磷在蛋壳粉中的吸附热力学和动力学

利用蛋壳粉对水中的磷进行吸附热力学和动力学研究.结果表明,蛋壳粉对水中的磷具有一定的吸附作用,吸附等温线符合Freundlich方程,吸附ΔH、ΔS与ΔG显示蛋壳粉对水中磷的吸附是自发吸热的物理过程.磷在蛋壳中的吸附动力学曲线存在两个吸附平台,吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,磷在蛋壳中的吸附可能受到吸附边界层和内部孔道结...     

Zr（OH）4沉淀物对铬鞣废水Cr3+的吸附实验

用Zr(OH)4模拟锆鞣废水中的沉淀物作为吸附剂处理低浓度铬鞣废水,考察了吸附时间、Zr(OH)4投加量、溶液pH值、盐离子(Na+、Ca2+)浓度等因素对Cr3+去除效果的影响,结果表明,在pH<4.5时,Cr3+的去除为吸附过程,当pH>4.5后,为沉淀和吸附混合过程;Cr3+在Zr(OH)4上的吸附过程可以用Freundlich模型进行模拟;Na+和Ca2+对铬的吸附有一定的抑制作用.实际锆鞣废水中的杂质成分与Cr3+产生竞争吸附,使去除率略有降低,最低去除率可达71.29%以上.     

磺胺甲恶唑在土壤上的吸附及其与Ca2+、Mg2+、Zn2+的共吸附

研究了磺胺甲恶唑(SMX)在11种土壤上的吸附行为.相关性分析表明,单一的土壤性质与表观吸附没有表现出明显的相关关系,SMX在土壤中的吸附可能受憎水性作用、阳离子交换、表面积等多个机理或因素的共同作用.进而研究了Ca2+、Mg2+、Zn2+3种金属离子与SMX在土壤中的共吸附.其中,Zn2+显著地促进了SMX的表观吸附,而Ca2+、Mg2+两种离子对SMX的吸附没有明显的影响.同时,SMX的存在也影响了3种离子的吸附行为,Ca2+和Mg2+的吸附降低,而Zn2+的吸附受SMX的影响不大.可能是由于Zn2+在土壤中是内界吸附,占据了内部的位点,取代了大量的H原子,使表面的负电荷减弱,降低了土壤与SMX的排斥作用,从而使其吸附增加.     

内分泌干扰物对鲤鱼器官中离子平衡的影响

采用雌二醇、双酚A、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯等3种内分泌干扰物和睾酮对鲤鱼染毒,测定了鲤鱼肝胰脏、性腺和脑组织中常量及微量元素离子的含量、Na+,K+-ATP酶活性和Ca2+,Mg2+-ATP酶活性的变化.结果显示,内分泌干扰物能够改变鲤鱼部分器官细胞内离子间的平衡关系;睾酮单独存在对离子平衡产生的影响很小,与雌二醇共存时表现一定的拮抗作用;内分泌干扰物可能会通过影响器官内Na+,K+-ATP酶的活性改变肝胰脏中Na+、K+的含量,并通过增加性腺中Ca2+、Mg2+的含量提高Ca2+,Mg2+-ATP酶的活性.     

西藏日喀则地区夏、冬季大气颗粒物水溶性离子粒径分布特征

为研究日喀则不同粒径大气颗粒物中水溶性无机离子的组成特征,利用Andersen分级撞击式采样器在夏、冬季进行大气颗粒物分级采样,采用离子色谱测定NH+4、Ca2+、K+、Mg2+、Na+、SO2-4、NO-3和Cl-等8种离子浓度.结果表明,夏、冬季总离子浓度分别为9648±3030、4925±1138 ng·m-3.夏季离子浓度高低顺序为Cl-﹥Ca2+﹥NH+4﹥Na+﹥SO2-4﹥NO-3﹥K+﹥Mg2+,Cl-、Ca2+、NH+4和Na+占总离子浓度的比重为74.9%;冬季水溶性无机离子浓度高低顺序为Cl-﹥SO2-4﹥NH+4﹥NO-3﹥Ca2+﹥Na+﹥K+﹥Mg2+,Cl-、SO2-4、NH+4和NO-3占总离子浓度的比重为88.0%.夏、冬季大气颗粒物中所有水溶性无机离子的粒径分布均成双峰型.夏季,大气颗粒物中SO2-4与Mg2+(r=0.951)、Ca2+(r=0.947),NO-3与Mg2+(r=0.904)、Ca2+(r=0.843),在0.01水平(双侧)上均显著相关;冬季,细粒子中K+与Cl-(r=0.740)、SO2-4(r=0.929)及NO-3(r=0.920),在0.01水平(双侧)上显著相关.     

