, so it was concluded that any Cu, Zn and Pb present in soil in a nonresidue phase would be potentially available for uptake into the human system once soil has been ingested.