再生水补给型城市景观水体中溶解性有机物的分布及特征——以圆明园为例

天然水体中的溶解性有机物（Dissolved Organic Matter,DOM）具有多样的生态意义,已被用作评价天然水体水质状况的一项重要指标.本研究运用三维荧光光谱（Excitation-Emission Matrix Spectroscopy,EEMs）测量了圆明园水体中溶解性有机物的四季变化情况,利用平行因子法进行组分解析,分离得到类腐殖酸（C1）、类酪氨酸（C2）、类色氨酸（C3）3种DOM组分,且3种组分具有一定同源性.类腐殖酸组分含量在季节间的变化较大,夏季明显高于其他季节,另外两种组分的含量在四季间的变化不大.计算FI、HIX、BIX、β：α 4项特征参数,结果表明,所有样本在4个季节的内源性特征明显,受人为排放等陆源输入影响较小,水体DOM腐殖化程度较低,新鲜DOM占比大.对3种DOM组分、荧光特征参数与水质指标进行斯皮尔曼相关性分析,发现类酪氨酸与类色氨酸可能是TOC的重要组成部分.类腐殖质组分与4种荧光特征参数均显著相关,并与水体中氮（p<0.01）、磷（p<0.05）的循环与迁移有关,具有重要的生态意义.水体中的N/P比与DOM存在显著的负相关关系（p<0.05）,可通过控制N/P比来抑制水体中浮游植物的生长,减少内源DOM的产生与释放,从而达到降低水体DOM的目的.     

不同淹水环境下湖泊沉积物DOM的特征与来源

为揭示水位的空间差异对于湖泊沉积物溶解性有机质（DOM）特性的影响与作用途径,采用紫外可见光谱（UV-Vis）和三维荧光光谱结合平行因子分析（EEM-PARAFAC）,探究东洞庭湖不同淹水环境对沉积物DOM的组成与来源的影响.结果表明,DOM中类蛋白组分［类色氨酸C2与类酪氨酸C3,（72.95±8.94）%］高于类腐殖酸组分［C1,（27.05±8.94）%］.季节淹水下DOM具有更高的类蛋白组分和更低的类腐殖酸组分,而常年淹水下的DOM芳香性（SUVA₂₅₄）与疏水组分（SUVA₂₆₀）更高,在空间上表现为：湖中段>入湖段>出湖段,更有利于污染物迁移.通过对荧光参数FI （1.93）、BIX （0.91）和HIX （1.57）的计算发现,沉积物DOM具有内源为主和陆源较弱的混合特征.这可能受到人为输入与沉积物特性影响,季节淹水区沉积物裸露增强污水排放的直接作用,且黏粒和总氮（TN）含量与FI呈显著正相关,说明沉积物高营养成分和黏粒含量影响DOM的内源成分（FI>1.9）;而常年淹水区具有外来径流输入,pH和C/N与HIX和C1呈显著正相关,说明沉积物DOM由于常年淹水的碱性环境（pH>7.5）和径流输入比季节淹水区具有更高的陆源成分（HIX=1.38±0.57）.上述结果有助于揭示湖泊水文与人类活动过程中沉积物DOM对水质与污染响应的相关理论,为沉积物污染防治提供科学依据.     

丰水期渤海湾水体中DOM的分布特征及来源

为了解丰水期渤海湾水体中污染物的来源,采用三维荧光光谱和紫外光谱,结合平行分子模型和相关性分析研究了渤海湾水体中DOM（溶解性有机质）的分布特征和来源,以期间接了解其他污染物的来源.结果表明：渤海湾水体DOM对荧光强度贡献率表现为近岸海域高,而远离海岸的海域低.DOM荧光光谱主要有高激发光色氨酸（S峰）、低激发光色氨酸（T峰）、类腐殖酸（A峰）和类富里酸（C峰）这四类荧光峰,类蛋白类荧光峰（S峰和T峰）在研究海域北部荧光强度贡献率较高,类腐殖质类（A峰和C峰）呈现近海岸高、远离海岸低的特征;渤海湾和入海河流荧光指数（FI）均在1.4左右,说明类腐殖质主要受到外源影响,大部分显示出强腐殖质化特征（HIX >3.0）,只有子研究区北部区域由于藻类暴发显示出强自生源特征（BIX >1.0）.紫外特征吸收波长结果显示渤海湾近岸海域类富里酸和类腐殖酸对紫外吸收系数的贡献率（20.18±4.04）%显著低于入海河流中的类富里酸和类腐殖酸贡献率（26.43±3.85）%,可能是由于入海河流输入DOM受到了海水盐度作用,高盐度海水会使DOM产生絮凝作用,随着悬浮物汇入海底沉积物中,使DOM中类富里酸和类腐殖酸对紫外吸收系数的贡献率降低.整体上渤海湾水体中DOM在丰水期受到外源河流输入影响较为显著,应加强对外源输入河流污染物的控制和管理.     