Effects of two forest types on the dynamics of four base cations along with rainfall partitioning in middle subtropical forests北大核心CSCD

盐基离子随穿透雨和树干茎流的迁移成为森林元素输入的重要组成部分.在迁移过程中,冠层淋溶、树干冲刷等改变了盐基离子含量,而不同林型的林冠特征、树皮性质等存在差异,因此盐基离子含量在不同林型中可能存在差异对米槠次生林和杉木人工林穿透雨、树干茎流进行为期4年的监测,对比研究4种盐基离子(K+、Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+)浓度和输入量的动态特征.结果显示:(1)米槠次生林树干茎流Ca2+、Mg2+浓度显著低于杉木人工林而K+浓度显著高于杉木人工林;穿透雨除Na+浓度外均为米槠次生林显著高于杉木人工林.穿透雨和树干茎流Na+浓度林型差异不显著.(2)两种林型盐基离子季节动态变化基本一致,在雨季旱季各有一个峰值,雨季浓度普遍低于旱季.米槠次生林盐基离子浓度稳定性普遍高于杉木人工林.(3)分析盐基离子浓度与降雨强度的关系发现:Ca2+、K+、Mg2+浓度随雨量级的增加而降低,Na+浓度随雨量级的增加而增加.(4)观测期间米槠次生林穿透雨累计输入Ca2+、K+、Mg2+和Na+总量分别为47.97、35.17、7.15和12.94 kg/hm2,树干茎流累计输入Ca2+、K+、Mg2+和Na+总量分别为11.38、6.21、1.54和3.00 kg/hm2;杉木人工林穿透雨累计输入Ca2+、K+、Mg2+和Na+总量分别为47.24、26.63、6.43和11.55 kg/hm2,树干茎流累计输入Ca2+、K+、Mg2+和Na+总量分别为4.11、1.20、0.50和0.83 kg/hm2.米槠次生林的林内雨盐基离子输入量大于杉木人工林.总体而言,米槠次生林比杉木人工林有更高的养分输入,能更好地维持生态系统养分的供应;上述结果有助于进一步认识森林物质随水文过程的流动,可为人工林经营管理提供一定科学基础数据.(图6表1参36)     

玉龙雪山周边典型河流的水化学日变化特征

通过分析于2009年9月22日—28日期间,在玉龙雪山周边河流白水河采集的河水样品(采样间隔为2 h),对冰雪融水补给径流的日变化特征及其规律进行了深入研究.结果表明,白水河水中所测的阴离子以SO2-4含量最高,其次为NO-3和Cl-;阳离子中主要以Ca2+、Mg2+为主,其次为Na+、K+,不同于冰雪融水中的离子浓度序列Ca2+Na+K+Mg2+,反映了流域内基岩岩性对河水化学性质的影响;水体的pH值平均8.6,电导率介于29.9—73.5μS·cm-1之间,日周期波动幅度较大;受降雨影响时段,各离子含量峰值通常出现在16∶00左右,各离子含量随降雨量的增加呈增加态势(除SO2-4、NO-3外);在无降雨影响下,随径流量的增加,各离子含量表现出减小趋势.     

