深圳市酸雨时空变异特征

根据深圳市2009—2013年酸雨监测数据,统计并分析深圳市酸雨强度与频率、时空变异特征和降水c(SO2-4)/c(NO-3)比值特征变化。结果表明:雨量的大小及其出现次数与酸雨出现次数呈负相关;2009—2013年间6个行政区酸雨量呈现\"V\"形变化趋势,且2011年达到最低值;酸雨危害较严重的是盐田区、南山区和福田区,其次是宝安区和龙岗区,危害较轻的是罗湖区。     

环境监测实验室样品智能物流管理系统的设计研究

环境监测实验室样品管理是质量管理的重要环节,样品管理的智能化、信息化将大幅提升实验室的管理水平。通过分析当前监测实验室样品管理现状和不足,借鉴相关行业样品智能物流管理系统应用经验,结合江苏省环境监测中心新建的监测实验大楼,开展环境监测样品智能物流管理系统设计研究。提出,考虑环境监测样品接收、任务分配、样品交接、样品留存各个环节,以样品属性为基准进行样品管理系统设计;同时,结合物联网集成管控、气动传输和机器人输送技术,构建包含分布式存储工作站和密集型土壤样品库的样品智能物流管理系统,实现高效、智能、规范的样品管理目标。     

轻稳定同位素环境检测样品的采集和前处理方法

稳定同位素技术已被广泛应用于环境领域的鉴定、溯源、CN循环、反应机理等研究,检测样品的采集和前处理方法会直接影响研究结论。综述了目前在环境样品自然丰度的轻稳定同位素研究中,已被认可的样品采集和前处理方法的应用与进展,包括气体及其颗粒物样品、植物样品、沉积物样品、土壤样品、水样、生物样品和地质样品,为进一步提高数据的准确性、可靠性和多样性提供技术支持。     

Optimising vegetation monitoring. A case study in A French lowland forest

Biodiversity monitoring surveys are rarely optimised statistically before being initiated. Here, we optimised the monitoring of plants in a temperate forest. The total inventory cost, the number and size of quadrats were optimised to detect a 10% change in species richness over 5 years with α = β = 0.05, using data from ongoing long-term floristic monitoring programs. The procedure showed that the inventory cost would be ca 15% lower using 100-, 200-m² quadrats instead of 300- or 400-m² quadrats. Despite the cost associated with the optimisation (e.g. gathering preliminary data) and the imprecise estimates (due to the typically small sample size of the pilot studies), optimisation would often be a better option than expert opinion when designing a monitoring survey.     

The application of Geographical Information Systems to determine environmental impact significance

This paper presents a new methodology for impact assessment—SIAM (Spatial Impact Assessment Methodology)—which is based on the assumption that the importance of environmental impacts is dependent, among other things, on the spatial distribution of the effects and of the affected environment. The information generated by the use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in impact identification and prediction stages of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is used in the assessment of impact significance by the computation of a set of impact indices. For each environmental component (e.g., air pollution, water resources, biological resources), impact indices are calculated based on the spatial distribution of impacts. A case study of impact evaluation of a proposed highway in Central Portugal illustrates the application of the methodology and shows its capabilities to be adapted to the particular characteristics of a given EIA problem.     

Characterization of soil organic matter content of two sample size populations along a climatic transect

Soil organic matter (SOM) content was determined in two populations of soil samples that were taken from 0–2 soil depth. One population represented soil samples that were takenfrom a square of 25 cm² in size (small-S population) and the other population represented soil samples that were taken from a square of 2500 cm² in size (large-L population). Thesamples were collected on hillslopes in different climatic regions: Mediterranean (GIV), semi-arid (MAL), mildly-arid (MIS) and arid (KAL). The results of both S and L populationsshowed decreasing SOM mean and variance from the Mediterranean site to the arid site. Statistical and spatial characteristics of each population were compared between the climatic regions. In addition, comparison between the two populations was made foreach site. The difference in sample size did not significantly affect the mean values of SOM of the two populations in sitesGIV, MAL and KAL, but did affect the mean at site MIS. At all study sites, except for site MAL, the variance increased with decreasing sample size. At sites GIV and KAL the coefficient ofvariation of S population was higher (more than 1.5 times) thanthat of L population, whereas at sites MAL and MIS, the differences were negligible. The relationships between the valuesof S and L samples at the individual sampling points defined thebackground of the study sites, which reflects the effect of vegetation (type), grazing, biological crust and soil properties.It was found that at the extreme sites GIV and KAL the backgroundwas characterized by relatively low SOM content with small areas of high organic matter content. At site MIS the background wascharacterized by relatively high SOM with small areas of low organic matter content. At site MAL the background was not dominated by high values of SOM nor by low ones. The spatial pattern of L population became more simple with increasing aridity. At the relatively wet sites the spatial pattern did notdepend on the sample size while in the more arid sites it was sample size dependent. It was indicated that the spatial structure of SOM at the semi-arid and mildly arid sites is anisotropic whereas at the Mediterranean and arid sites it is isotropic.     

