Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a sediment core from Lake Dagze Co, Tibetan Plateau, China: Comparison of three receptor models

Receptor models are a useful tool for identifying sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in multiple environmental media. In this study, three different receptor models (including the principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR), positive matrix factorization (PMF), and Unmix models) were used to apportion the sources of 16 priority PAHs in a sediment core of Lake Dagze Co. The ∑PAHs (sum of all 16 measured PAHs) concentrations ranged from 51.89 to 132.82 ng/g with an average of 80.39 ng/g. The ∑PAHs were dominated by 2-3 ring PAHs, accounting for 80.12% on average, thereby indicating that they mainly originated from biomass and coal combustion and/or from long-range atmospheric transportation. The three models produced consistent source apportionment results. The greatest contributor to ∑PAHs was biomass combustion, followed by coal combustion, vehicle emissions, and petrogenic sources. Moreover, the temporal variation of the common sources was well-correlated among models. The multi-method comparison and evaluation results showed that all three models were useful tools for source apportionment of PAHs, with the PMF model providing better results than the PCA-MLR and Unmix models. The temporal trends of factor contributions were verified by PAHs with different ring numbers. Significant correlations were found between the simulated concentrations of each source factor and the PAHs with different ring numbers (P<0.01), except for the petrogenic source identified by the Unmix model (P>0.05). This study can provide useful information for further investigation of source apportionment of PAHs in the sediment cores.     

Through converting the surface complex on TiO2 nanorods to generate superoxide and singlet oxygen to remove CN-

Cyanide(CN^-) is extensively used in the process of plating devices and for surface treatment in the electroplating industry and is extremely hazardous to humans and the environment. Peroxymonosulfate(PMS)- based advanced oxidation processes(AOPs) hold considerable promise for CN^- removal. However, the activity of sulfate radical and hydroxyl radical generated in the PMS activation process is low in the base condition, leading to a drop in its efficiency in CN^- re...     

Detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using a high performance-single particle aerosol mass spectrometer

The real-time detection of the mixing states of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs in ambient particles is of great significance for analyzing the source, aging process, and health effects of PAHs and nitro-PAHs; yet there is still few effective technology to achieve this type of detection. In this study, 11 types of PAH and nitro-PAH standard samples were analyzed using a high performance-single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (HP-SPAMS) in lab studies. The identification principles ‘parent ions’ and ‘mass-to-charge (m/z) = 77’ of each compound were obtained in this study. It was found that different laser energies did not affect the identification of the parent ions. The comparative experiments of ambient atmospheric particles, cooking and biomass burning emitted particles with and without the addition of PAHs were conducted and ruled out the interferences from primary and secondary organics on the identification of PAHs. Besides, the reliability of the characteristic ions extraction method was evaluated through the comparative study of similarity algorithm and deep learning algorithm. In addition, the real PAH-containing particles from vehicle exhaust emissions and ambient particles were also analyzed. This study improves the ability of single particle mass spectrometry technology to detect PAHs and nitro-PAHs, and HP-SPAMS was superior to SPAMS for detecting single particles containing PAHs and nitro-PAHs. This study provides support for subsequent ambient observations to identify the characteristic spectrum of single particles containing PAHs and nitro-PAHs.     

Research progress and mechanism of nanomaterials-mediated in-situ remediation of cadmium-contaminated soil: A critical review

Cadmium contamination of soil is a global issue and in-situ remediation technology as a promising mitigation strategy has attracted more and more attention. Many nanomaterials have been applied for the in-situ remediation of cadmium-contaminated soil due to their excellent properties of the nano-scale size effect. In this work, recent research progress of various nanomaterials, including carbon nanomaterials, metal-based nanomaterials and nano mineral materials, in the removal of cadmium and in-situ remediation of cadmium-contaminated soil were systematically discussed. Additional emphases were particularly laid on both laboratory and field restoration effects. Moreover, the factors which can affect the stability of cadmium, main interaction mechanisms between nanomaterials and cadmium in the soil, and potential future research direction were also provided. Therefore, it is believed that this work will ultimately contribute to the myriad of environmental cleanup advances, and further improve human health and sustainable development.     

Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during heating season in Beijing

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) and their nitrated derivatives(NPAHs) attract continuous attention due to their outstanding carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. In order to investigate the diurnal variations, sources, formation mechanism, and health risk assessment of them in heating season, particulate matter(PM) were collected in Beijing urban area from December 26, 2017 to January 17, 2018. PAHs and NPAHs in PM were quantitatively analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS). ...     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a sediment core from Lake Taihu and their associations with sedimentary organic matter

Sediment core is the recorder of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollutions and the associated sedimentary organic matter (SOM), acting as crucial supports for pollution control and environmental management. Here, the sedimentary records of PAHs and SOM in the past century in Lake Taihu, China, were reconstructed from a 50-cm sediment core. On the one hand, the presence of PAHs ranged from 8.99 to 199.2 ng/g. Vertically, PAHs declined with the depth increased, and the sedimentation history of PAHs was divided into two stages with a discontinuity at 20 cm depth. In composition, PAHs in the sediment core were dominated by three-ring PAHs (44.6% ± 9.1%, mean ± standard deviation), and were followed by four-ring (27.0% ± 3.3%), and five-ring (12.1% ± 4.0%) PAHs. In toxicity assessment, the sedimentary records of benzo[a]pyrene-based toxic equivalency were well described by an exponential model with R-square of 0.95, and the environmental background toxic value was identified as 1.62 ng/g. On the other hand, different components of SOM were successfully identified by n-alkane markers (p < 0.01) and the variations of SOM were well explained (84.6%). A discontinuity of SOM was recognized at 22 cm depth. Association study showed that the sedimentary PAHs were associated with both anthropogenic and biogenic SOM (p < 0.05) with explained variances for most individual PAHs of 60%. It indicated the vertical distributions of PAHs were driven by sedimentary SOM. Therefore, environmental processes such as biogenic factors should attract more attentions as well as PAH emissions to reduce the impacts of PAHs.     

Co-metabolic and biochar-promoted biodegradation of mixed PAHs by highly efficient microbial consortium QY1

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), typical representatives of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs), have become ubiquitous in the environment. In this study, a novel microbial consortium QY1 that performed outstanding PAHs-degrading capacity has been enriched. The degradation characteristics of single and mixed PAHs treated with QY1 were studied, and the effect of biochar on biodegradation of mixed PAHs and the potential of biochar in PAHs-heavy metal combined pollution bioremediation were also investigated. Results showed that, in single substrate system, QY1 degraded 94.5% of 500 mg/L phenanthrene (PHE) and 17.8% of 10 mg/L pyrene (PYR) after 7 days, while in PHE-PYR mixture system, the biodegradation efficiencies of PHE (500 mg/L) and PYR (10 mg/L) reached 94.0% and 96.2%, respectively, since PHE served as co-metabolic substrate to have significantly improved PYR biodegradation. Notably, with the cooperation of biochar, the biodegradations of PHE and PYR were greatly accelerated. Further, biochar could reduce the adverse impact of heavy metals (Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, Cr₂O₇^2?) on PYR biodegradation remarkably. The sequencing analysis revealed that Methylobacterium, Burkholderia and Stenotrophomonas were the dominant genera of QY1 in almost all treatments, indicating that these genera might play key roles in PAHs biodegradation. Overall, this study provided new insights into the efficient bioremediation of PAHs-contaminated site.     

热活化过硫酸盐降解水体和土壤中氰化物的效能和机制

近年来,氰化物引发的环境问题日益受到关注,但相关研究较少.本文利用热活化过硫酸盐技术对水体和土壤中的氰化物的降解过程和机制进行了研究,以期为氰化物的去除提供依据.首先采用批式实验,探究了温度、过硫酸盐添加量和初始pH对水溶液中氰化物降解效果的影响,然后在水溶液氰化物降解实验基础上,采用模配土壤进行了土壤氰化物降解实验.水溶液氰化物降解实验的研究结果表明,过硫酸盐 添加量和温度对于氰化物的降解具有显著影响.当温度从25 ℃升高到70 ℃时,铁氰和亚铁氰的降解率分别从11.06%和17.66%升高到98.12%和97.94%.过硫酸盐添加量从0.5 g?L^-1提高至3 g?L^-1时,铁氰和亚铁氰的降解率分别从38.27%和35.82%升高到99.05%和99.66%.当 体系的初始pH值为4.5~9.0时,初始pH对于氰化物的降解影响并不明显,但当pH为强碱性时（如pH=12）,氰化物的降解效果受到显著抑制.土壤氰化物降解实验的结果表明,当活化温度为60 ℃时,铁氰和亚铁氰的降解效率均随过硫酸盐增加而升高,最高降解率分别达46.88%和56.04%.与水溶液中氰化物的降解情况进行对比,发现土壤中氰化物的降解效率远低于水溶液体系.通过探究4种共存阴离子（包括Cl^-、CO₃^2-、H₂PO₄^-、腐殖酸）对氰化物降解过程的影响,发现腐殖酸对氰化物的降解呈现显著的抑制作用,且浓度越高抑制作用越明显,这可能是影响 土壤系统中氰化物降解效率重要原因.本研究通过自由基淬灭实验及氰化物降解产物分析试验证实热激发过硫酸盐产生的SO₄^.-和HO^.对氰化物降解起重要作用,将各种金属-氰络合物最终降解为NO₃^-和CO₂等终产物.     

