黑龙江省“十三五”时期生态环境质量变化及趋势预测

以黑龙江省生态环境监测网监测结果为基础,总结归纳了"十三五"期间黑龙江省生态环境质量变化特征,并采用随机森林和GM(1,1)预测模型对"十四五"期间黑龙江省生态环境质量状况进行了预测。结果表明:"十三五"期间,黑龙江省环境空气、水环境和声环境质量全面好转。其中,环境空气主要污染物PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂和CO的年均质量浓度均呈现出明显下降的趋势,"哈大绥"重点区域PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂和CO年均质量浓度呈现下降趋势。地表水水质总体呈波动变化趋势,水质状况均为轻度污染。"十四五"期间,黑龙江省生态环境质量将处于稳中向好的趋势。环境空气主要污染物及地表水主要污染指标年均质量浓度均呈现明显的下降趋势,道路交通声环境质量也将得到进一步改善。     

西安市环境空气PM2.5污染现状及对策初探

文章通过对西安市城市环境空气PM_2.5试点监测数据深入分析,初步摸清了区域PM_2.5污染水平及分布规律,提出了污染防治对策和建议,对现阶段的环境空气PM_2.5污染防治有着重要的参考价值。     

滁州市臭氧污染特征及一次连续臭氧污染过程分析

利用滁州市环境空气质量监测数据和气象观测数据,分析了滁州市O₃污染基本特征,并着重分析了一次连续O₃污染过程中气象因素、VOCs以及其他污染物对于O₃浓度的影响。结果表明:滁州市环境空气污染类型正由"PM_2.5型"向"PM_2.5和O₃混合型"转变,O₃污染程度呈现加重趋势,污染持续时间有所拉长。9月4—9日一次连续O₃污染过程中O₃呈单峰状;受到光化学生成和区域传输共同影响,峰值时气温大多在30℃以上,相对湿度较小,风速大多处于小风区(WS≤1 m/s),也有部分处于风速较大区域(WS>3 m/s);VOCs/NO_x比值法和O₃/NO_x比值法均反映此次连续O₃污染为VOCs控制;体积分数较大的VOCs物种主要为烷烃,其中单个体积分数最大的物种是乙烷;烯烃是对O₃生成贡献最大的关键活性组分,对O₃生成潜势的贡献为53.5%,控制1-戊烯、反2-戊烯、异戊二烯、间/对二甲苯等物种可以有效控制光化学生成对此次O₃污染过程的影响。     

2种环境空气中甲烷自动监测方法的比对分析

光腔衰荡光谱法(CRDS)和气相色谱法（GC）均被广泛应用于环境空气中甲烷（CH₄）的测定。采用CRDS和GC这2种自动监测方法对CH₄标准气体和环境空气样品进行分析比对。结果表明,通过使用统一的标准气体和校准方法,2种方法测定CH₄标准气体的不确定度均＜0.5%,CRDS法的不确定度更低;2种方法测定CH₄环境空气样品结果的平均相对误差为0.28%,Z检验法显示,2种方法没有显著性差异,并具有很高的相关性和一致性。提出,对于测量精度和稳定性更高的大气CH₄监测领域,建议优先选用CRDS法或经过比对达到同等性能的方法;而对于测量精度和稳定性要求稍低的CH₄排放源及周边等监测领域,可以采用GC法。     

郑州市大气PM2.5的污染特征及源解析

为全面解析郑州市环境空气PM_2.5的化学特征及来源,按照城市功能分区的差异,在郑州市沿主导风向选择4个监测点位,采用大流量采样器分别在采暖季和非采暖季采集40个PM_2.5样品。监测数据表明,郑州市环境空气PM_2.5在采暖季和非采暖季的浓度范围均值高达197、173μg/m³,已属于严重污染;PM_2.5成分分析结果表明,Zn、Pb、Cu、Mn等是PM_2.5中的主要污染元素,其富集系数分别为110、94.9、10.9和5.0;主成分分析结果表明,建筑扬尘、土壤尘及道路扬尘、汽车尾气、煤炭燃烧是郑州市PM_2.5的主要来源,其累计贡献率超过90%。     

衡水夏季典型时段VOCs污染特征及O3污染过程分析

选取臭氧（O₃）污染高发的7月为夏季典型月，采用自动观测设备，从前体物VOCs的浓度水平及O₃生成潜势（OFP），前体物、气象因素与O₃相关性等多方面研究了衡水市O₃污染影响因素，并剖析了一次典型的O₃污染过程，以期为衡水市夏季O₃污染防治提供科学参考。研究结果表明：衡水市VOCs主要组分浓度占比为烷烃 > 烯烃 > 芳香烃 > 乙炔，主要组分对总OFP的贡献为烯烃 > 芳香烃 > 烷烃 > 乙炔；O₃与前体物VOCs、NO₂存在负相关性，与温度存在正相关性；相对湿度低于48%时，O₃和相对湿度呈负相关性，相对湿度高于48%时，O₃和相对湿度呈正相关性；气团中VOCs化学组成稳定性较低，平均VOCs最大增量反应活性（MIR）较低，为4.855gO₃/gVOCs；衡水市7月2—4日重度污染过程受本地生成和区域传输叠加影响。     