沉湖底栖动物群落结构及其与表层沉积物营养盐的关系

为了解沉湖底栖动物群落的状况,于2022—2023年对武汉市沉湖底栖动物和表层沉积物营养盐含量进行了4次季节性调查,探讨了它们之间的关系,并对底层沉积物的环境质量进行了评价。调查期间共鉴定出底栖动物2门3纲14种,霍甫水丝蚓（Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri）、长跗摇蚊（Tanytarsus sp.）、羽摇蚊幼虫（Chironomus plumosus）、刺铗长足摇蚊（Tanypus punctipennis）、前突摇蚊（Procladius sp.）为优势种。底栖动物密度、生物量及其香农-维纳（Shannon-Wiener）多样性指数（H′）、Margalef指数（D）表现出明显的季节差异（P <005）。沉湖表层沉积物中总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）、有机质（OM）的质量分数平均值分别为2.96,0.94,64.00 mg/g,沉积物TN和TP呈显著正相关（P <0.05）。在不同的采样点位中,H′、皮耶罗（Pielou）均匀度指数（J）和D这3种多样性指数与TN、TP差异明显（P <005）。相关分析结果显示,多样性指数（H′和D）与OM呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。利用多样性指数（H′和D）、生物学污染指数（BPI）、有机污染指数（OI）和污染指数（PI）等对沉湖表层沉积物现状进行评价,结果表明,该湖处于中—重度污染状态。沉湖底栖动物以寡毛类和水生昆虫（摇蚊类）占优势的结构特征与该湖沉积物有机质含量较高有关。     

基于底栖动物的水质生物学评价——以江苏骆马湖为例

基于2018年1—11月骆马湖水质和底栖动物逐月监测数据,利用Goodnight指数(GBI)、生物学污染指数(BPI)、Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)等生物学指数对水质现状进行了评价。结果表明,骆马湖ρ(总氮)年均值为2.31 mg/L,ρ(总氮)和ρ(溶解氧)呈先下降后上升趋势;ρ(总磷)年均值为0.05 mg/L,先上升于8月达到峰值(0.15 mg/L)后下降;高锰酸盐指数呈先上升后下降趋势;ρ(氟离子)呈逐渐下降趋势,水温和电导率存在明显季节变化,pH值呈逐渐升高趋势。共鉴定出底栖动物27种,其中软体动物5种,环节动物7种,节肢动物15种。铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)、红裸须摇蚊(Propsilocerus akamusi)、纹沼螺(Parafossarulus striatulus)、苏氏尾鳃蚓(Branchiura sowerbyi)、霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)、多巴小摇蚊(Microchironomus tabarui)和中国长足摇蚊(Tanypus chinensis)是现阶段优势种。全湖底栖动物年均密度为174.5个/m 2,年均生物量为24.93 g/m 2,表现出明显的时空差异。水质评价结果表明,骆马湖水环境处于中污染状态。结合近年来研究结果,骆马湖底质荒漠化现象趋于好转,但富营养化趋势正在加深。     

Biological Integrity in Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plains Headwater Streams

The objective of this study was to assess the applicability of using landscape variables in conjunction with water quality and benthic data to efficiently estimate stream condition of select headwater streams in the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plains. Eighty-two streams with riffle sites were selected from eight-two independent watersheds across the region for sampling and analyses. Clustering of the watersheds by landscape resulted in three distinct groups (forest, crop, and urban) which coincided with watersheds dominant land cover or use. We used non-parametric analyses to test differences in benthos and water chemistry between groups, and used regression analyses to evaluate responses of benthic communities to water chemistry within each of the landscape groups. We found that typical water chemistry measures associated with urban runoff such as specific conductance and dissolved chloride were significantly higher in the urban group. In the crop group, we found variables commonly associated with farming such as nutrients and pesticides significantly greater than in the other two groups. Regression analyses demonstrated that the numbers of tolerant and facultative macroinvertebrates increased significantly in forested watersheds with small shifts in pollutants, while in human use dominated watersheds the intolerant macroinvertebrates were more sensitive to shifts in chemicals present at lower concentrations. The results from this study suggest that landscape based clustering can be used to link upstream landscape characteristics, water chemistry and biotic integrity in order to assess stream condition and likely cause of degradation without the use of reference sites. Notice: Although this work was reviewed by EPA and approved for publication, it may not necessarily reflect official Agency policy.     

Post-project analysis: The use of a network diagram for environmental evaluation of the Barekese Dam, Kumasi, Ghana

The paper presents an evaluation of post-project impacts of the Barekese Dam on three riparian communities downstream about 30 years after its construction. A network diagram, which incorporated a mathematical model, was used for impact identification and analysis. The expected environmental impacts, expressed as quantitative weighted impact scores, showed that the dam appeared to have exerted adverse impacts on the environmental quality of the communities. The impacts in the communities, however, increased with relative distances away from the dam and the river suggestive of cumulative impacts transmitted downstream. Strategic measures for improving environmental quality of the communities have been given.     

