Potential of Co2 emission reductions by carbonizing biomass waste from industrial tree plantation in South Sumatra,Indonesia

Approximately half of the carbon in trees can be fixed to charcoal by carbonization. Porous charcoal is useful as a soil amendment for crop fields and forests, and also as a water purifying agent. Given these facts, charcoal production should be recognized as one of the most promising CO₂ sequestration methods. A project on biomass utilization and forest conservation is proposed as a Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project, by incorporating the carbonization of biomass residue and waste from tree plantations and pulp mills, and also the utilization of carbon products in various fields. A feasibility study was conducted with the existing project of an industrial tree plantation and pulp production in Indonesia. If conventional charcoal-making methods are used, a total of 368,000 t yr^-1 of biomass residue and waste could be transformed into charcoal of77,000 t yr^-1, and the carbon emission reductions by the project reaches 62,000t-C yr^-1 (or 230,000 t-CO₂yr^-1) in consideration of the project baseline. This charcoal project could provide jobs for approximately 2,600people. The soil fertility in man-made forests could be maintained by returning charcoal to the original forests. Therefore, the project would be beneficial to the regional economy. In addition, the present charcoal project is expected to give more positive impacts than negative ones, or leakage, beyond the project boundary. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

清淤疏浚工程对七里海潟湖湿地水体交换的影响

七里海潟湖湿地受到人类活动的影响,湖盆淤积、湖面萎缩、水质恶化,其生态修复工程（一期）通过对湖盆进行清淤疏浚来改善潟湖生态环境.基于三重嵌套非结构网格建立七里海潟湖湿地水动力和物质输运数学模型,采用实测资料对模型的潮位、流速和流向进行验证,运用欧拉法计算潟湖整体滞留时间及其空间分布,分析工程对七里海潟湖水动力和水体交换的影响,结果表明：（1）工程对潮位的影响较小,工程后潮汐通道口门处涨落潮流量增大,涨落潮流速也随之增加;（2）工程后,潟湖纳潮量较工程前提升87%,滞留时间较工程前降低38%,水体交换能力自潮汐通道向潟湖内部逐渐减弱,工程对潟湖水体交换能力的改善主要集中在河道及潟湖中心水域;（3）工程前水体滞留时间的分布主要受到潟湖地貌影响,工程后水深增大,流场受地貌的影响变小,水体交换能力的分布主要受到潟湖流场影响.清淤疏浚工程有助于潟湖改善水体的交换能力和生态环境.     

Application of the “Climafor” baseline to determine leakage: the case of Scolel Té

The acceptance of forestry-based project activities to mitigate greenhouse gases emissions has been subjected to a number of methodological questions to be answered, of which the most challenging are baseline establishment and identification of and measuring leakage. Here we pose hypotheses for and quantify leakage of the Scolel Té project in Chiapas, Mexico. In this project small-scale farmers are implementing forestry, agroforestry, and forest conservation activities, with carbon sequestration as one of the goals. The main leakage monitoring domain is defined as the area owned by the participating farmers or communities outside the area where the specific project activities take place. The null-hypothesis (no leakage) is that non-project land owned by the farmer or community will experience the same carbon stock changes as predicted by the regional baseline, specifically developed for the project. First we assessed the most likely causes and sources of leakage that may occur in the project. From this analysis, one type of leakage seems to be important, i.e., activity shifting. Second we estimated the leakage of a sample of participating farmers and communities. Actual land use was then compared with expected land use derived from the baseline. The Plan Vivo of each participant, complemented with readily available tools to identify the main sources and drivers of leakage are used to develop simple leakage assessment procedures, as demonstrated in this paper. Negative leakage was estimated to be negligible in this study. Incorporating these procedures already in the project planning stage will reduce the uncertainties related to the actual carbon mitigation potential of any forestry project.

Debt for brands: tracking down a bias in financing photovoltaic projects in Germany

What kinds of PV project configurations do lenders prefer to finance? Recent developments in the field of renewable energy project finance have reinforced the need for investigation, as fundraising has become more challenging and project evaluation by banks more demanding. To contribute to the limited research in this field, we focus on photovoltaic projects and report from an Adaptive Choice-Based Conjoint experiment with German experts in project finance. We find a bias which we call “debt for brands”. Simulations reveal that debt investors prefer projects with premium brand technology (modules, inverters) to low-cost technology. Although we assumed that lenders prefer projects with the highest Debt Service Cover Ratio (DSCR), they favor projects with lower DSCR, as long as those projects include premium brand technology. We find that, if premium brands were engaged, lenders would also choose projects with higher risk. Our findings have implications for renewable energy project finance in practice and research.     

