2005-2009年我国省域CO2排放特征研究

利用IPCC的参考方法测算并比较分析了2005-2009年我国30个省(市、自治区)的CO₂排放总量、人均排放量、排放强度、综合能源排放系数等重要指标,并在此基础上,依据人均GDP、第二产业比重和能源利用结构与碳排放强度的关系,将各省(市、自治区)划分为不同的CO₂排放类型。研究结果表明,省域间各指标差异较大,影响碳排放的因素也不尽相同。省域减排的政策、途径和措施须充分考虑各自的经济发展水平、产业结构和能源利用结构等因素。     

Recent advances in ionic liquids-based hybrid processes for CO2 capture and utilization

CO₂ capture and utilization (CCU) is an effective strategy to mitigate global warming. Absorption, adsorption and membranes are methods used for CO₂ separation and capture, and various catalytic pathways have also been developed for CO₂ utilization. Although widely researched and used in industry, these processes are energy-intensive and this challenge needs to be overcome. To realize further optimization, novel materials and processes are continuously being developed. New generation materials such as ionic liquids (ILs) have shown promising potential for cost-effective CO₂ capture and utilization. This study reviews the current status of ILs-based solvents, adsorbents, membranes, catalysts and their hybrid processes for CO₂ capture and utilization. The special properties of ILs are integrated into new materials through hybridization, which significantly improves the performance in the process of CCU.     

Biomass-based carbon capture and utilization in kraft pulp mills

Corporate image, European Emission Trading System and Environmental Regulations, encourage pulp industry to reduce carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. Kraft pulp mills produce CO₂ mainly in combustion processes. The largest sources are the recovery boiler, the biomass boiler, and the lime kiln. Due to utilizing mostly biomass-based fuels, the CO₂ is largely biogenic. Capture and storage of CO₂ (CCS) could offer pulp and paper industry the possibility to act as site for negative CO₂ emissions. In addition, captured biogenic CO₂ can be used as a raw material for bioproducts. Possibilities for CO₂ utilization include tall oil manufacturing, lignin extraction, and production of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), depending on local conditions and mill-specific details. In this study, total biomass-based CO₂ capture and storage potential (BECCS) and potential to implement capture and utilization of biomass-based CO₂ (BECCU) in kraft pulp mills were estimated by analyzing the impacts of the processes on the operation of two modern reference mills, a Nordic softwood kraft pulp mill with integrated paper production and a Southern eucalyptus kraft pulp mill. CO₂ capture is energy-intensive, and thus the effects on the energy balances of the mills were estimated. When papermaking is integrated in the mill operations, energy adequacy can be a limiting factor for carbon capture implementation. Global carbon capture potential was estimated based on pulp production data. Kraft pulp mills have notable CO₂ capture potential, while the on-site utilization potential using currently available technologies is lower. The future of these processes depends on technology development, desire to reuse CO₂, and prospective changes in legislation.

     

GIS aided prediction of CO2 emission dispersion from geothermal electricity production

CO₂ is the dominant constituent of non-condensable gases in the steam phase of most geothermal fluids. This paper attempts to present the results of a study conducted to develop prediction modeling of CO₂ dispersion in the surrounding atmosphere from a planned 50 MWe geothermal power plant prior to its production. Dispersion models are widely used for predicting future concentrations of environmental emissions on a range of geographic scales. The dispersion type for gases and their average removal rate depends on the meteorological conditions such as wind direction, wind speed, precipitation, atmospheric stability, and surface roughness and topography. Geographic Information System (GIS) capabilities were used for quality visualization of the model outputs and presenting an accurate numerical copy of the study area. The results by the prediction model show that the natural transfer of CO₂ will be from the power plant toward east and northeast and CO₂ concentration trends after the power plant utilization will be similar to the background conditions with minor changes. This dispersion test was carried out to validate and field test the GIS aided dispersion modeling approach described in the paper and the procedure may be applicable for other studies assessing the emission dispersion of pollutants from a point source.     

