九层塔内生细菌系统发育分析及生物学功能

九层塔(Ocimum basilicum L.)为一年生唇形科药食两用植物.为研究野生九层塔植株内生细菌的多样性及生物学功能,采用LB、VM、DN和CCM4种培养基从植物不同部位中分离纯化内生细菌,利用IS-PCR插入序列指纹图谱技术进行聚类分析,通过16S rRNA基因测序分析对内生细菌进行分子鉴定及系统发育分析,进一步采用传统方法鉴定各类群代表菌株的生物学功能,并选取功能性较强的菌株进行水稻种子萌发及盆栽促生试验.结果显示,从九层塔中分离获得48株内生细菌,聚为13个类群,表现出九层塔内生菌的多样性;生物学功能测定显示所获得内生菌功能丰富:9株具有固氮功能,8株具溶磷功能,10株具有解钾能力,12株具有分泌生长素的能力,7株具有分泌铁载体功能;筛选出2个促生功能优良的菌株,分别为H1041和H4039,其发酵液能显著地促进水稻种子萌发和水稻生长.本研究表明从野生植物九层塔中分离所得的内生菌具有种群多样性和功能多样性,这些兼具不同功能的菌株具有农业应用开发的价值和意义.(图6表3参62)     

稳定混合菌协同降解咔唑研究

以咔唑(Carbazole,CAR)作为唯一碳源和氮源,从某炼油厂废水中筛选获得稳定的咔唑降解混合菌株.对该混合菌株进行分离和纯化,获得两株细菌,经生物化学和分子进化特征分析后,初步鉴定为Chryseobacterium sp.NCY和Achromobacter sp.NCW.扫描电镜显示,两株菌在含咔唑的无机盐培养基和肉膏培养基上生长时,细胞形态发生显著的变化.这两株细菌形成的稳定复合体存24 h内对咔唑(500 mg L-1)的降解率为80%,64 h内降解率可达到99%以上,并释放出氨氮22.69 mg L-1.纯化后的两株细菌单独以咔唑为唯一碳源和氮源,均不能生长,推测两株菌通过协同代谢作用降解咔唑.     

澳洲野生稻(Oryza australiensis)内生固氮菌的分子鉴定及发育分析

采用两种无氮培养基经平板划线法共分离筛选到澳洲野生稻(Oryza australiensis)45株内生固氮菌.利用全细胞蛋白电泳和插入序列指纹图谱对获得的内生固氮菌进行聚类分析,将其分为8个类群.其中类群Ⅰ有10株菌,类群Ⅱ为4株菌,类群Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ均为3株菌,类群Ⅵ、Ⅶ和Ⅷ各有2株菌.对分离得到的内生固氮菌主要类群部分代表菌株的固氮活性进行了系统研究,结果表明,菌株在偏酸(pH值5.0)和偏碱(pH值9.0)的条件下均能保持较高的固氮酶活性,NaCl浓度在2%时达到最高固氮活性,NH4+浓度达到7.5 mmol/L时,均无固氮酶活性,不同菌株所能利用的碳源不同.16S rDNA序列测定及系统发育分析显示:类群ⅠYH39与Burkholderia cepacia ATCC 25416T相似性为97%;类群Ⅱ为克雷白氏杆菌属(Klebsiella),相似性为100%;类群Ⅲ为泛菌属(Pantoea),相似性为99%;类群Ⅴ为草螺菌属(Herbaspirillum),相似性为99%;类群Ⅶ为中华根瘤菌属(Sinorhizobium),相似性为99%.本研究表明澳洲野生稻内生固氮菌资源具有遗传多样性.图5表1参26     

尼瓦拉野生稻内生菌多样性和促生作用

为从尼瓦拉野生稻(Oryza nivara)中收集农业微生物肥料生产的菌种资源,对其内生菌进行分离、固氮酶活性测定、IS-PCR指纹图谱聚类、产生长素、解钾能力及生理生化特性测定.选取IS-PCR指纹图谱8个类群的代表菌株进行16S rRNA基因系统发育分析.从尼瓦拉野生稻中共分离到57株内生细菌,其中44株为内生固氮菌,固氮酶活性在5.79-899.72 nmol mL~(-1) h~(-1)之间.16S rRNA基因序列分析及生理生化特性表明,所分离的植物内生菌属于Burkholderia contaminans、Herbaspirillum seropedicae、Rhizobium sp.、Bacillus methylotrophicus、Achromobacter xyosoxidan、Chryseobacterium bernardeti、Pseudomonas beteli和Klebsiella quasipneumoniae,表明尼瓦拉野生稻内生菌具有多样性.分离到的内生细菌均有产生长素的能力,其中N8、N35、N36产生长素能力最强,分别为41.66、34.96、30.41 mg∕L.25株菌株具有不同程度的解钾能力,N37、N16解钾能力最强,分别为312、289 mg/L.N8、N35、N36、N37、N16接种生菜后,生菜株高增加12.47%-26.17%、叶片数增加20.41%-44.90%、叶长增长49.73%-62.23%、地上鲜重增加37.93%-68.00%、地下鲜重增加31.08%-40.56%、叶绿素含量增加27.94%-85.29%.接种菌株N37、N16的土壤与对照组相比,土壤速效钾含量分别增加52.55%和57.85%,表明菌株具有明显的促生效果.综上所述,从尼瓦拉野生稻中筛选到的5株多功能促生菌在未来农业微生物肥料生产应用上具有潜在的价值.     