河源市2014-2017年空气污染特征及天气类型分析

利用2014—2017年河源城区环境空气自动监测站数据和气象数据，对期间出现的污染天气过程进行统计，对影响污染的天气类型进行分类。结果表明，2014—2017年，河源城区累计出现污染天气65 d，超标污染物主要为PM_2.5和O₃，O₃超标比例逐年上升成为达标率首要影响因子。PM_2.5易污染天气型中冷高压出海占比最多（38.2%），其次为冷锋前（17.7%）和均压场（14.8%）；O₃易污染天气型中副高控制占比最多（31.0%），其次为副高叠加台风外围（24.1%）和冷高压出海（13.8%）及均压场（13.8%）。河源城区低程度污染（AQI值101～110）占比较大。     

宁波市区冬季大气颗粒物及其主要组分的污染特征分析

为了更好地研究影响宁波市区环境空气质量的污染物变化特征,于2010年1月20—30日进行了加强监测。研究结果表明,宁波市区大气中PM₁₀和PM_2.5质量浓度较高,其中PM_2.5/PM₁₀为0.5~0.85。对PM₁₀和PM_2.5采样膜分析,水溶性粒子和含碳组分分别占PM₁₀和PM_2.5质量浓度的56.7%和66.9%,其中二次污染的水溶性离子SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺是PM₁₀和PM_2.5中浓度较高的离子组分;PM_2.5样品中OC与EC的相关性较好,表明OC与EC的来源相对一致,可能主要来自机动车尾气的贡献;但PM₁₀样品中OC与EC的相关性较差,表明其来源相对复杂;其中SOC的浓度占OC的13%~35%,说明宁波市区冬季导致二次污染的光化学反应不活跃。     

徐州市不同类型颗粒物重污染过程特征及组分差异性分析

经过多年的大气污染防治,我国空气质量有了大幅改善,但重污染过程仍有发生。对2018—2021年徐州市3种不同类型颗粒物重污染过程的污染特征、演变趋势、PM_2.5组分特征和相关性及污染成因分析结果表明:在不同类型的重污染过程中,二次无机离子NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺在PM_2.5中的占比均是最高。在累积型重污染期间,NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺分别增长144%、142%、183%,二次无机离子对PM_2.5的增长贡献较大。结合相关性分析及SOR、NOR值发现,硝酸盐和硫酸盐的二次生成作用显著。在沙尘型重污染期间,结合雷达监测结果及后向轨迹图可以看出,沙尘沉降至高空与近地面污染物叠加造成颗粒物高值。化学组分中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺浓度对PM_2.5浓度的影响最大,二次生成和转化对其影响较小。在烟花燃放型重污染期间,和烟花爆竹有关的K⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-离子较污染前分别上升1 112%、2 058%、和239%,对污染过程影响显著。     

西安市大气颗粒物PM2.5与降水关系的探讨

对西安市2011年的降水及PM_2.5进行采样,并对其进行了pH及无机水溶性离子测定。结果表明,西安市酸雨的污染类型以硫酸型污染为主,连续性降水对大气颗粒物的去除效果明显,pH随降水量的增加而减小。对采样日降水前和降水后3 h的PM_2.5监测结果表明降水对PM_2.5质量浓度与其中的离子有一定去除作用。西安市的PM_2.5呈酸性,并且与降水的pH有着很好的相关性;另外降水前PM_2.5的质量浓度、SO₄^2-浓度与降水pH呈负相关,NO₃^-与降水pH的相关性不明显。近几年PM_2.5和降水中的SO₄^2-/NO₃^-当量值变化趋势表明西安市大气污染已步入煤烟和机动车尾气混合型污染类型,且机动车污染对大气污染和酸雨的贡献比例有所增加。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Cyanobacterial Flora from Polluted Marine Shores

Citation of cyanobacterial cultures from the shores of south west coast of Gujarat, India and their relationship with sea water quality, influenced by extensive pollutant runoff is reported in this study. Intensity of pollution was evaluated by physico-chemical analysis of water. Higher load of suspended solids (60–1000 mg l⁻¹) and nutrients (PO₄ ⁻P: 1.3–4 μmole l⁻¹ and NO₃ ⁻N: 12.5–17.8 μmole l⁻¹) were persistent throughout the analysis. Community structure is seen to be influenced by such persistent pollution. Twenty nine cyanobacterial species were isolated belonging to 9 genera of 4 families, with an elevated occurrence of Oscillatoria and Lyngbya species. No heterocystous cyanobacteria were isolated throughout the study.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.