Residual effects of tobacco biochar along with different fixing agents on stabilization of trace elements in multi-metal contaminated soils

The residual effect of tobacco biochar(TB ≥ 500°C) mono and co-application with Cahydroxide(CH),Ca-bentonite(CB) and natural zeolite(NZ) on the bio-availability of trace elements TE(s) in alkaline soils has not been deeply studied yet.A pot study that had earlier been investigated TB mono and blended with CH,CB and NZ on the immobilization of Pb,Cu Cd,and Zn by Chinese cabbage.Maize crop in the rotation was selected as test plant to assess the residual impact of amendments on stabilization of Pb...     

Nitrated and parent PAHs in the surface water of Lake Taihu, China: Occurrence, distribution, source, and human health risk assessment

Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) have toxic potentials that are higher than those of their corresponding parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and thus have received increasing attention in recent years. In this study, the occurrence, distribution, source, and human health risk assessment of 15 NPAHs and 16 PAHs were investigated in the surface water from 20 sampling sites of Lake Taihu during the dry, normal, and flood seasons of 2018. The ΣPAH concentrations ranged from 255 to 7298 ng/L and the ΣNPAH concentrations ranged from not-detected (ND) to 212 ng/L. Among the target analytes, 2-nitrofluorene (2-nFlu) was the predominant NPAH, with a detection frequency ranging from 85% to 90% and a maximum concentration of 56.2 ng/L. The three-ringed and four-ringed NPAHs and PAHs comprised the majority of the detected compounds. In terms of seasonal variation, the highest levels of the ΣNPAHs and ΣPAHs were in the dry season and flood season, respectively. Diagnostic ratio analysis indicated that the prime source of NPAHs was direct combustion, whereas in the case of PAHs the contribution was predominantly from a mixed pattern including pollution from unburned petroleum and petroleum combustion. The human health risk of NPAHs and PAHs was evaluated using a lifetime carcinogenic risk assessment model. The carcinogenic risk level of the targets ranged from 2.09 × 10^?7 to 5.75 × 10^?5 and some surface water samples posed a potential health risk.     

焦化厂土壤和地下水中PAHs分布特征及其污染过程

以煤炭为原料的焦化厂是环境中PAHs的主要人为污染源. 针对US EPA(美国国家环境保护局)优先控制的16种PAHs,对苏南某生产历史长达16 a、面积为44.58×104 m2的焦化厂土壤样品中的w(PAHs)以及地下水样品中的ρ(PAHs)进行了分析,并采用统计学方法对PAHs的分布规律进行了研究. 结果表明:表层土壤中除二苯并[a,h]蒽外,其他15种PAHs均被检出;w(2~3环PAHs)平均值占w(∑PAHs)平均值的92.6%,明显高于w(4~6环PAHs). 地下水中只检出强亲水性的萘、二氢苊、苊、芴、菲、蒽等6种低环PAHs,但未迁移至厂外. 厂区内土壤和地下水中PAHs污染均具有典型的区域分布特征,并且均为化厂车间最严重. 土壤防污性能的差异使PAHs在3.0 m黏土层〔K_y(垂向渗透系数)=1.28×10-8 cm/s〕中富集. 高环PAHs主要与有机质结合以固相迁移,因w(TOC)随深度增加而下降,部分高w(高环PAHs)点位土壤有机质吸附过饱和,未被吸附的高环PAHs向深层迁移至5.0 m含水层顶板,但因强疏水性未进入7.0 m含水层. 强亲水性低环PAHs以溶解态迁移进入含水层,但因地下水流动缓慢(流速为3.71×10-6 cm/s),PAHs污染区仅集中在化厂车间及其附近区域.      