深部储层中CO2沿断层泄漏量的影响因素

CGS（CO₂地质储存）是CO₂减排的重要手段之一,天然裂隙的存在则是CGS的潜在风险.CO₂地质储存过程中储层上覆盖层及其浅部含水层是防止CO₂泄漏的天然屏障,为了探究深部咸水层中CO₂沿断层的泄漏过程并获得断层渗透率及储层中超临界CO₂流体初始条件（初始饱和度、初始泄漏压力）对CO₂沿断层泄漏速率和泄漏量的影响程度,依据鄂尔多斯CO₂灌注工程示范区资料,使用多相、多组分溶质运移数值模拟软件TOUGH2建立了2D概念模型.结果表明,深部咸水层中的CO₂在压力差和浓度差的作用下沿断层发生泄漏,到达浅部含水层后开始发生侧向运移,100 a内运移了约200 m的水平距离;由于浮力的作用,CO₂集中在含水层顶板处,有效地防止了CO₂向外泄漏.影响因素分析表明,100 a内断层渗透性能为低渗、中渗和高渗条件时,CO₂累积泄漏量分别为0、1 050和3 000 t;CO₂初始饱和度分别为0.20、0.50和0.99时,CO₂累积泄漏量分别为550、1 050和1 650 t;初始泄漏压力分别为17.3、17.6和18.1 MPa时,CO₂累积泄漏量则分别为900、1 050和1 400 t.除此之外,断层渗透性、CO₂初始气体饱和度和初始泄漏压力对CO₂泄漏的影响还体现在泄漏发生时间和平均泄漏速率上.研究显示,各因素对CO₂沿断层泄漏过程的影响程度表现为断层渗透性能> CO₂初始饱和度> CO₂初始泄漏压力.      

京津冀及周边地区“2+26”城市结构性调整政策的CO2协同减排效益评估

《打赢蓝天保卫战三年行动计划》（"三年行动计划"）明确提出,产业结构调整、能源结构调整、交通结构调整和用地结构调整是大幅减少大气污染物和CO₂排放的重要抓手,这种协同效应非常明显,但在城市群层面还未被量化研究.为此,采用京津冀温室气体-空气污染物协同控制综合评估模型（GAINS-JJJ）,构建了2017年京津冀及周边地区"2+26"城市群基础排放清单,定量分析了"三年行动计划"的实施带来的CO₂和主要大气污染物的排放变化情况.结果表明,与2017年相比,2020年政策情景下"2+26"城市的CO₂、一次PM_2.5、SO₂、NO_x和NH₃的减排量分别为29.1 Mt （相当于2017年排放量的2%）、203.8（21%）、281.8（27%）、485.5（17%）和34.3 kt （3%）,排放量较大的城市或部门都实现了较为明显的减排.碳协同减排效益结果显示,产业结构调整的一系列重大举措（淘汰落后产能、工业锅炉升级改造和散乱污企业综合整治等）取得了良好的CO₂和大气污染物协同减排效应,而不同污染物中NO_x的碳协同减排效应最高.     

中国平板玻璃生产碳排放研究

平板玻璃行业是典型的高能耗、高排放行业,目前关于中国平板玻璃行业的碳排放问题还没有得到深入的研究.因此,本文调查了中国300余条主要的平板玻璃生产线,并在此基础上从范围1(工艺过程和化石燃料燃烧引起的直接排放)和范围2(净购入电力和热力在生产阶段引起的间接排放)评估了中国平板玻璃行业从2005年到2014年的CO_2排放情况.结果发现,中国平板玻璃行业CO_2排放量逐年增加,由2005年的2626.9×10~4t逐步上升到2015年的4620.5×10~4t.研究表明:能源消耗是平板玻璃行业碳排放的最主要来源,占比在80%左右,节能降耗是促进平板玻璃行业CO_2减排的主要途径;平板玻璃生产原料中碳酸盐的热分解是CO_2的主要来源之一,占总排放量的20%左右,控制平板玻璃配合料的气体率,在减少平板玻璃生产过程中的CO_2排放有很大潜力;推荐平板玻璃新建项目使用天然气并配备大型熔窑(日熔化量650 t以上)的浮法玻璃生产线,以减少CO_2排放.     

Analysis of the sustainability of reusing industrial wastes as energy source in the industrial sector of Taiwan

The objective of this paper was to provide a preliminary analysis of energy utilization from industrial waste in Taiwan, a densely populated island country with high dependence on imported energy. The discussion thus focused on the status of industrial waste generation and its management since the year 2002. This paper also presented the updated information about the new/revised regulations concerning the governmental regulations and policies for promoting industrial waste as energy source as well as controlling the emissions of hazardous air pollutants from industrial waste-to-energy facilities. It showed that the main types of combustible waste in the industrial sector of Taiwan include pulp sludge, scrap wood, sugarcane bagasse, textile sludge and scrap plastics, which were being reused as auxiliary fuel in the utilities (e.g., boiler and incinerator). Based on their reported quantities, the energy potential and the environmental benefit of mitigating CO₂ emissions were also analyzed in the study.     