抑制多重耐药致病菌的丹参内生真菌的筛选、鉴定及次生代谢产物分析

对四川道地药材丹参内生真菌的抑菌活性及其次生代谢产物进行研究,以期寻找出抑制多重耐药致病菌的新型抗菌物质.通过分离纯化丹参茎和叶中的内生真菌,得到145株菌株,将菌株发酵液分别进行普通致病菌(肠炎沙门氏菌、鸡白痢沙门氏菌、绿脓杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌O157:H7和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌)和多重耐药致病菌(沙门氏菌耐药株、金黄色葡萄球菌耐药株和大肠杆菌耐药株)的抑菌试验,筛选得到3株具有显著抑菌效果的菌株.其中抑菌效果最显著的一株菌株S4,经形态学观察和18S rDNA序列分析确定其为Phomopsis sp.对S4发酵液的乙酸乙酯萃取相进行大类成分、LC-MS和GC-MS分析,结果显示发酵液中富含酚性物质、生物碱、对羟基苯乙醇等重要生物活性物质.本研究表明丹参内生真菌抑菌效果显著,富含活性物质,为耐药菌的控制提供了新的资源.表5图4参20     

十溴联苯醚(BDE209)对蜡状芽胞杆菌吸附/释放金属离子的影响

针对重金属及多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)复合污染问题,以蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)复合菌为吸附材料,研究了十溴联苯醚(BDE209)对蜡状芽孢杆菌复合菌吸附及释放金属离子的影响.结果表明,蜡状芽孢杆菌复合菌对低浓度的Pb(II)(0.712mg·L-1)、Zn(II)(4.844mg·L-1)具有快速、高效、稳定的吸附能力,最高吸附率分别达到98.31%和97.83%;对低浓度的Cu(II)(1.915mg·L-1)也能起到一定的去除作用,吸附率最高可达59.90%.复合菌吸附重金属离子的同时,释放了其他金属离子:Ca(II)、K(I)、Na(I),且释放总量大于吸附总量.不同浓度的BDE209对复合菌吸附重金属产生不同的影响.1mg·L-1的BDE209基本表现为促进复合菌对重金属的吸附;而10mg·L-1的BDE209在0～4h之间促进复合菌对Pb(II)、Zn(II)的吸附,在反应4h后明显抑制吸附作用,而对Cu(II)则始终表现为促进作用.BDE209对金属离子释放的影响主要体现在反应的初始阶段(0～4h),表现为高浓度的BDE209减缓K(I)、Na(I)的释放.     

陵水普通野生稻(Oryza rufipogon)内生菌的固氮及溶磷特行

从陵水普通野生稻中分离了36株内生菌,经乙炔还原法确定22株菌为内生固氮菌,并测定了其溶磷特性.在22株内生固氮菌中,除菌株Ls2不具有溶磷能力外,其余21株菌溶磷能力差异较大,为(0.002±0.01)~(12.7±0.04)μgmL-1.将这些内生固氮菌接种籼型水稻华航1号,除菌株Ls23外,其余菌株均能使接种水稻苗的根、茎长度增加(在α=0.05水平上差异显著).以上研究结果表明,这些菌株在水稻菌肥研制方面具有较大的开发潜力.图2表3参21     

产类胡萝卜素菌株的筛选及其培养条件初探

从土壤、植物落花、细菌污染的组织培养二三角瓶里的培养基上及被细菌污染的LB琼脂平板上分离筛选出十几株产类胡萝卜素的菌株，其中从污染的LB琼脂平板上分离的一株菌落颜色为黄色的菌株PBH，分类鉴定为库特氏菌属(Kurthia sp.)．菌株在以葡萄糖为碳源，添加番茄汁(3．6mL／L)、芝麻油(1．6mL／L)、Na2CO3(6g/L)和磷酸缓冲盐的液体培养基中28℃振荡培养5d，每mL培养液细胞生物量湿重达到65．57mg，类胡萝卜素产量达到9．896μg，菌体每g湿重细胞胡萝卜素含量为150．9μg．图10参13     