Will Simplified Modalities and Procedures Make More Small-Scale Forestry Projects Viable Under the Clean Development Mechanism?

Simplified modalities and procedures (M&P) are expected to increase the viability of small-scale project activities under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). A small-scale afforestation or reforestation (AR) project is defined as a project removing less than 8 kilotons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO₂e) per year. Depending on the project type and the method for measuring scale, 8 kilotons of CO₂e per year correspond to highly diverse areas, possibly ranging from 200 to 6000 ha. Using a model to calculate the minimum project scale above which the CDM is a positive financial incentive for eligible AR project activities, the paper analyzes whether a reduction of transaction costs under simplified M&P will be a sufficient incentive to motivate small-scale participation in the CDM. Model results show that, even under optimistic assumptions on carbon market conditions and transaction costs, small-scale project activities will not benefit from simplified M&P. Results also show that project activities removing more than 8 kilotons of CO₂e per year and registered as small-scale would be the ones that could benefit the most from simplified M&P. It is concluded that the participation of small-scale project activities to the CDM requires more than simplified M&P, the price of expiring Certified Emission Reductions being one of the most critical parameters.     

Small holder’s carbon forestry project in Haryana India: issues and challenges

The small scale forestry carbon project in Haryana, India has been registered as a Clean Development Project (CDM) activity and is the first such projects from India. Developed under the Kyoto Protocol of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the projects aims at restoring heavily degraded sandune affected private lands and contribute to climate change mitigation. The project is expected to sequester 234,584 tons of carbon dioxide (tCO²) in 20 years project cycle with an average annual sequestration of 11,729 (tCO²) per year. The project is expected to have a total carbon stock of 385,253.1 ton Carbon (tC) in the project life span of 20 years as against 7,920.6 (tC) in the baseline scenario. The carbon credits earned from the project is supposed to provide additional incentives to the smallholders who have formed a cooperative society for this purpose. This paper addresses the issues and challenges in developing the project activity and also discusses the lessons learned in the process. The project is supposed to help in poverty alleviation and has become a success story for rehabilitating degraded lands in semi arid regions of India through plantation forestry.     

调水调沙对黄河口海域大型底栖动物群落的影响

于2013年调水调沙前(未开始)、中、后(结束)分别对黄河口海域18个监测站进行了3个航次的大型底栖动物调查,对调水调沙期间大型底栖动物与环境因子的关系进行了研究. 结果表明:3次调查共发现大型底栖动物118种,生物量在调水调沙前、中、后分别为(4.31±1.43)、(5.57±3.85)和(4.04±1.38)g/m2,栖息密度分别为(241±59)、(173±44)和(199±40)ind/m2,并且3次调查期间的生物量和栖息密度均无显著差异(P>0.05);调水调沙期间优势种更替不明显;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数等级在调水调沙前、后均评价为“好”,调水调沙期间为“中等”. 冗余分析表明,除少数机会种和污染指示种外,多数大型底栖动物对环境因子的生态需求为深水、高pH、高盐度和高ρ(DO)(DO为溶解氧). 调水调沙影响范围为调查扇面的东北及河口海域,出现软体动物死亡、多毛类机会种等数量大幅增加的现象. BOPA(底栖动物多毛类机会种和端足目动物)指数和环境因子统计分析显示,调水调沙期间大部分站位环境质量良好,河口污染有加重趋势.      

The Toshka mirage in the Egyptian desert – River diversion as political diversion

Egypt's geography renders it vulnerable to water scarcity, but also enables it to control its inflow. After a run of high influx years from the Nile, Egypt embarked on a project to utilise the surplus water by planning a gigantic desert development project, Toshka, in the late 1990s. The present contribution argues that the project, even only as a dream, is instrumental to the control of the Egyptian population as well as Egypt's co-riparians on the river Nile.Rather than abandon the project, the post-revolutionary Egyptian government decided to push harder to make Toshka work. Three myths underlying the scheme (contribution to food security, solution to overpopulation and unlimited availability of water) however almost guarantee the scheme ending up another ‘white elephant’. Given the continuing disconnect between Egypt's government and population and Toshka's claim to boosting national greatness, I argue that, more than a river diversion plan, Toshka has turned out to be a political diversion plan from an enduring legitimacy deficit. The legitimacy base commanded by the newly elected president may obviate the need for such diversion in future.     