水泥-电力行业的产业共生网络构建及区域案例研究

水泥工业作为工业生态系统的汇,能够多样化地利用其他行业的副产物,这种典型的产业共生模式可以通过减少资源和能源的消耗带来显著的CO₂减排效果.由于产业共生在水泥行业具有一定的普遍性及巨大的CO₂减排潜力,所以对水泥工业产业共生现状的了解与分析就显得尤为重要;而通过对产业共生现状的全面了解,才能对现有水泥行业产业共生的程度进行分析,并以此为参照,对未来不同政策与情景下的CO₂减排潜力进行量化与评估.为实现对产业共生实际情况的模拟,以水泥-电力行业的产业共生为例,采用最优化的方法,提出了一套基于一般统计数据来模拟产业共生实际情况的系统方法,将技术、经济与政策3类不同的决策变量影响纳入模型,以模拟出最接近真实情景的产业共生情况.为验证模型的有效性,对新乡市水泥-电力行业实际的产业共生情况进行分析.结果表明:新乡市水泥-电力行业间存在普遍的产业共生现象,实地调查中有77.8%（21家）的水泥制造企业利用粉煤灰作为水泥制造的原材料.将一般统计数据与实地调查数据对比发现,一般统计数据能较好地反映企业实际物质投入产出情况;利用一般统计数据,模型对新乡市产业共生网络结构模拟的准确率高达92.6%,显示该模型能较为有效地对产业共生的实际情况进行模拟.      

The climate change challenge and transitions for radical changes in the European steel industry

This paper presents ideas pertaining to transitions that are envisaged in the steel industry from Cleaner Production (CP) to Systems Innovation. Limits of the socio-technical system and the climate change challenge will induce changes in the production, distribution and consumption patterns of steel and other materials. Insights from industrial economics and evolutionary theory on innovation for sustainable development are needed to assess the rationale behind the adoption and diffusion of new breakthrough technologies named Ultra Low CO₂ Steel making (ULCOS). Evolution in material consumption patterns deserves a special research agenda which focuses upon the long term evolution of the consuming sectors as major changes in the infrastructure and products that support our many energy dependent services (mobility, shelter, heat, light, etc.) are expected. These changes will be significantly amplified by greenhouse gas emission constraints.     

大气14CO2的时空分异特征及其在化石源CO2示踪中的应用

大气CO₂中放射性碳同位素(¹⁴C)的水平可以反映化石源CO₂的影响程度,这对于评估我国目前化石源CO₂的排放状况和制定节能减排政策具有重要的指导意义。本文在概述大气¹⁴CO₂采样和分析方法的基础上,简要介绍了大气¹⁴CO₂观测的起源和主要的源汇过程,重点论述了大气¹⁴CO₂的时空分异特征及其驱动因素;阐述了化石源CO₂浓度的估算方法及¹⁴CO₂在国内外化石源CO₂示踪中的应用现状,并对大气¹⁴CO₂观测在我国化石源CO₂示踪中的应用前景进行了展望;旨在为我国正确地开展大气¹⁴CO₂的观测研究,深刻地理解特定区域大气¹⁴CO₂的时空分异特征和化石源CO₂的分布状况提供参考。     

A new method for assessing CO2-emissions from container terminals: a promising approach applied in Rotterdam

At present, the notion is generally accepted that societies have to combat climate change. The reduction of CO₂-emissions, an important cause for global warming, has become a priority, and consequently there is increasing pressure on governments and industries to come forward with initiatives to reduce CO₂-emissions. This is highly relevant for the transport sector, as the share of transportation is still increasing, while other sectors are reducing their CO₂-footprint. The main purpose of this paper is to present a methodology to analyse the CO₂-emissions from container terminals, illustrated by the Port of Rotterdam.The objective of this paper is twofold. Firstly, the development of a methodology to analyse and gain a better understanding of the CO₂-emissions by container terminals in port areas is described. Secondly, the most effective solutions to reduce CO₂-emissions by container terminals in port areas are identified. The study provides insight into the processes of container transshipment at the terminals and the contribution of these processes to the CO₂-emissions of the container terminals. Using these insights, potential solutions to reduce the CO₂ at the terminals are identified and policy proposals are made for the operators of existing terminals and for governments.The most effective measure for CO₂ reduction is undoubtedly the adaptation of the terminal layout as in the example of the Rotterdam Shortsea Terminal. This makes it possible to reduce the CO₂-emissions of the current terminals by nearly 70 per cent. The other perspective is the incorporation of mixing 30 per cent biofuels with the presently used diesel. This results in a reduction of CO₂-emissions by between 13 and 26 per cent per terminal and a reduction of the emissions of the total container sector by 21 per cent. On the basis of these findings, concrete recommendations are made to reducing CO₂-emissions at container terminals.     

