低浓度铅暴露对鲫鱼肝脏抗氧化系统的影响

研究了鲫鱼幼体 (Carassiusauratus)在低浓度铅的长期 ( 4 0d)暴露实验中 ,鲫鱼抗氧化系统所产生的生理生化反应 .结果表明 ,在本实验的剂量范围内 ,铅对鲫鱼肝脏内过氧化氢酶 (CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)的活性 (在暴露浓度达到 0 2mg·l- 1时 )表现为诱导作用 ;而铅对谷胱甘肽硫转移酶 (GST)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GSH Px)的活性在低浓度时 ( 0 0 1mg·l- 1)被抑制 ,其中暴露浓度在 0 2mg·l- 1时GSH Px被进一步抑制 .在实验范围内 ,GSH含量无明显变化 .另外 ,对于低浓度铅的长期暴露 ,鲫鱼肝脏中的GST和GSH Px较CAT和SOD敏感 ,可考虑作为水生生态系统中铅低浓度长期暴露的一种生物检测指标 .     

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)对斜生栅藻的致毒效应研究

为了评估邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)对水生生物的毒性效应,采用室内培养的方法,研究了DBP对斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)的急性毒性效应.实验设置5个暴露组(5、10、20、50、100mg·L-1)和1个对照组(0mg·L-1),暴露96h后分别测定DBP对斜生栅藻生长量、光合色素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量等生理生化指标的影响.结果表明,各暴露组DBP对斜生栅藻的生长均有抑制作用,随DBP暴露浓度的增大,藻细胞密度逐渐降低,显示出明显的剂量-效应关系.DBP对斜生栅藻的24、48、72、96h的EC50值分别为3.31、15.49、1.95、2.21mg·L-1.叶绿素a、b及类胡萝卜素含量随着DBP暴露浓度的增大呈现相同的变化趋势,均为低浓度(5～10mg·L-1)上升,高浓度(10～100mg·L-1)下降.随DBP暴露浓度的增大,斜生栅藻SOD活性表现为先激活后抑制,在20mg·L-1时SOD活性达到最大值(与对照比较,p<0.05);当DBP暴露浓度≥10mg·L-1时,MDA含量随DBP浓度的增大显著增加(与对照比较,p<0.05,p<0.01).     

低浓度五氯酚暴露对稀有鮈鲫体内SOD活性、GSH和HSP70含量的影响

为筛选检测低浓度五氯酚(PCP)对水生生物毒性效应较敏感的指标,将稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)暴露于浓度分别为0.5、1.5、5.0、15和50μg·L-1的PCP中2、7、14、21d,同时设乙醇对照组,检测稀有鮈鲫体内(整体匀浆)超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、热激蛋白70(HSP70)含量等生化指标.结果表明,相同暴露时间下,随着PCP暴露浓度的升高,SOD活性均表现为先抑制后激活趋势,GSH和HSP70含量无明显变化;相同暴露浓度下,随着PCP暴露时间的延长,SOD活性均表现为先激活后抑制趋势,GSH和HSP70含量无明显变化.初步认定相对于GSH、HSP70含量,SOD活性的变化可以更有效地反映低浓度PCP对稀有鮈鲫的毒性效应.     