气体样品的保存及其成分的变化

介绍了气体样品的各种保存方法及其在保存过程中成分变化的特点，以降低气体保存过程中的损失，提高监测管理水平。     

导电高分子固相微萃取涂层及其应用

系统地介绍了导电高分子固相微萃取涂层的特点和电化学制备方法。对常见的聚吡咯、聚苯胺和聚噻吩固相微萃取涂层及其在样品前处理中的应用作了较详细的综述。展望了导电高分子固相微萃取涂层的发展趋势。     

江苏省工业发展与大气污染物排放的时空演变关系

选取2001—2014年的相关数据,采用环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC曲线)模型和物理学的区域重心模型,分析了江苏省工业发展与大气污染物排放的时空演变关系。结果表明,2001年以来,随着工业总产值的增加,工业废气排放量呈现增加的趋势,虽然增加幅度有所减缓,但是拐点还未出现,而SO_2和烟粉尘排放强度已经跨过EKC曲线高峰进入二者协调发展的新阶段。时空演变关系表明,工业总产值和污染物排放强度重心均有较大的移动,并且二者的移动方向呈现相反的趋势,而SO_2和烟粉尘排放强度重心的移动方向具有相同的趋势,并且移动幅度接近。指出,当污染物减排到一定程度时,新的技术和政策措施必须同步发展,才能使污染物排放得到进一步控制,最终进入第五个阶段。     

半渗透膜采样技术在有机污染物监测中的作用

介绍了半透膜装置的组成和特点、半渗透膜采样技术的优点及其在有机污染物监测中的应用,指出该技术可用于研究有机污染物在空气、生物、水体中的分布和迁移规律,以及与有机污染物相关的生态毒理实验。     

An integrated assessment modeling framework for assessing primary and secondary impacts from carbon dioxide stabilization scenarios

As the nations of the world negotiate future controls on greenhouse gas emissions, a critical environmental policy issue becomes understanding the multiple environmental consequences of these controls. Here we describe an integrated assessment model for quantifying multiple environmental impacts of large-scale environmental initiatives and apply this model to climate change mitigation. Our analysis shows that reductions in global warming will be accompanied by reductions in ozone depletion, acid rain and mercury emissions, and desulfurization waste generation. We also conclude that the largest collateral benefits from reducing global climate change may be in the developing world. This result is critical since it is the developing nations who ultimately control the long-term success of any climate stabilization strategy. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

环境毒理学与环境监测

环境毒理学近年来得到了较快的发展,它为制定环境卫生标准、评价环境质量、采取防治对策提供了科学依据。文章论述了环境毒理学的特点、主要研究内容;评述了当前环境监测中的某些局限性,以及环境毒理学在环境监测各个领域中的应用和进展情况。     

国家级水环境监测数据传输平台构想

设计的新型国家级水环境监测数据传输系统,将集成现有环境监测数据传输软件的思想,提取现有和未来环境监测数据传输业务的共性需求,设计了具有良好扩展性、通用性的系统架构,充分满足环境监测部门数据传输需求,保障水环境监测数据在各个数据中心之间规范有序地传输,实现系统高度集成互联互通、信息资源充分共享、环保业务紧密互动。     

对环境监测与环境监理运作秩序的思考

阐述了环境监测与环境管理监理之间的关系,指出建立科学合理的环境监测与环境监理运作秩序,对充分发挥各自作用,推动整个环境保护工作向科学化,规范化,法制化是具有积极意义,结合实践,提出了建立环境监测与环境监理运作秩序的思路。     

浅谈环境有机污染物监测发展趋势

从监测种类、环境介质、前处理设备、检测仪器、分析方法及质量保证/质量控制等方面,简述了环境有机污染物监测的发展趋势。指出污染物的监测种类将不断增多,监控介质将多样化,前处理设备趋于自动化,检测仪器呈现联用化,监测方法的标准化进程将加快,质量保证/质量控制将更加合理化和科学化。     

The Ecological Condition of Veracruz, Mexico Estuaries

During June and July, 2002, forty-seven stations were sampled within estuaries along the gulf coast of the state of Veracruz, MX, using a probabilistic survey design and a common set of response indicators. The objective of the study was to collect information to assess the condition of estuarine waters within the state of Veracruz, and to provide data that would strengthen future assessments of Gulf of Mexico estuaries. Samples for water quality, sediment contaminants, sediment toxicity, and benthic populations were collected in a manner consistent with EPA’s National Coastal Assessment (NCA). Data were evaluated by comparing indicator measurements to tropical waters threshold values cited in US EPA’s National Coastal Condition Report II, 2004, for tropical waters. In Veracruz, 75% of the area sampled rated poor for water quality, attributed primarily to high concentrations reported for chlorophyll a, and dissolved nutrients. One percent of the area exhibited poor sediment quality, based on PAH and metals concentrations. Compared to US estuaries of the Gulf of Mexico, water quality observed in Veracruz estuaries was more affected by nutrient over-enrichment. The probabilitistic nature of the survey design allowed for the comparison of the condition of Veracruz and the US GOM estuaries.