基于超效率SBM的中国省际工业化石能源效率评价及影响因素分析

工业占据我国最大的化石能源终端消耗,评价中国工业化石能源效率对于提高我国工业化石能源效率和实现节能减排目标具有重要意义.本文运用包含非期望产出的超效率SBM模型评价中国30个省(直辖市、自治区)和三大区域(东部、中部、西部)2006—2011年间的工业化石能源效率,运用Tobit回归模型分析工业化石能源效率的影响因素,并给出各区域节能减排潜力.研究结果表明:北京、天津、上海等地区每年的工业化石能源效率指数均远远领先于其他省份;东部区域效率值以明显的优势高于中部和西部区域;西部区域的效率值比较平稳;中部区域内部各地区效率值比东部和西部区域集中.Tobit回归分析结果表明,地区GDP、经济结构、外商直接投资、工业新增固定投资和地理位置位于东部对地区工业化石能源效率有积极影响;产业结构和地理位置位于中部对地区工业化石能源效率有消极影响;地区人均GDP对地区工业化石能源效率没有显著性影响.东部地区油品和天然气节能潜力较大,中部地区煤炭节能潜力较大,西部地区煤炭和天然气节能潜力较大;中部和东部地区是工业CO2减排的重点.基于以上研究本文给出了3点建议提升工业能源效率.     

CO2 Capture in Pulp and Paper Mills: CO2 Balances and Preliminary Cost Assessment

This paper investigates overall CO₂ balances of combined heat and power (CHP) plants with CO₂ capture and storage (CCS) in Kraft pulp and paper mills. The CHP plants use biomass-based fuels and feature advanced gasification and combined cycle technology. Results from simple process simulations of the considered CHP plants are presented. Based on those results and taking into account the major direct and indirect changes in CO₂ emissions, the study shows that implementing CCS leads to steep emission reductions. Furthermore, a preliminary cost assessment is carried out to analyse the CO₂ mitigation cost and its dependence on the distance that the CO₂ must be transported to injection sites.     

山西省CO2排放影响因素研究及情景分析

山西作为我国的能源大省,其碳排放强度更是持续位于全国最高水平,分析山西省CO₂排放影响因素,探究其发展模式,对于山西省的低碳发展意义重大.基于STIRPAT模型,将山西省能源CO₂排放的影响因素确定为人口、城镇化率、人均GDP、第二产业占GDP比重、能源强度.在岭回归拟合分析的基础上,利用灰色GM（1,1）模型对山西省CO₂排放驱动因素值进行预测,以提高能源CO₂排放预测的准确性,并结合情景分析方法,为山西省的CO₂减排设计了10种不同的发展情景.结果表明:①人口对山西省CO₂排放影响最大,其次是城镇化率和第二产业占GDP比重.②在当前经济发展阶段,能源强度和人均GDP等因素对山西省的CO₂排放影响不大,但能源强度对CO₂排放的抑制作用不可忽略.③山西省CO₂减排最佳的情景方案为适当控制人口数量和城镇化进程、加快产业结构的转型和技术的革新、降低第二产业占GDP比重和能源强度,并且大力推广新能源和清洁可再生能源的开发使用以优化能源消费结构.在该情景下,山西省2020年的CO₂排放量可以控制在5.16×108 t.      

Challenges against CO2 abatement strategies in cement industry: A review

Cement industry is an intensive source of fuel consumption and greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions. This industry is responsible for 5% of GHGs emissions and is among the top industrial sources of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. Therefore, CO₂ emissions reduction from cement production process has been always an appealing subject for researches in universities and industry. Various efforts have been carried out to mitigate the huge mass of CO₂ emissions from the cement industry. Although, majority of these strategies are technically viable, due to various barriers, the level of CO₂ mitigation in cement industry is still not satisfactory. Among numerous researches on this topic, only a few have tried to answer why CO₂ abatement strategies are not globally practiced yet. This work aims to highlight the challenges and barriers against widespread and effective implementation of CO₂ mitigation strategies in the cement industry and to propose practical solutions to overcome such barriers.     