城镇与城郊污染河道中DOM成分分布与影响因素

河道水环境的溶解性有机物（dissolved organic matter,DOM）是全球碳循环的重要环节.在国内当前城镇河道污染治理攻坚的紧迫形势下,探究河道DOM受不同类型的外源污染、内源次生污染及天气模式等因素的影响,是明晰关键污染成因的前提.为了解析受生活污水污染的城镇河道与受水产养殖业、种植业及畜禽养殖业污染的城郊河道中DOM成分与当量的差异,以某大型城市作为研究区域,以城镇河道、城郊河道与水源地共21个点位的表层水与沉积物为研究对象,应用了三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析（excitation-emission matrix-parallel factor analysis,EEM-PARAFAC）.结果表明：①城镇与城郊河道水体DOM成分都以蛋白质类成分为主（酪氨酸类与色氨酸类成分）,含有少量腐殖酸类成分,但城镇河道水体存在人为腐殖酸类成分;②城镇河道与市郊河道DOM成分的形成原因截然不同,城镇河道主要受生活污水污染与内源次生污染,导致人为腐殖酸类成分增多.城郊河道主要受富含N、P的农业废水污染,促进自养细菌的内源代谢使蛋白质类成分增多,这可能是形成其现有DOM特征的关键原因;③降雨产生的雨水径流与城市溢流将外源污染物输送到河道中,同时水力搅动等水动力学因素通过稀释等物理作用影响了表层水与沉积物中的DOM成分分布.     

太湖水体溶解性有机质荧光特征及其来源解析

利用三维荧光光谱(3DEEM)-平行因子分析(PARAFAC)技术,通过野外现场调查和室内模拟实验,分析富营养化湖泊(太湖)水体溶解性有机质(DOM)组成结构、分布规律及其来源,进一步研究藻类和水生植物残骸腐烂分解以及沉积物释放对水体DOM荧光组成特征的影响.结果表明:1太湖水体各个湖区DOM主要以类色氨酸物质(T1、T2峰)为主,竺山湾还存在类腐殖质和类富里酸物质,其荧光指数(f450/500)为1.53±0.06,接近陆源f450/500值(1.4),DOC浓度全湖最高((7.13±2.45)mg·L-1),兼具陆源与生物来源的双重特性.2太湖藻类DOM组成丰富,出现了7种荧光组分,主要为类腐殖质、类富里酸和类蛋白物质(包括类色氨酸和类酪氨酸),藻类腐烂分解后,紫外区类色氨酸T2峰和类酪氨酸B2峰消失,其他类蛋白物质和部分易降解的类富里酸物质向水体中释放,其中A峰和C峰所代表的类富里酸物质降解率较高,分别降解了70.3%和41.0%.3水生植物DOM以类腐殖酸物质为主,其残骸腐烂分解后DOM由陆源类腐殖质向类腐殖酸物质转化.4沉积物DOM出现了5类荧光峰,兼具外源污染的类富里酸荧光C峰和A峰,同时含有生物来源的B1、B2、T2类蛋白荧光峰,随其降解时间的增长,T2荧光峰消失,B1、B2荧光物质降解率分别高达86.5%和82.5%,而C峰和A峰分别上升25.1%和1.5%,沉积物降解过程中大量类蛋白物质向上覆水体中释放,同时部分类蛋白物质向着更稳定的类富里酸物质转化.因此,外源输入和内源负荷(藻类和水生植物残骸腐烂分解以及沉积物释放等)对湖泊水体DOM组成结构以及富营养化过程具有重要影响.     

城镇流域水体-沉积物中溶解性有机质的荧光特性及影响因素:以宁波市小浃江为例

我国快速城镇化过程对流域水体和沉积物的溶解性有机质(dissolved organic matter,DOM)含量和成分产生了重要影响,探究水体-沉积物中DOM的分布特性及影响因素具有重要意义.本研究选取长三角典型城镇地区宁波市北仑区小浃江流域为研究对象,利用三维荧光光谱技术,结合PARAFAC(平行因子分析)模型及相关性分析,对小浃江流域水体及沉积物DOM光谱特性进行研究,分析DOM荧光组分特征及来源.结果表明:①小浃江水体-沉积物DOM主要包括4种组分:C1、C2、C3和C4,其中C1为陆源类腐殖质,分子量较大; C2为陆源类腐殖质,由生物降解产生,分子量较小; C3为类蛋白物质,包括类色氨酸,对微环境的变化敏感; C4为陆源类腐殖质.②小浃江水体DOM受新生内源和陆源输入共同影响,腐殖化程度较弱,腐殖质含量较低.沉积物以陆源或土壤源输入为主,内源贡献较小,DOM具有一定的腐殖化特征,腐殖质的浓度水平高于水体中腐殖质含量.③冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)表明,水体DOM各组分相关性较高的环境因子主要为农田、城镇;而沉积物DOM各组分相关性较高的环境因子为城镇、农田、湿地.其中,城镇对沉积物中类腐殖质C4和类腐殖质的浓度参数Fn(355)影响最大.     