Applicability of CDM to civil engineering projects case study on reduction of CO2 emission by port extension

This paper investigates the applicability of CDM to civil engineering projects through a case study on the project to extend Port Samainda in Indonesia. The goal of this project is to improve the physical distribution system of the port so that it can accommodate increasing future demand for the cargo transportation. Based on the project report by JICA (2002), we first outline the predicted demand for the cargo transportation and select possible three options in which a cargo vessel with different capabilities and respective port facilities are assigned. For each option, CO₂ emissions from both cargo and dredging vessels are predicted and compared. It is found that the total CO₂ emission may be reduced significantly by introducing a large-draft vessel and deep navigation channels. This feature becomes more prominent if a traveling distance of the cargo vessels is long enough so that CO₂ emissions from cargo vessels dominates those of dredging vessels. This observation supports the applicability of CDM to civil engineering projects because reduction of the CO₂emission is attained by improving distribution systems through civil engineering works such as extension of the port and the maintenance dredging. Finally, we discuss future problems to be investigated for the practical application of CDM to a civil engineering project. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

海域岩土工程勘察施工工艺

海域岩土工程勘察因受风浪、潮汐、定位等因素影响,与陆地勘察相比,施工工艺差异较大。本文以深圳西港区(位于珠江口)某航道工程为例,详细介绍其施工工艺,以期对海域勘察工程实施有一定的参考意义。     

竖井排灌工程对环境影响的研究

新疆阿克苏地区乌什县依麻木竖井排灌工程是根据国务院批准的<塔里木河近期综合规划报告>、<阿克苏河流域灌区节水改造工程五年实施方案>中提出的在阿克苏河流域内新建的竖井排灌工程项目.项目的实施必将给乌什县秋格尔灌区的环境带来一定程度的影响.在系统地分析了项目区环境现状的基础上,从项目施工、水资源利用、地下水水位、灌区土壤盐渍化、社会环境等方面详细研究了工程实施后对灌区环境的影响.分析认为:竖井排灌工程不会对灌区的环境造成大的影响;不会影响灌区地下水资源的利用,相反还朝有利的方向发展;不会导致灌区地下水位的持续下降,更不会造成地下水资源的枯竭;工程的实施可以改善灌区内的土壤盐渍化问题.竖井排灌工程产生的灌溉效益达545.22×104元.最后为灌区的可持续发展提出了建议.      

中密度纤维板项目环境影响评价若干问题探讨

中密度纤维板项目发展迅速,其带来的环境污染问题也不容忽视。该类项目的环境影响评价应当根据项目的特点从各个生产环节识别其环境影响,提出合理的污染防治措施;重视物料平衡分析：可从整个生产物料、生产辅料或某种单一物料的变化情况进行分析;风险评价等级的确定要注意从项目建设地区、甲醛储存量、所使用甲醛的物料特性三方面进行判断;卫生防护距离的计算应注意该类项目甲醛气体有多处无组织排放源的特点,对各个有甲醛无组织排放的生产区域分别计算其卫生防护距离,最后以整个厂区各方向计算出的最远距离确定为该方向需设立的卫生防护距离。     

土地整理立项决策评估的指标体系与方法探讨

土地整理立项决策评估是进行科学投资决策、正确选择整理项目的基础。根据我国土地整理产业发展现状,在深入分析与土地整理立项决策评估相关的社会、经济、技术、生态和组织管理等多种因子的基础上,初步构建了我国土地整理立项决策评估指标体系。运用可拓学中的物元理论和优度评价法,设立了土地整理立项决策评估的综合评判物元模型,给出了基于关联函数的可拓评估方法,并以国土资源部土地整理中心备选项目库的项目进行实例验证。模型输出的结果与项目评审专家组对各项目可行性的实际评估结论完全吻合。研究结果为土地整理立项决策提供了科学依据。     

Methodological issues in forestry mitigation projects: a case study of Kolar district

There is a need to assess climate change mitigation opportunities in forest sector in India in the context of methodological issues such as additionality, permanence, leakage and baseline development in formulating forestry mitigation projects. A case study of forestry mitigation project in semi-arid community grazing lands and farmlands in Kolar district of Karnataka, was undertaken with regard to baseline and project scenario development, estimation of carbon stock change in the project, leakage estimation and assessment of cost-effectiveness of mitigation projects. Further, the transaction costs to develop project, and environmental and socio-economic impact of mitigation project was assessed. The study shows the feasibility of establishing baselines and project C-stock changes. Since the area has low or insignificant biomass, leakage is not an issue. The overall mitigation potential in Kolar for a total area of 14,000 ha under various mitigation options is 278,380 t C at a rate of 20 t C/ha for the period 2005–2035, which is approximately 0.67 t C/ha/year inclusive of harvest regimes under short rotation and long rotation mitigation options. The transaction cost for baseline establishment is less than a rupee/t C and for project scenario development is about Rs. 1.5–3.75/t C. The project enhances biodiversity and the socio-economic impact is also significant.

