基于DEMATEL/ISM的“三高”油气井井喷事故致因模型研究

针对"三高"油气井井喷事故危害的严重性,基于集成的DEMATEL/ISM算法建立"三高"油气井井喷事故致因模型。通过提取事故一般性致因因素,利用专家知识确定因素间的关联矩阵,基于集成的DEMATEL/ISM算法,采用定性与定量相结合的方法对致因因素进行结构化处理,并运用到实际案例中,确立了影响川东地区高含硫油气田井喷事故的关键致因因素,形成具有层级关系的事故致因网络。结果表明,钻井现场施工过程中需要加强对节流压井管汇失效、井筒完整性失效等直接致因以及信息传递不畅、人员技能不足等过渡致因的控制,同时加强井队的安全文化教育,提高工人的安全意识,改善地质勘探技术,提高对井下地质环境的认识,是预防井喷事故的长久之计。     

Pilot project on sustainability management accounting with the Styrian automobile cluster

The paper is based on a project with the Styrian automobile cluster in Austria and selected member companies. In six companies, the environmental management costs, as well as further costs for health and safety, risk management and other social issues were assessed. Less tangible items and external effects are addressed. Starting with the efforts to assess the financial effects of the sustainability performance indicators provided by the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) for sustainability reporting, the UN DSD (United Nations Division for Sustainable Development) method for environmental management accounting (EMA) was enlarged by several other cost categories. This paper describes these and the experiences from the pilot projects.The two major cost drivers are the purchase costs of non-product output and the costs related to lost working days because of sick leave and accidents and the overtime pay to make up for these lost working days. The work of the Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) department helps to reduce these costs. The cost assessment scheme allows one to better understand the relationships between costs for treatment of undesired effects due to unimplemented protection measures and lost material purchase value in comparison to the prevention costs, which mainly consist of the internal management departments and related external consultants.The assessment of sustainability management costs is of interest for organisations, which already publish a sustainability report and want to more accurately assess the financial effects of such aspects addressed via EMA. It is also useful for small and medium sized companies, which use the assessment as a starting point to shape their (EHS) system. The main benefits are more accurate data and better arguments for investment appraisal or performance indicators as well as improved consistency of information and management systems that should help them to improve their environmental, social and economic performance.     

环境微纳塑料的分析方法进展

为探究环境中微纳塑料的含量、归趋和生态风险,发展可靠的检测方法是重要前提.目前,对微纳塑料的分析方法多种多样,国内外已有多篇综述归纳了各方法的优缺点,甚至提出了"统一"或"标准化"的方法.然而,由于研究目标和技术方法本身的成熟度不同等原因,很难笼统地提出一套适用于所有监测或研究的方法.微纳塑料的研究是基于颗粒性和尺寸效应的研究,笔者将其划分为大粒级微塑料（0.02~5 mm）、小粒级微塑料（1~20 μm）和纳米塑料（1~1 000 nm）3个类别,分别概述各粒级的分析方法进展和技术目标等.对于大粒级微塑料,已形成相对成熟的检测方案,适合开展常规监测和大规模基线数据的调查,但方法多样化,数据的质量不统一导致可比性差,提高方法的可行性和统一性是努力重点;对于20 μm以下的小粒级微塑料,检测的准确度有待提高,发展可靠的定性及定量方法是当前的目标;对于1 000 nm以下的塑料颗粒和可溶性聚合物,发展尚不成熟,需要研究更有效的前处理和分析方法.今后,应针对不同粒级微纳塑料所面临的问题开展方法学研究,加强对微纳塑料环境行为等的基础研究,并逐步发展微纳塑料的预测模型,在可靠数据的基础上进行全面的生态风险评估.      

工业重大危险源安全与环境影响研究

分析了现有各类安全与环境影响分析方法的不足之处,在此基础上提出一种基于模拟分析思想的事故后果分析方法,选取伤害范围分析法和模拟预测模型对工业重大危险源进行安全与环境影响分析,根据分析结果对其危险性进行分级,并将该方法应用到某工程项目,得到了工业重大危验源的各种事故伤害影响范围以及环境污染影响范围.实践证明,此方法能够对工业重大危险源进行安全与环境影响评价.     