Remediation of Cu and As contaminated water and soil utilizing biochar supported layered double hydroxide: Mechanisms and soil environment altering

Preparing materials for simultaneous remediation of anionic and cationic heavy metals contamination has always been the focus of research. Herein a biochar supported FeMnMg layered double hydroxide (LDH) composites (LB) for simultaneous remediation of copper and arsenic contamination in water and soil has been assembled by a facile co-precipitation approach. Both adsorption isotherm and kinetics studies of heavy metals removal by LB were applied to look into the adsorption performance of adsorbents in water. Moreover, the adsorption mechanisms of Cu and As by LB were investigated, showing that Cu in aqueous solution was removed by the isomorphic substitution, precipitation and electrostatic adsorption while As was removed by complexation. In addition, the availability of Cu and As in the soil incubation experiments was reduced by 35.54%–63.00% and 8.39%–29.04%, respectively by using LB. Meanwhile, the addition of LB increased the activities of urease and sucrase by 93.78%–374.35% and 84.35%–520.04%, respectively, of which 1% of the dosage was the best. A phenomenon was found that the richness and structure of microbial community became vigorous within 1% dosage of LB, which indirectly enhanced the passivation and stabilization of heavy metals. These results indicated that the soil environment was significantly improved by LB. This research demonstrates that LB would be an imaginably forceful material for the remediation of anionic and cationic heavy metals in contaminated water and soil.     

3种氧化剂对焦化场地多环芳烃的修复效果与土著微生物的响应关系

为了探究化学氧化对污染土壤修复过程土著微生物生理生态功能的影响,以焦化场地多环芳烃（PAHs）污染土壤为实验对象,研究了高锰酸钾、过硫酸钠和臭氧这3种氧化剂在不同液固比条件下对PAHs的修复效果和土著微生物的响应关系.结果表明,该焦化场地土壤ΣPAHs含量为679.1 mg·kg^-1,高锰酸钾和过硫酸钠投加量为1%时,液固比为6：1条件下ΣPAHs（16种PAHs）的去除率最高,分别为96.9%和95.7%,而臭氧剂量为72 mg·min^-1、液固比为8：1时ΣPAHs的去除率（82.3%）最高;不同液固比条件下低环PAHs （3~4环）的去除率高于高环PAHs （5~6环）,去除率最高的是菲和二氢苊;而对于高环的苯并[a]芘,仅高锰酸钾对其去除效果较优,去除率达到97.4%;微生物数量分析表明,土壤微生物数量经高锰酸钾处理后骤降,由10⁸ copies·g^-1降至10⁵ copies·g^-1,而过硫酸钠和臭氧处理变化不明显,数量级未发生显著变化;微生物群落结构分析表明,污染原土中Proteobacteria占绝对优势,相对丰度为99.5%,高锰酸钾和过硫酸钠处理后微生物多样性显著增加,多种能够降解PAHs的微生物（如Ralstonia和Acinetobacter等）相对丰度大幅提高;微生物代谢功能路径分析表明,化学氧化处理增加了PAHs降解菌的相对丰度,提高了有机物代谢能力.总体而言,液固比为6：1时高锰酸钾处理会显著改变土著微生物数量,微生物群落结构和PAHs降解微生物相对丰度.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in benthos of the northern Bering Sea Shelf and Chukchi Sea Shelf

Eighteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) were detected in benthos collected onboard the ‘Snow Dragon’ in the Northern Bering Sea Shelf and Chukchi Sea Shelf during the 6 th Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition(CHINARE 2014). 18 PAHs for all biota samples ranged from 34.2 to 128.1 ng/g dry weight(dw), with the highest concentration observed in fish muscle( Boreogadus saida) samples close to St. Lawrence Island. The PAH composition pattern was dominated by the presence of lighter 3 r...     

Remediation performance and mechanisms of Cu and Cd contaminated water and soil using Mn/Al-layered double oxide-loaded biochar

The combined pollution of heavy metals is ubiquitous worldwide. Mn/Al-layered double oxide-loaded crab shells biochar (LDO/BC) was prepared, so as to remediate the combined pollution of Cd and Cu in soil and water. The pristine and used LDO/BC were characterized and the results revealed that the layered double oxide was successfully loaded on crab shells biochar (BC) and metal element Ca in crab shells was beneficial to the formation of more regular layered and flake structure. The maximal adsorption capacity (Q_m) of LDO/BC for aqueous Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺ was 66.23 and 73.47 mg/g, respectively. LDO/BC and BC were used to remediate e-waste-contaminated soil for the first time and exhibited highly efficient performance. The extraction amount of Cu and Cd in the contaminated soil by diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA) after treating with 5% LDO/BC was significantly reduced from 819.84 to 205.95 mg/kg (with passivation rate 74.8%) and 8.46 to 4.16 mg/kg (with passivation rate 50.8%), respectively, inferring that the bioavailability of heavy metals declined remarkably. The experimental result also suggested that after remediation by LDO/BC the exchangeable and weak acid soluble Cu and Cd in soil translated to reducible, residual and oxidizable fraction which are more stable state. Precipitation, complexation and ion exchange were proposed as the possible mechanisms for Cd and Cu removal. In general, these experiment results indicate that LDO/BC can be a potentially effective reagent for remediation of heavy metal contaminated water and soil.     

