北方典型设施菜地土壤CO2排放特征

为研究我国北方典型设施菜地的土壤CO₂排放特征及其影响因素,通过原位监测手段,研究山东省寿光市农田转变为不同种植年限（6、12 a）设施菜地及设施菜地荒废12 a后土壤CO₂排放规律及影响因素.结果表明:①种植6 a设施菜地较农田具有较高的土壤CO₂排放量,可能是由于设施菜地种植过程中大量施加有机肥造成的,并且设施菜地土壤温度及含水率较高,增加了土壤蔗糖酶活性,加剧土壤CO₂排放.②当种植年限超过10 a,设施菜地施肥量减少,降低了土壤微生物可利用底物的供应.因此,种植12 a设施菜地土壤CO₂排放量降至农田水平.③种植6 a设施菜地土壤的w（DOC）（DOC表示水溶性有机碳）比农田较高.④土壤CO₂排放年内分配不均匀,表现为农田及荒废设施菜地土壤CO₂排放主要集中在5—8月,其排放量占全年的75.09%、87.02%,峰值出现在7月.种植6 a设施菜地土壤CO₂排放主要集中在5—8月和11月—翌年2月,两阶段排放量分别占全年的48.48%、42.34%,峰值分别出现在7月、12月.研究显示,农田转变为设施菜地短期（种植6 a）内可显著促进土壤CO₂排放及DOC的输出,但随着种植年限延长至12 a,土壤CO₂排放降至农田水平.      

典型设施农业土壤酞酸酯污染特征及其健康风险

采用超声提取、气相色谱-质谱技术和CalTOX模型,分析了南京城郊典型设施菜地土壤中6种酞酸酯的污染特征、污染负荷及其健康风险.结果表明,所有的土壤样品中均检测出酞酸酯,6种酞酸酯的总量为0.15~9.68mg/kg,其平均含量为2.21mg/kg;邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DnBP)、邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)和邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DnOP)为该地区设施农业土壤的主要酞酸酯种类,其检出率分别为88.2%、100%和79.8%,含量范围分别在n.d.~1.83、0.02~9.03、n.d.~1.74mg/kg之间;土壤pH值和有机碳含量与土壤酞酸酯含量之间无显著相关性,研究区域土壤酞酸酯总体污染负荷为4.31kg/hm2;健康风险评价结果表明DnBP和DEHP的潜在健康风险较高,设施农业从业者的主要暴露途径通过皮肤接触;设施菜地土壤酞酸酯含量、污染负荷以及健康风险均显著高于周边地区露天菜地土壤.     

吉林四平设施土壤和蔬菜中重金属的累积特征

选取吉林四平市典型设施蔬菜生产系统为研究对象,采集不同土地利用方式下的设施菜地、玉米地和森林土壤样本124份进行比较分析,同步采集设施蔬菜(81份)、肥料(50份)及灌溉水样品(10份),利用电感耦合等离子体质谱技术检测重金属含量,以揭示设施土壤及相应蔬菜中重金属的累积特征.结果表明,研究区域设施菜地中除铅(Pb)以外的重金属元素含量显著高于玉米地和林地,设施土壤重金属镉(Cd)、铜(Cu)、铬(Cr)、镍(Ni)、锌(Zn)均出现了不同程度的累积,研究区域不同类型土壤Cd平均含量为0.45 mg·kg-1,约42.8%的样本Cd超过温室蔬菜产地环境质量评价标准(HJ 333-2006),其他重金属均未出现超标现象;不同类型蔬菜比较,叶菜类Cd含量(以鲜重计)为0.033 mg·kg~(-1),明显高于果菜类,2.5%的蔬菜Cd超标,1.2%蔬菜存在Pb超标,其他重金属均未出现超标现象;随着设施利用年限的增加,土壤酸化愈加明显,设施土壤和蔬菜中重金属呈同步累积趋势;设施蔬菜重金属含量受土壤pH、有机质的显著影响;含高量重金属有机肥和化肥的大量施用是设施土壤重金属累积及设施蔬菜风险增加的重要原因.     