公路建设的生态环境影响评价

生态环境影响评价是公路建设环评中的一个重要内容，在给出定量分析生态环境质量现状及对生态环境质量的影响、水土流失面积的估算方法时，预测生态环境影响，提出减轻生态环境影响的措施。     

A case study on artificial intelligence based cleaner production evaluation system for surface treatment facilities

The metal finishing industry is water intensive. Surveys of South African metal finishing companies indicate that water consumption is as high as 400 L/m² of metal surface treated, whilst best available practice can achieve less than 10 L/m². The industry uses hazardous chemicals such as chrome VI, cadmium, nickel and cyanide. If consumption of these chemicals can be optimized, quantities of heavy metals released into the environment will be reduced. In some cases where cleaner production techniques were applied by local companies, heavy metals have been completely eliminated from effluents discharged to municipal sewers, which represent a significant benefit to the urban environment. This benefit was accompanied by significant reduction in the use of chemicals, with a concomitant cost saving and competitive advantage to the companies concerned.A Danish environmental aid initiative promoted cleaner production in the South African metal finishing industry. Local consultants were trained by Danish experts in this field. The general methodology was to conduct an audit of the chemical, water, human resource and environment aspects of the company and compare it to best available practice. Once the review was completed, a detailed feasibility was performed on systems and equipment required to reduce chemical consumption, water consumption, human resources and environmental impact. Applied to a number of South African companies, these methods have typically achieved reductions of the order of 90% in water use and 50–60% in the use of chemicals.There were difficulties in applying the Danish methodology to South African metal finishing companies, as it makes use of quantitative indices derived from the process operations. The companies are often small and technically unsophisticated, and do not have ready access to the process data that are needed. An alternate system is required to simplify the evaluation and optimization process. This paper proposes a case study on a fuzzy-logic operator based evaluation system that outputs the cleaner production status of the company. The model is compared to an established cleaner production tool.     

Analysing influencing factors of corporate environmental information collection,management and communication

Relevant and understandable environmental information about production and products is needed in any attempt to mitigate environmental impact from production, products, and consumption. This paper introduces an analytical framework for studying the drivers, barriers and enablers of corporate environmental information collection, management and communication. The framework is built up by two main parts. In the first, we sort out what corporate environmental information is and how to spot gaps in information collection, management and communication. The second part examines the stakeholders and company features that could constitute important influencing factors. The framework is intended to support qualitative and quantitative studies which aim to increase understanding of what shapes the flow of environmental information in companies and product chains.     

事故综合统计分析法在腈纶安全生产事故中的应用

介绍了事故综合统计分析方法,在对上海石化股份公司腈纶部事故资料的分析中,找出其中带有规律性的事件及影响腈纶生产工作岗位引发事故的主要因素,把这些因素对事故的影响程度进行比较,从而确定腈纶生产岗位防止安全事故的对策。     

油田生产设施环境安全距离理论与估算--以胜利油田东辛采油厂为例

油田生产设施环境安全距离为减轻或避免生产设施的潜在环境危害．解决城市发展和油田企业之间的利益冲突,以及事故后的人群紧急疏散提供了科学的决策依据。以胜利油田东辛采油厂为例．对井场类、站库类和管线类三类主要油气生产设施的环境安全距离进行了研究和估算。对于井场类设施．主要研究估算了井喷H2S泄漏的环境风险安全距离;对于站库类设施,主要研究估算了噪声环境影响安全距离;对于管线类设施,主要研究估算了泄漏事故环境风险安全距离。通过现场测量和模拟实验证明．估算结果比较可靠。     

CO2-emission reduction costs for petroleum refineries in Sweden

Possibilities to reduce CO₂ emissions and related costs at Swedish petroleum refineries have been estimated. An evaluation of the direct impact on costs for emission-reducing measures due to the inclusion in the EU ETS is also made. Abatement measures possible to implement within the next 5–6 years at Shell refinery Gothenburg corresponding to a 8% reduction, and at Preemraff Lysekil corresponding to 22% of the estimated fossil CO₂ emissions in 2010 have been included. Many of the estimated abatement costs are negative, meaning cost savings for the companies if implemented. The cost estimates are strongly linked to the fuel prices. The inclusion of industries in the EU ETS increases the incentives for companies to implement CO₂ abatement measures.     

中国环境风险现状及发展趋势分析

基于国内2000-2009年以来环境污染事故统计资料,深入分析了中国现阶段环境风险类型、事故高发区域、事故损失、环境风险事故诱因等特征,并对其环境风险演变趋势进行了判断。新时期中国经济增长方式处于转变阶段,以布局型环境隐患和结构型环境风险为首要威胁,风险类型更加复杂化,事故影响范围进一步扩大,由于居民消费转型与科技发展带来的新型环境风险更是不可预知,环境风险压力进一步增大。     

石油炼制项目环境影响评价中的清洁生产评价

石油炼制业是高污染高能耗行业,在我国,该行业存在着巨大的清洁生产潜力,发掘这些潜力对于节能减排有着重要的意义。文中通过频度统计-资料调研-专家咨询的方法,建立了炼油行业清洁生产评价的一般性指标体系。采用了定性指标也参与定量化评价的方法,对某炼油厂新建600万t/a常减压蒸馏装置进行了清洁生产评价实践,判断出其清洁生产潜力,提出了清洁生产改进措施。通过实践,验证了评价程序与方法的可行性,并提出了今后发展的建议。该研究对炼油企业拟建项目的清洁生产评价、现有工程的清洁生产审核以及企业实施清洁生产后的清洁生产绩效评价有一定的实际指导意义。     