Physicochemical and toxicological characteristics of nanoparticles in aerosols in southern Thailand during recent haze episodes in lower southeast Asia

Transboundary haze from biomass burning is one of the most important air pollutions in Southeast Asia. The most recent serious haze episode occurred in 2015. Southern Thailand was affected by the haze during September to October when the particulate matter concentration hit a record high. We investigated physical and chemical characteristics of aerosols, including concentration and aerosol size distribution down to sub-micron sizes during haze episodes in 2013 and 2015 and, for reference, an ins...     

Immobilization of antimony in soil and groundwater using ferro-magnesium bimetallic organic frameworks

Sb(Ⅲ) is often detected in contaminated soil and groundwater. Hence, high-efficiency technology is needed. In this study, bimetallic organic frameworks were used for the first time to immobilize Sb(Ⅲ) from contaminated soil and groundwater. The materials were synthesized by the hydrothermal method. Both ends of the prepared material were hexagonal tip rods,and the length became shorter as the ratio of Fe/Mg decreased. The bimetallic organic framework with a Fe/Mg feeding ratio of 0.5 was the opt...     

Electrochemical removal of ammonium nitrogen in high efficiency and N2 selectivity using non-noble single-atomic iron catalyst

Ammonia nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant, especially in offshore aquaculture systems. Electrochemical oxidation is very promising to remove NH₄⁺-N, but suffers from the use of precious metals anodes. In this work, a robust and cheap electrocatalyst, iron single-atoms distributed in nitrogen-doped carbon (Fe-SAs/N-C), was developed for electrochemical removal of NH₄⁺-N from in wastewater containing chloride. The Fe-SAs/N-C catalyst exhibited superior activity than that of iron nanoparticles loaded carbon (Fe-NPs/N-C), unmodified carbon and conventional Ti/IrO₂-TiO₂-RuO₂ electrodes. And high removal efficiency (> 99%) could be achieved as well as high N₂ selectivity (99.5%) at low current density. Further experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrated the indispensable role of single-atom iron in the promoted generation of chloride derived species for efficient removal of NH₄⁺-N. This study provides promising inexpensive catalysts for NH₄⁺-N removal in aquaculture wastewater.     

磷肥对铅锌矿污染土壤中铅毒的修复作用

用连续提取法研究了不同磷肥对铅锌矿污染土壤中铅化学形态的影响、磷肥降低铅毒性的机理以及磷肥的有效使用条件.结果表明,3种磷肥都具有显著降低铅的各种非残渣形态含量的作用.磷肥用量在P/Pb摩尔比为7.0时已经足够修复土壤的铅毒,并且在该磷肥用量水平时,从非残渣形态铅总量的降低幅度上看,3种磷肥修复铅污染的效果顺序为：过磷酸钙（85%）、钙镁磷肥（83%）〉〉磷矿粉（16%）;把铅的形态与其生物有效性联系起来比较,3种磷肥修复铅污染效果顺序为：钙镁磷肥（94%）、过磷酸钙（92%）＞磷矿粉（61%）.磷肥具有原位修复铅污染土壤的潜能,其主要机理是通过磷肥中的磷与各种非残渣形态铅反应形成溶解度极小的磷（氯/羟基/氟）铅矿沉淀,从而降低铅的溶解性的结果,3种磷肥中以磷矿粉最为经济.     

残留药剂对土壤As、Hg、Cd、Pb浸出测试干扰及消除方法

固化/稳定化是应用最广泛的重金属污染土壤修复技术,但残留药剂在浸出测试过程对土壤二次修复导致的验收假达标风险未引起充分重视.本研究分别采用Fe2(SO4)3、Na2S和KH2PO4修复As、Hg、Cd-Pb污染土壤,探究不同养护反应时间、药剂混合均匀度和投加量等工艺条件下土壤重金属浸出浓度差异,验证液相二次修复干扰效应...