粉煤灰用于碳捕集、利用及封存的研究进展

总结了国内外粉煤灰用于CO₂捕集、利用和封存的不同技术研究进展,同时对今后的研究和机遇进行了展望.粉煤灰自身可通过直接干式、半干式、湿式和间接方法对CO₂进行矿化捕集封存,在CO₂矿化的同时降低粉煤灰自身重金属的浸出,并且矿化后的粉煤灰因有效降低游离CaO和MgO的含量而更适合于制作混凝土添加剂.粉煤灰也可制成活性炭、沸石和多孔二氧化硅等产品,并对CO₂进行物理吸附捕集,制成产品的类型主要取决于粉煤灰自身的成分组成和理化性质.在CO₂利用方面,粉煤灰除了可拓展建材的利用途径外,还可制作CO₂多种化学工艺所需催化剂或催化剂载体,以及制作新型材料拟薄水铝石等.我国“双碳”目标的提出及燃煤电厂粉煤灰自身的理化特性为粉煤灰提供了一条新的综合利用途径.     

Development of a hybrid photo-bioreactor and nanoparticle adsorbent system for the removal of CO2 , and selected organic and metal co-pollutants

Fossil fuel combustion and many industrial processes generate gaseous emissions that contain a number of toxic organic pollutants and carbon dioxide (CO₂) which contribute to climate change and atmospheric pollution. There is a need for green and sustainable solutions to remove air pollutants, as opposed to conventional techniques which can be expensive, consume additional energy and generate further waste. We developed a novel integrated bioreactor combined with recyclable iron oxide nano/micro-particle adsorption interfaces, to remove CO_2, and undesired organic air pollutants using natural particles, while generating oxygen. This semi-continuous bench-scale photo-bioreactor was shown to successfully clean up simulated emission streams of up to 45% CO₂ with a conversion rate of approximately 4% CO₂ per hour, generating a steady supply of oxygen (6 mmol/hr), while nanoparticles effectively remove several undesired organic by-products. We also showed algal waste of the bioreactor can be used for mercury remediation. We estimated the potential CO₂ emissions that could be captured from our new method for three industrial cases in which, coal, oil and natural gas were used. With a 30% carbon capture system, the reduction of CO₂ was estimated to decrease by about 420,000, 320,000 and 240,000 metric tonnes, respectively for a typical 500 MW power plant. The cost analysis we conducted showed potential to scale-up, and the entire system is recyclable and sustainable. We further discuss the implications of usage of this complete system, or as individual units, that could provide a hybrid option to existing industrial setups.     

Potential application of high pressure carbon dioxide in treated wastewater and water disinfection: Recent overview and further trends

Recently emerging disadvantages in conventional disinfection have heightened the need for finding a new solution. Developments in the use of high pressure carbon dioxide for food preservation and sterilization have led to a renewed interest in its applicability in wastewater treatment and water disinfection. Pressurized CO₂ is one of the most investigated methods of antibacterial treatment and has been used extensively for decades to inhibit pathogens in dried food and liquid products. This study reviews the literature concerning the utility of CO₂ as a disinfecting agent, and the pathogen inactivation mechanism of CO₂ treatment is evaluated based on all available research. In this paper, it will be argued that the successful application and high effectiveness of CO₂ treatment in liquid foods open a potential opportunity for its use in wastewater treatment and water disinfection. The findings from models with different operating conditions (pressure, temperature, microorganism, water content, media …) suggest that most microorganisms are successfully inhibited under CO₂ treatment. It will also be shown that the bacterial deaths under CO₂ treatment can be explained by many different mechanisms. Moreover, the findings in this study can help to address the recently emerging problems in water disinfection, such as disinfection by-products (resulting from chlorination or ozone treatment).     

Quantitative analysis of CO2 embodiment in international trade: An overview of emerging literatures

The increasing volume of CO₂ embodiment in international trade adds a layer of complexity to environmental policies and has raised arguments on the traditional production based responsibility for CO₂ emissions. In order to help understand the quantity of CO₂ embodiment in trade and its policy implications, this paper gives observations to recently emerging literatures that quantitatively discuss CO₂ embodiment in trade. The analytical approaches share the principle of using input and output modeling but vary dramatically in study boundary and estimation accuracy. The calculations can be roughly categorized into three types: direct quantification of CO₂ embodiments in multiregional trade, direct quantification of CO₂ embodiment in bilateral trade, and indirect analysis by comparing the scenarios with or without trade. The practical estimations strongly rely on trade partner selection and data availability. An obvious imbalance of net CO₂ embodiment in the commodity trade between major developed countries and developing economies as a whole was confirmed by these literatures. Carbon taxes and other possible limitations on CO₂ emissions have been addressed. The consistency across the calculations could be enhanced by systematic analyses in more detail to convince the international community to take binding commitments for the reduction of global CO₂ emissions.