我国4个大气背景点环境空气颗粒物(PM_(2.5)、PM_(10))中水溶性离子分布特征

为研究国家大气背景点颗粒物质量浓度与水溶性离子组成特征,于2013年2月、7月、9月、12月分别对4个国家大气背景点进行了PM2.5及PM10的采样,通过超声萃取-IC法测定了样品中的9种水溶性离子(F-、Cl-、NO-3、SO2-4、Na+、NH+4、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+)质量浓度,结果表明:(1)可吸入颗粒物浓度水平一、二季度重于三、四季度,PM2.5、PM10年均值分别为17μg·m-3、32μg·m-3,与其他主要国家和地区背景区域浓度相当,背景点大气状况良好;(2)PM2.5中水溶性离子比重全年波动不大,为35.5%—42.2%,浓度排序为SO2-4、NH+4、NO-3Ca2+、Cl-、K+、Na+F-、Mg2+,第一季度PM10中Ca2+浓度显著升高,控制风沙尘将有效降低PM10的浓度;PM2.5及PM10中的9种水溶性离子在不同季节的浓度分布规律与颗粒物浓度类似,一季度较高,三、四季度较低;(3)二次离子是背景点区域的主要水溶性离子,浓度值与其他主要国家和地区相当.NO-3、SO2-4的物质的量浓度与NH+4存在显著相关性,相关系数r为0.7539,斜率小于1,水溶性离子中酸性离子的量比铵根离子略占优势,对气溶胶酸度产生重要贡献.     

冰封期达里诺尔湖主要离子特征

通过对内蒙古达里诺尔湖冰封期湖冰与湖水进行取样,分析总磷(TP)、总溶解性固体(TDS)、Mg2+、Ca2+、K+、Na+、Cl-、SO2-4、CO2-3和HCO-3离子在冰体及水体中的分布特征及迁移过程.结果表明,在冰体和水体阳离子中,Ca2+、Mg2+相对贫乏,在冰体中平均浓度分别为1.37 mg·L-1和7.0 mg·L-1,水体中平均浓度分别为4.01 mg·L-1和24.53 mg·L-1,Na+所占比例最高,冰体与水体中平均浓度均达到92%.CO32-、HCO-3和Cl-是冰体和水体中阴离子的主要组成部分,冰体中平均浓度分别为435.86、543.20、539.97 mg·L-1,水体中平均浓度分别为1773.90、2556.49、1890.08 mg·L-1.Piper图表明达里诺尔湖水化学类型以Na+-CO2-3-Cl--HCO-3型为主.Gibbs图显示岩石风化与蒸发浓缩作用对达里诺尔湖的离子含量影响显著.通过对TP、TDS、Mg2+、Ca2+和Cl-之间的关系分析可知,在水体中,Mg2+和Ca2+的组成随着深度的变化基本保持不变,而在冰体中呈现无规律的变化,在水中表现为基本不变;TP和Cl-在水体中没有相关性,在冰中相关性不明显.无论在水体中还是在冰体中,TP和TDS具有较好的相关性(水体:r=0.94;冰体:r=0.90),说明TDS可以在冰封期较好地示踪TP的迁移过程.     

外源磷对消落区土壤性质及磷释放的影响

选取三峡库区消落区万州段的紫色冲积土,对消落区土壤添加磷的变化及磷的释放进行实验室模拟试验.结果表明,当外源磷添加量较小(＜50 mgP·kg-1土干重)时,上覆水中磷浓度表现为持续上升.当外源磷添加量较大(＞50 mgP·kg-1土干重)时,在淹水4周左右达到平衡.随着外源磷添加量的增加,无机磷呈增加趋势;Ca2-P,Fe-P,Ca8-P和Al-P增加程度较大;外源磷添加量较大(＞50 mgP·kg-1土)时,O-P也有上升,Ca10-P变化较小.土壤干样与鲜样中磷的最大吸附量(Qm)在不同添加磷情况下变化不显著,磷吸附指数(PSI)、磷最大缓冲能力(MBC)均有显著的下降.表明土壤添加外源磷后土壤有效磷水平增大,同时土壤对磷的吸持能力降低,添加外源磷将增大土壤磷释放的风险.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).