全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)胁迫对翡翠贻贝抗氧化酶的影响

为了解全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)对海洋贝类抗氧化防御系统的毒性效应及致毒机理,在实验室条件下研究了PFOS对翡翠贻贝的96h急性毒性,同时探讨PFOS胁迫和净水恢复过程中翡翠贻贝外套膜和内脏团组织中抗氧化指标(SOD活性、GSH和MDA含量)的变化。结果显示,PFOS对翡翠贻贝的96h半致死浓度(LC50)为68.3mg·L-1,安全浓度为6.83mg·L-1。在PFOS胁迫阶段,1mg·L-1浓度组外套膜SOD活性显著性升高(p<0.05),内脏团SOD酶活性显著降低(p<0.05);而PFOS浓度高于1mg·L-1时,外套膜SOD活性显著性降低(p<0.05),内脏团SOD活性显著升高(p<0.05)。PFOS胁迫对翡翠贻贝外套膜和内脏团中GSH含量均有显著的诱导作用(p<0.05),PFOS胁迫15d后各浓度组GSH含量均受到显著的抑制(p<0.05)。翡翠贻贝外套膜MDA含量受PFOS胁迫后显著升高(p<0.05),内脏团MDA含量的变化呈先降低、后升高的规律。净水释放阶段,翡翠贻贝两组织中SOD活性在释放7d后均恢复至对照组水平,GSH含量和MDA含量呈显著升高的趋势(p<0.05)。研究结果表明,PFOS暴露能够引起翡翠贻贝外套膜和内脏团氧化胁迫,但这种损伤的效果不明显,释放短时间后即可自我恢复。     

水体中石油污染土壤对鲫鱼及其肝脏抗氧化系统的毒性效应（The Toxicity of Oil Polluted Soil in Aquatic Environment on Carassius auratus and Its Hepatic Antioxidant Defense System）

在室内模拟条件下,研究了水体中不同浓度石油污染土壤暴露20d对鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)幼体死亡率和肝脏抗氧化系统的影响.结果表明,鲫鱼死亡率随其暴露浓度的变化明显分为3个部分:低浓度(0.5～5.0g·L-1)摄食死亡,中等浓度(5.0～25.0g·L-1)吸收死亡,高浓度(25.0～50.0g·L-1)胁迫死亡.1.0g·L-1浓度组死亡率最高,死亡速率最快;50.0g·L-1浓度组在暴露后期死亡速率迅速升高.鲫鱼肝脏中谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性可被显著诱导,具体表现为:在所设浓度范围内,幼体鲫鱼肝脏GST活性均受到显著激活,0.5g·L-1浓度下,GST活性被最大程度诱导,达到对照组的606%;SOD活性先升高后降低,10.0g·L-1时酶活性最强,50.0g·L-1浓度下活性被显著抑制;CAT活性于0.5g·L-1就被显著诱导,2.5g·L-1浓度是对照组的4.86倍.可以认为,鲫鱼肝脏SOD和CAT,尤其GST活性对水体中石油污染土壤较敏感,均可作为水生生态系统中石油污染存在的早期检测指标.     

纳米ZnO对鲫鱼肝脏的毒性(Toxicity of Nano-ZnO on Liver of Goldfish（Carassius auratus） )

鲫鱼（Carassius auratus）腹腔注射不同浓度纳米ZnO（5mg·kg-1、12.5mg·kg-1、25mg·kg-1、50mg·kg-1和125mg·kg-1,以鲫鱼体重计）14d后,研究了鲫鱼肝脏中的自由基（ROS）强度变化、氧化应激反应及其毒性机制. 结果表明：纳米ZnO显著诱导鲫鱼肝脏自由基产生;自由基信号强度和脂质过氧化物（MDA）随纳米ZnO浓度的升高呈先升高后降低趋势;而还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量和GSH/GSSG随纳米ZnO浓度的升高呈先降低后升高趋势;纳米ZnO的毒性主要表现在引起鲫鱼肝脏氧化损伤,其毒性机制为诱导鲫鱼肝脏产生活性氧自由基.     

纳米ZnO对鲫鱼肝脏的毒性

鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)腹腔注射不同浓度纳米ZnO(5mg·kg-1、12.5mg·kg-1、25mg·kg-1、50mg·kg-1和125mg·kg-1,以鲫鱼体重计)14d后,研究了鲫鱼肝脏中的自由基(ROS)强度变化、氧化应激反应及其毒性机制.结果表明:纳米ZnO显著诱导鲫鱼肝脏自由基产生;自由基信号强度和脂质过氧化物(MDA)随纳米ZnO浓度的升高呈先升高后降低趋势;而还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量和GSH/GSSG随纳米ZnO浓度的升高呈先降低后升高趋势;纳米ZnO的毒性主要表现在引起鲫鱼肝脏氧化损伤,其毒性机制为诱导鲫鱼肝脏产生活性氧自由基.     