四川盆地大豆根瘤内生细菌的分离鉴定及促生效果

以四川盆地大豆根瘤为材料,采用划线法分离内生细菌、16S rDNA PCR-RFLP分析其遗传多样性,并结合菌株促生特性和盆栽试验筛选优良促生菌.从分离获得的130株内生细菌中选取了40株细菌作为供试菌株,16S rDNA序列表明分属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、中华根瘤菌属(Sinorhizobium)和慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium).以大豆为供试作物筛选出了12株具有促生能力的细菌,所有菌株均能分泌吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA),浓度达到0.353-32.404μg/mL;7株能产铁载体,活性单位为7.35%-34.31%;有11株具有溶磷能力,溶磷量达到4.26-10.6μg/mL;6株具有固氮能力.接种12株供试菌株后,玉米的农艺性状、植株全氮和全磷含量均优于单施化肥处理,其中菌株DA16-5效果最好,表现出良好的促生潜力.综上,四川盆地大豆根瘤内生菌遗传多样性丰富并且普遍具有促生能力,是重要的生物资源.     

两株吡啶降解菌的分离与鉴定

为了研究石油污染土壤中含氮杂环化合物的降解情况,该研究选择吡啶作为目标污染物,采用选择性富集培养的方法,从45份石油污染土壤样品中,分离得到260株降解吡啶污染物的高效降解菌株,选择降解效率最高的2株吡啶降解菌命名为菌株4-11和2-13,进行种属鉴定、细菌的生长情况和吡啶降解性能的考察.实验证明,60 h菌株4-11和2-13对质量浓度为1000 mg·L-1吡啶的降解率分别达到65.5%和64.1%.通过形态学、生理生化鉴定和16S rDNA序列比对分析,确定菌株4-11属于产硫酸杆菌(Thiobacillus)与Thiobacillus intermediu 同源性最高,为99.8 %,菌株2-13属屈挠杆菌(Flexibacter)与 Flexibacter giganteus同源性最高,为99.9 %.     

基因污染与生态环境安全

论述了基因污染可能对生态环境安全造成的影响。转基因作物有可能污染天然物种的基因库；有可能破坏传统农作物品种的遗传多样性，加速作物种植品种的单一化及基因资源的流失；使抗除草剂作物的基因向野生或半野生植物漂移的可能性加大，有可能创造出“超级杂草”；带有病毒型转基因作物的基因重组，有可能创造出新的植物病毒，导致新的病害；BT转基因抗虫作物分泌的毒素，在食物链中传递，很难加以控制，对非目标生物造成危害，并最终破坏自然生态系统的平衡。文章还从不同角度分析了基因污染的严重性。     

市场经济与土肥科技

土肥的基础地位是不随社会性质或社会经济类型的变化而变化的，它既具重要性，又具长久性．市场经济是仍然需要土肥科技的．土肥科技的教学、科研和推广的力度必须加大，局面必须改观，且宜快不宜迟．土肥科技工作者一定要将培肥地力作为中心工作．根据广东的实际，增施有机肥是培肥地力的主要措施，因而抓秸秆还田和发展冬绿肥是我们工作的重点．     

Indoor and outdoor air pollution and lung cancer in New Hampshire and Vermont

Indoor and outdoor air pollution is known to contribute to increased lung cancer incidence. This study is the first to address the contribution of home heating fuel and geographical course particulate matter (PM₁₀) concentrations to lung cancer rates in New Hampshire, USA. First, Pearson correlation analysis and geographically weighted regression were used to investigate spatial relationships between outdoor PM₁₀ and lung cancer rates. While the aforementioned analyses did not indicate a significant contribution of PM₁₀ to lung cancer in the state, there was a trend towards a significant association in the northern and southwestern regions of the state. Second, case-control data were used to estimate the contributions of indoor pollution and secondhand smoke to the risk of lung cancer with adjustment for confounders. Increased risk was found among those who used wood or coal to heat their homes for more than 10 winters before the age of 18, with a significant increase in risk per winter. Resulting data suggest that further investigation of the relationship between heating-related air pollution levels and lung cancer risk is needed.     

Heavy metals and pesticides in anuran spawn and tadpoles,water, and sediment

High concentrations of metals (cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc) and of lindane were measured in the sediment and in the spawn and tadpoles of Bufo bufo, Rana dalmatina, and Rana ridibunda from two Austrian locations. Residues in spawn suggest maternal transfer. Increase of the metal concentrations from spawn to advanced tadpole stage is explained by the larval microphaguous feeding habits which cause high exposition of the tadpoles to substances concentrating in sediments and suspended particles. Metal and pesticide concentrations in spawn and tadpoles are toxic to various other aquatic organisms and are furthermore considered to be potentially hazardous to the anurans themselves. The results are conform with world‐wide observations of contamination of anuran larvae with heavy metals, and prove the significance of non‐point source chemical exposure due to allochthonous toxicant input by wind load and precipitation.     