设施栽培地土壤富营养化及其潜在的环境影响

采用野外采样与室内分析相结合的方法,探讨了武汉市郊设施蔬菜地土壤有机质和氮、磷、钾养分的累积状况及剖面分布特征,同时分析了土壤pH值的变化.研究结果表明:(1)与露天菜地和植棉地相比,设施蔬菜栽培地耕层土壤有机质含量比露天菜地和植棉地分别增加了14.7%和36.7%,全氮与碱解氮含量在不同栽培类型间的变化趋势及程度与有...     

典型设施菜地土壤抗生素污染特征与积累规律研究

利用超声波提取,固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法,分析了山东省某典型设施菜地的20个蔬菜大棚土壤中14种抗生素的含量与分布特征.结果表明,在所有的土样中均检测出抗生素,其中4种四环素类抗生素(如四环素、土霉素、金霉素和强力霉素)是该地区主要的抗生素种类,单个化合物的检出率均为100%,其含量范围分别在2.11～139.16、6.06～332.02、1.82～391.31、2.20～248.56μg.kg-1之间.4种四环素类抗生素总含量Σ(TCs)为26.79～1 010.11μg.kg-1,平均含量为274μg.kg-1.磺胺类、喹诺酮类和大环内酯类抗生素也均有检出,其中喹诺酮类抗生素总含量Σ(QNs)在0～1 017.06μg.kg-1,平均含量73.05μg.kg-1,检出率为85%,而磺胺类和大环内酯类抗生素单个化合物的检出浓度很低,未检出氯霉素类抗生素.分析结果还发现,该设施菜地种植不同蔬菜的土壤中抗生素种类和含量差异很大.值得注意的是,个别大棚土壤诺氟沙星(QNC)和氧氟沙星(OFC)含量分别高达373.73和643.34μg.kg-1,均远远地超过抗生素生态毒害效应触发值(100μg.kg-1).可见,设施菜地土壤抗生素污染问题应引起关注.     

设施菜地土壤重金属累积及影响因素研究

为了解设施菜地土壤重金属累积规律及影响因,通过在全国8个省具有代表性的设施蔬菜产区采集土壤和肥料样品,系统研究了设施栽培年限、肥料施用、土壤性质对设施菜地土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Cd累积量及活度的影响.结果表明:与露天栽培相比,设施条件下随着栽培年限的延长,土壤Cu、Zn和Cd的全量和有效态浓度均呈明显的累积趋势,栽培年限>15a时的设施土壤Cu、Zn和Cd的全量和有效态浓度分别是露天栽培土壤的1.57、2.16、1.67、3.28、1.96、2.00倍.Pearson分析表明设施菜地土壤Cu、Zn、Cd均与土壤SOM呈极显著相关,说明其在来源上较强的相似性,进一步对设施栽培土壤主要投入品中Cu、Zn、Cd含量分析表明,猪粪、商品有机肥及土壤调理剂中Cu、Zn均超过了100mg/kg,Cd超过了1.0mg/kg,且投入量较大,是设施栽培土壤中Cu、Zn、Cd的主要贡献者,而秸秆和部分化肥(如尿素、硫酸钾)中的Cu、Zn、Cd含量均极低,对设施栽培土壤累积贡献微乎其微.pH值和CEC是影响Cu、Zn、Cd在土壤中累积活度的关键因素,其中随着pH值的升高土壤Cu活度表现了先升高后下降的趋势,而土壤Cd活度则表现了持续下降的趋势,仅在pH<6.26时达到了显著相关水平;土壤CEC的升高对土壤Cu活度表现了先下降后升高再下降的趋势,土壤Cd活度表现了先升高后缓慢下降再升高的趋势,而土壤Zn活度仅在CEC<5.83时随着CEC升高表现下降显著线性相关趋势.因此,防止设施栽培土壤Cu、Zn、Cd的累积与污染,选择重金属含量低的肥料和调控土壤理化特性(尤其是pH值、CEC)则是缓解设施栽培土壤重金属累积速率进而确保蔬菜质量安全的有效途径.     