进一步做实地质调查项目的问题探讨

地质大调查工作开展以来获得了大量的地质资料,取得了一批丰硕的调查成果。要进一步做实地质调查项目尚需重点解决好几个技术性实践问题:规范性地采集和积累资料,满足经济建设和社会公众对地质资料的需求;把握好综合研究项目的定位,把计划项目做实,形成整体性成果;重视项目设计书的编写,切实做好项目实施方案的部署。     

Analysis of leakage in carbon sequestration projects in forestry: a case study of upper magat watershed,Philippines

The role of forestry projects in carbon conservation and sequestration is receiving much attention because of their role in the mitigation of climate change. The main objective of the study is to analyze the potential of the Upper Magat Watershed for a carbon sequestration project. The three main development components of the project are forest conservation: tree plantations, and agroforestry farm development. At Year 30, the watershed can attain a net carbon benefit of 19.5 M tC at a cost of US$ 34.5 M. The potential leakage of the project is estimated using historical experience in technology adoption in watershed areas in the Philippines and a high adoption rate. Two leakage scenarios were used: baseline and project leakage scenarios. Most of the leakage occurs in the first 10 years of the project as displacement of livelihood occurs during this time. The carbon lost via leakage is estimated to be 3.7 M tC in the historical adoption scenario, and 8.1 M tC under the enhanced adoption scenario.     

宜兴市清源污水处理厂升级改造工艺设计

宜兴市清源污水处理厂升级改造工程设计规模5×104m3/d,采用强化生物脱氮、机械微过滤(盘片过滤)工艺,利用现有池容进行内部改造,同时增加深度处理设施,提高出水标准,改造后出水ρ(COD)、ρ(BOD5)、ρ(SS)、ρ(NH3-N)、ρ(TN)和ρ(TP)平均值分别为34,6,5,1.3,10.3和0.36mg/L,各项水质指标均达GB18918-2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准。     

The benefits of a Brazilian agro-industrial symbiosis system and the strategies to make it happen

Alcohol fuel is generally presented as a sustainable fuel in comparison with other fossil fuel due to lower emissions during production and combustion steps as well as due to its (assumed) closed carbon cycle. However, assessing the Brazilian traditional alcohol production cycle, many social and environmental impacts may still be indicated: burning, pesticides, biodiversity, labor exploration, high water consumption, erosion and others. Based on the strategy of an agro-industrial networking and symbiosis, a project was designed to optimize the system by means of polygeneration and total integration of production steps. The case presented in this paper is the project for a social and ecological agro-industry model, named GERIPA (Geração de Energia Renovável Integrada à Produção de Alimentos), which produces renewable fuel, electricity and organic food. Besides the technical project, an economic evaluation is also presented, resulting into a five year pay back time. In addition, environmental and social aspects were evaluated by means the Emergy Synthesis methodology (Odum, 1996), which assesses the value of all inputs through an estimate of the environmental work directly and indirectly required for their production and sustainable supply. The emergy-based comparison of GERIPA system and a traditional system in Brazil indicates better performance of GERIPA, with an eMergy Sustainability Index of 1.26, much higher than for a traditional system, 0.22. The project is presently under discussion with investors and Government and, if approved, will be carried out in marginal and presently unused land. In addition to providing an environmentally friendly process for food and energy production, the project would generate new jobs opportunities for Brazilian rural workers presently unemployed.     

Cleaner production measures in small-scale slaughterhouse industry – case study in Bosnia and Herzegovina

The goal of this project was to demonstrate to Bosnian and Herzegovinian industries that significant reductions in water use, wastewater discharge and pollution load can be obtained at little or no cost and that efficient use of resources and reduction of waste generation at source are clearly preferable compared with the end-of-pipe wastewater treatment. The project was performed on a small-scale slaughterhouse industry “Sahbaz” using a methodology prescribed by the Regional Activity Center for Cleaner Production from Barcelona and the Ministry of Environment of Spain. Upon detailed diagnosis of the industrial process and waste flows generated, the opportunities for environmental improvement were identified and CP measures were recommended and implemented. In the first three months of project implementation the amount of water saved and BOD reduced was 32 percent while salt consumption was reduced by 40 percent. Total annual net savings resulting from the application of selected measures were 669 €/year.     

伊川火电厂建设场地地质灾害危险性评估

以伊川火电厂为例,调查分析了评估区的地质环境条件,针对该火电厂建设项目中的电厂工程、灰库工程、水库工程、铁路专用线工程进行了地质灾害危险性预测评估和综合分区评估,发现地质灾害的类型和地质灾害危险性明显受地质环境条件和工程建筑类型的影响。认为电厂工程、灰库工程的库中区和库尾区为地质灾害危险性小区,灰库工程的坝址区、水库工程和铁路专用线工程为地质灾害危险性中等区。