HgCl2对斜生栅藻（Scenedesmus obliquus）生理生化特性的影响(Effects of HgCl2 on Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Scenedesmus obliquus)

为探讨汞对藻类的毒性效应,以斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)为实验材料,检测了HgCl2对藻细胞数目、光合色素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量等生化指标的影响.结果表明,各暴露组(0.2～1.5mg·L-1)HgCl2对斜生栅藻的生长均有抑制作用,随HgCl2暴露浓度的增大,藻细胞密度逐渐降低,HgCl2对斜生栅藻的48、72、96hEC50值分别为1.194、1.113、0.986mg·L-1.随着HgCl2暴露浓度的升高(0.01～1.5mg·L-1),叶绿素a、b及类胡萝卜素等光合色素含量均呈逐渐降低趋势;SOD活性表现为先激活后抑制;MDA含量则显著增加(p<0.05,p<0.01).     

氟对中华圆田螺肝胰脏抗氧化酶和MDA的影响

选取中华圆田螺为受试动物,探究氟对其肝胰脏抗氧化酶SOD、GSH、POD活性和丙二醛MDA含量的影响。结果显示,在不同浓度水氟环境条件下(0、40、80、160 mg·L-1)连续暴露10 d、20 d和30 d时,与对照组相比,中华圆田螺肝胰脏SOD活性在暴露前20 d,中低浓度组活性被诱导升高,高浓度组受抑制降低。暴露30 d时,中低浓度组活性降低,高浓度组逐渐升高。MDA活性在暴露前20 d时,中低浓度组活性整体被诱导升高,高浓度组受抑制降低。暴露30 d时,活性受到显著抑制均低于对照组。GSH活性以诱导为主均高于对照组,POD活性在10 d时均低于对照组,而在20 d时被诱导升高且均高于对照组,30 d时中高浓度以抑制为主。上述研究结果为水质污染控制及生态风险评价提供了基础数据。     

内分泌干扰物莠去津对鲫鱼血清激素的影响

为了研究低剂量条件下,内分泌干扰物莠去津对鲫鱼血清激素的影响,探讨其作用机理和剂量-效应关系,同时筛选出敏感的生物标志物,实验以除草剂莠去津对鲫鱼进行低剂量染毒(染毒浓度0～3mg·L-1),采用放射免疫法测定莠去津长期暴露下(60d)幼年雄性鲫鱼血清中性激素(17β-雌二醇(E2)、睾酮(T))及甲状腺激素(促甲状腺激素(TSH)、三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3))的浓度,并将测定结果与空白对照及溶剂对照进行比较.结果发现:1)莠去津长期暴露下,各处理组鲫鱼血清E2浓度普遍升高,0.023、0.094、1.500、3.000mg·L-1组与空白对照相比,升高显著(p<0.05);2)各处理组鲫鱼血清T浓度与空白对照相比均无显著性差异(p>0.05);3)莠去津长期暴露下,低浓度莠去津组(0.006、0.023mg·L-1组)鲫鱼血清TSH浓度与空白对照相比差异不显著(p>0.05),而高浓度莠去津组(0.094、1.500、3.000mg·L-1组)则显著降低(p<0.05);4)类似地,莠去津长期暴露下,低浓度莠去津组(0.006、0.023、0.094、0.375、1.500mg·L-1组)鲫鱼血清T3浓度与空白对照相比差异不显著(p>0.05),只有高浓度莠去津组(3.000mg·L-1组)显著升高(p<0.05).实验结果表明,低剂量长期暴露下,莠去津对鲫鱼体内性激素及甲状腺激素具有一定的干扰作用,尤其是对17β-雌二醇影响更为显著,因此,17β-雌二醇可作为评价农药内分泌干扰效应的生物标志物.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.