Interaction and combined toxicity of microplastics and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in aquatic environment

● Adsorption of PFASs on MPs and its mechanisms are critically reviewed. ● MPs could alter the transport and transformation of PFASs in aquatic environments. ● Combined toxicity of MPs and PFASs at organismal and molecular levels is discussed. Microplastics (MPs) are recognized as vectors for the transport of organic contaminants in aquatic environments in addition to their own adverse effects on aquatic organisms. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are widely present in aquatic environments due to their widespread applications, and thus coexist with MPs. Therefore, we focus on the interaction of MPs and PFASs and related combined toxicity in aquatic environments in this work. The adsorption of PFASs on MPs is critically reviewed, and new mechanisms such as halogen bonding, π-π interaction, cation-π interactions, and micelle formation are proposed. Moreover, the effect of MPs on the transport and transformation of PFASs in aquatic environments is discussed. Based on four typical aquatic organisms (shellfish, Daphnia, algae, and fish), the toxicity of MPs and/or PFASs at the organismal or molecular levels is also evaluated and summarized. Finally, challenges and research perspectives are proposed, and the roles of the shapes and aging process of MPs on PFAS biogeochemical processes and toxicity, especially on PFAS substitutes, are recommended for further investigation. This review provides a better understanding of the interactions and toxic effects of coexisting MPs and PFASs in aquatic environments.     

Myths and assumptions about human-wildlife conflict and coexistence

Recent extinctions often resulted from humans retaliating against wildlife that threatened people's interests or were perceived to threaten current or future interests. Today's subfield of human-wildlife conflict and coexistence (HWCC) grew out of an original anthropocentric concern with such real or perceived threats and then, starting in the mid-1990s, with protecting valued species from people. Recent work in ethics and law has shifted priorities toward coexistence between people and wild animals. To spur scientific progress and more effective practice, we examined 4 widespread assumptions about HWCC that need to be tested rigorously: scientists are neutral and objective about HWCC; current participatory, consensus-based decisions provide just and fair means to overcome challenges in HWCC; wildlife threats to human interests are getting worse; and wildlife damage to human interests is additive to other sources of damage. The first 2 assumptions are clearly testable, but if they are entangled can become a wicked problem and may need debunking as myths if they cannot be disentangled. Some assumptions have seldom or never been tested and those that have been tested appear dubious, yet the use of the assumptions continues in the practice and scholarship of HWCC. We call for tests of assumptions and debunking of myths in the scholarship of HWCC. Adherence to the principles of scientific integrity and application of standards of evidence can help advance our call. We also call for practitioners and interest groups to improve the constitutive process prior to decision making about wildlife. We predict these steps will hasten scientific progress toward evidence-based interventions and improve the fairness, ethics, and legality of coexistence strategies.     

湿解产物与堆肥在土壤中的稳定性和腐熟度比较分析

研究了不同培养阶段湿解产物与土壤混合物(HTS)的物质变化特征、稳定性和腐熟度,并与堆肥和土壤混合物(CS)及自然土壤进行了对比。结果表明:在培养过程中,所有HTS和CS的参数变化趋势相似,HTS的温度变化接近于CS的温度变化,稍高于自然土壤的温度,低于环境温度;pH值变化不大,基本稳定在7.6左右;在培养初期,水溶性有机碳比有机态氮w(WSC)/w(Norg)小于0.55,种子发芽系数(GI)高于80%;培养14d后,w(C)/w(N)降低至小于20,w(NH4 -N)/w(NO3--N)渐渐趋于稳定至小于0.16,GI基本高于100%;49d后,HTS的CO2释放率接近CS和自然土壤的CO2释放率;种子发芽系数的变化表明,湿解产物中含有更丰富的营养元素,可以促进植物根系的生长;相关性分析显示,w(WSC)/w(Norg)、w(NH4 -N)/w(NO3--N)和GI可以作为湿解产物腐熟度的评价指标。综合各项参数表明,湿解产物在土壤中会很快达到稳定,可以安全应用。     

Growth and pollution convergence: Theory and evidence

Stabilizing pollution levels in the long run is a pre-requisite for sustainable growth. We develop a neoclassical growth model with endogenous emission reduction predicting that, along optimal sustainable paths, pollution growth rates are (i) positively related to output growth (scale effect) and (ii) negatively related to emission levels (defensive effect). This dynamic law reduces to a convergence equation that is empirically tested for two major and regulated air pollutants – sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides – with a panel of 25 European countries spanning the years 1980–2005. Traditional parametric models are rejected by the data. More flexible regression techniques confirm the existence of both the scale and the defensive effect, supporting the model predictions.     

水循环经济与水资源合理开发利用研究

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