水稻田垂直剖面土壤稀土元素来源解析及生态风险评价——基于锶钕同位素示踪结合MixSIAR模型

为研究水稻田垂直剖面土壤中稀土元素的来源及生态风险,采集了福建省东南部地区3个水稻田垂直剖面土壤及周边潜在源样品,分析测定垂直剖面土壤和潜在源中稀土元素含量及锶钕同位素组成.在垂直剖面土壤和潜在源稀土元素含量、地球化学特征定性分析垂直剖面土壤中稀土元素来源的基础上,利用锶钕同位素结合MixSIAR模型定量计算各潜在源对垂直剖面土壤中稀土元素的具体贡献,将潜在生态风险评价与MixSIAR模型计算贡献率结果相结合,得出潜在源对垂直剖面土壤中稀土元素综合潜在生态风险的贡献.结果表明,P1垂直剖面土壤中稀土元素主要来源于土壤母质层,稀土元素达到中等生态风险水平;P2垂直剖面土壤中稀土元素受化肥影响较大,浅层土壤中稀土元素生态风险大于深层土壤;P3垂直剖面土壤中稀土元素受多种因素综合影响,稀土元素生态风险较小.垂直剖面土壤中稀土元素生态风险受人为因素影响的同时自然来源也不可忽视.     

江西典型钨矿开采对周边环境稀土元素含量的影响

研究了江西省典型钨矿区开采和冶炼对周边农田土壤、水体和白菜中稀土元素含量的影响.结果表明:钨矿区周边农田土壤中稀土元素含量范围在256~459 mg·kg~(-1)之间,平均值为373 mg·kg~(-1),土壤中稀土含量均高于江西省和全国土壤稀土元素含量的背景值,分别是它们的1.77倍和1.99倍.矿区河水中稀土元素浓度达3086μg·L~(-1),为对照区河水稀土元素浓度的497倍.矿区15个样地白菜稀土元素含量范围为773~5992μg·kg~(-1),平均值为3007μg·kg~(-1),为非矿区白菜稀土元素含量的5.22倍,矿区白菜稀土元素含量远超过我国蔬菜卫生标准稀土元素含量的限值(0.70 mg·kg~(-1)),说明钨矿开采冶炼已造成周边环境的污染,并对矿区居民身体健康构成潜在威胁.     

南方红壤侵蚀流域水稻田中稀土元素的迁移累积特征

稀土元素通过植物吸收经食物链最终进入人体,并在人体中累积,进而影响食用人群的健康.水稻作为我国南方地区的主要粮食和经济作物,是人们生存的基础.本文通过南方花岗岩红壤侵蚀流域水稻植株根系土壤及其各部位稀土元素含量的调查,探究稀土元素在土壤-水稻系统中的迁移累积特征.结果表明:研究区土壤中稀土元素含量平均值为389.02 mg·kg~(-1),水稻土壤中呈现出重稀土元素相对富集的特点.土壤中稀土元素在Eu处呈亏损状态;除10号样点外,其他样点土壤的稀土元素在Ce处呈富集状态.水稻植株不同部位的稀土元素含量差异较大,水稻根、叶及稻谷中稀土元素含量的平均值分别为152.63、5.03和0.64 mg·kg~(-1),呈根叶稻谷的规律.稻谷中的稀土元素含量虽未超过日均稀土元素的摄入量(5.33μg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)),但长期食用仍存在一定的健康风险.土壤稀土元素向水稻植株各部位的转移能力差异较大,呈根叶稻谷的规律.     

稀土矿区及其周边水稻田中稀土元素的生物迁移积累特征

中国南方地区稀土矿的开采对当地的生态环境和农业产生了极大的影响,因此,本文选取稀土矿区周边典型水稻土,研究了稀土元素在土壤-水稻中的生物迁移和积累特征.结果表明,土壤中稀土元素含量在193.82~965.28 mg·kg-1之间,平均值为332.55 mg·kg-1,是我国土壤稀土元素含量背景值的2~3倍.稀土元素在土壤-水稻中的迁移和积累表现出了相似的化学性质和规律,水稻不同器官中稀土含量元素的高低顺序为:根茎叶籽粒.水稻根表铁膜对稀土元素的积累作用不明显,稀土元素在土壤-水稻系统中的迁移与积累受水稻品种、土壤理化性质因素的影响.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.