不同溶解氧水平下沉积物DOM的释放及光谱特性

溶解性有机质(DOM)广泛分布于土壤和水环境中,沉积物中DOM的释放是水体DOM的重要来源,探明沉积物中DOM的释放规律,可为水体重金属污染和有机物污染治理提供理论支撑。该文以鄱阳湖湿地沉积物为研究对象,探讨了时间以及溶解氧水平对沉积物中DOM释放的影响,运用三维荧光光谱法对不同溶解氧水平下上覆水中DOM进行了光谱分析,并结合荧光指数、生物源指数和荧光区域积分法对DOM进行了性质和来源的分析。结果表明,随着时间的增加,DOM的累积释放量逐渐增加,在240 h时达到最大值并稳定。随着溶解氧水平的增加,DOM的累积释放量先减小后增加,在溶解氧为0%和100%时,累积释放量较大。不同溶解氧水平下,吴城沉积物释放到上覆水中DOM的荧光峰为C峰和T峰,湖口沉积物释放到上覆水中DOM的荧光峰为C峰、T峰和B峰,梅溪沉积物释放到上覆水中DOM的荧光峰为A峰、C峰和T1峰。除梅溪采样点外,缺氧条件下,释放出来的DOM主要来源于陆源输入,有氧条件下,释放出来的DOM既有陆源输入,又有内源产生的新生源DOM。因此,溶解氧水平对沉积物中DOM的释放有显著影响。     

东平湖DOM荧光特征及与氢氧同位素指标的相关性

本研究在运用三维荧光光谱示踪平水期东平湖DOM荧光特征的基础上,进一步分析其与氢氧同位素指标的相关性,并在此基础上尝试对大气降水的DOC贡献进行估算,以期为东平湖的污染控制及治理提供依据.结果表明,东平湖平水期DOM主要由类蛋白组分（C1和C4）和类腐殖质组分（C2和C3）构成,以类酪氨酸组分C1为主,C1所占比重将近50%.平水期东平湖DOM同时受陆源、内源及大气降水的影响,但以内源输入为主;外源输入中大气降水补给与大汶河输入所占比例相当;大气降水中的溶解性有机碳输入可能会对东平湖DOM产生不可忽视的影响,需进一步系统研究.氢氧稳定同位素与溶解态有机碳以及类腐殖质荧光之间呈显著相关关系,可以在一定程度上指示DOM的变化趋势.     

辽河流域与英国中部河湖水体中溶解有机质的荧光特性

运用三维荧光光谱技术对辽河流域和英国中部水体中溶解有机质(DOM)的荧光光谱特性进行了分析.结果表明,辽河流域各研究水体中DOM包含4种荧光组分,即类色氨酸、类酪氨酸、可见光区和紫外光区类腐殖质,通过对荧光特性定量指标的分析可知,辽河流域各研究断面水体中类腐殖质物质内源作用大于陆源,DOM具有较强的新近自生源,各河流水体中DOM腐殖化程度顺序为:浑河中游海城河中游蒲河下游太子河下游.相比之下,英国河湖中,除了River Tame含有以上4种荧光组分外,其它水体中均没有发现类酪氨酸荧光物质,甚至在River Tern中仅含有类腐殖质荧光物质,河湖中DOM含有较少的新近自生源组分,以陆源影响为主.另外,辽河流域水体中类蛋白与类腐殖质荧光峰强度比值大于英国各河流水体的平均值.由此可以推断,辽河流域各研究断面大量污染物的输入,是造成其严重内源污染的主要原因,从而使水体中DOM含量增加,英国各河流断面其DOM主要来自于水体本身存在的大量微生物和浮游植物的代谢活动以及土壤有机质经雨水的冲刷流入水体的贡献.     

夏季巢湖入湖河流溶解性有机质来源及其空间变化

使用紫外-可见光吸收光谱（UV-vis）和三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析法（EEM-PARAFAC）,分析了2019年夏季巢湖流域丰乐河、杭埠河、岐阳河、兆河和南淝河水体溶解性有机质（dissolved organic matter,DOM）的来源及其空间变化.结果表明,南淝河DOM吸收特征参数SUVA₂₅₄显著低于其它河流,而光谱斜率比S_R显著高于杭埠河,表明城市污染物径流排入降低了南淝河水体DOM的芳香性,但对其分子量影响较低.南淝河DOM荧光指数（FI）和生物源指数（BIX）大于其它河流,而腐殖化指数（HIX）低于其它河流,指示其DOM自生源高于其它河流.使用EEM-PARAFAC从河流DOM中提取出4种类腐殖质组分（C1~C4）和2种内源类蛋白荧光组分（C5、C6）,其中,类腐殖质组分包括陆源有机质（C1、C3和C4）和微生物降解产物（C2）.沿河流方向,5条河流河水溶解性有机碳（dissolved organic carbon,DOC）、 a（355）和DOM荧光组分呈不同的空间变化特征,其中丰乐河、杭埠河、岐阳河和兆河DOM受农田土壤径流输入影响明显,而南淝河DOM主要受城市污染物径流和污水处理厂出水影响.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.