Informational uncertainties of risk assessment about accidents of chemicals

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅａｃｃｉｄｅｎｔａｌｒｉｓｋａｓｓｅｓｓｍｅｎｔｏｆｔｈｅｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｓｉｓａｆｒｏｎｔｉｅｒｓｃｉｅｎｃｅａｎｄｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙｒｅｆｅｒｒｅｄｔｏｂｏｔｈｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｓｃｉｅｎｃｅａｎｄｓａｆｅｔｙｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ .Ｉｎｒｅｃｅｎｔｙｅａｒｓｍａｎｙｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｗｏｒｋｅｒｓｉｎｔｈｉｓｆｉｅｌｄｈａｖｅｄｏｎｅｉｔ.Ｔｈｅａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌａｃｃｉｄｅｎｔｓｍａｉｎｌｙｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅｌｅａｋａｇｅ…     

三氯氢硅储罐环境风险评价事故树分析

采用事件树和故障树分析方法,对三氯氢硅储罐风险事故源进行了定量和定性分析。事件树定量分析结果为：储罐一旦发生泄漏事故,三氯氢硅泄漏事故概率为6．16×10-6,火灾、爆炸事故概率为3．08×10-6,中毒事故概率为7．61×10-7。故障树定性分析结果为：三氯氢硅蒸汽与空气混合浓度达到爆炸极限事件的结构重要度最大,其次是三氯氢硅泄漏事件,再次是点火源及罐区存在冷却水事件。通过事件树一故障树分析,探讨了储罐泄漏的事故后果及火灾、爆炸事故的主要原因,并提出了相应的防范措施。     

基于复配改性木质素磺酸铵的环保型木质材料的生命周期评价

利用改性木质素制备的木质材料其生产过程对生态环境有重要的影响.为探讨该环保型木质材料的可行性,利用Ga Bi 6.0软件,对基于复配改性木质素磺酸铵的环保型木质材料(HMIL/WF)进行生命周期评价,比较分析生命周期各生产环节的非生物资源耗竭、酸化效应、富营养化、全球变暖潜值、臭氧层破坏潜能以及光化学臭氧生成潜力等主要环境影响类型.结果表明:在HMIL/WF材料生命周期的3个子系统中,纤维制造子系统对各环境影响贡献值最大,此次是产品成型子系统,后期加工子系统对环境影响最小.全球变暖潜值是HMIL/WF材料环境影响的主要类型,占总环境影响值的73.09%,环境影响大小依次为全球变暖潜值、酸化效应、光化学臭氧生成潜力、富营养化、非生物资源耗竭和臭氧层破坏潜能.热能消耗的环境影响最为严重,占HMIL/WF材料生命周期总环境影响的44.77%.各生产环节的环境影响大小顺序依次为热能消耗、电能消耗、H_2O_2生产、木质素磺酸铵(AL)制备和运输阶段.热能消耗环节的全球变暖潜值、酸化效应、光化学臭氧生成潜力、富营养化和非生物资源耗竭的影响值为HMIL/WF材料生产各环节的最高值;运输阶段产生了最高的臭氧层破坏潜能.与传统中密度纤维板的生命周期环境影响潜值总值(4.71×10~(-9))相比,HMIL/WF材料的环境影响总值(4.22×10~(-9))减少了10.4%.     

Integrated environmental product innovation in the region of Munich and its impact on company competitiveness

This paper examines the impact of environmental innovations on company competitiveness of both the environment industry and related sectors in the region of Munich. The focus is on the drivers of these innovations and their respective effects on innovating companies. Not only innovations in the area of end-of-pipe technologies, but also the development of integrated products and production methods are examined. In a regional case study approach, a sample of 14 manufacturing and service companies in Munich (Southern Germany) was interviewed. Essentially, environmental innovation is driven by a mixture of factors internal and external to the firm: not only regulatory pressure, but also cost pressure, competitive advantages, technological lead and customer pressure are important drivers. Regulatory pushed innovations contribute to the competitive performance of sample companies in a similar way as environmental innovations which are carried out voluntarily. That would yield proof for the so-called Porter hypothesis which assumes that environmental legislation stimulates innovation and leads to “win–win” opportunities where simultaneously pollution is reduced and productivity increased.     

Estimation of probabilities and likely consequences of a chain of accidents (domino effect) in Manali Industrial Complex

Chains of accidents (the domino effect) have been occurring with ever increasing frequency in chemical process industries. This is reflected in several accidents ‘J Loss Prevent Process Ind 12 (1999a) 361’; the world's worst industrial accident of the 1990s — the Vishakhpatnam disaster — also involved the domino effect ‘J Loss Prevent Process Ind 12 (1999a) 361; and Process Safety Prog 18 (1999b) 135’. Such chains of accidents have a greater propensity to cause damage than stand-alone accidents ‘Process Safety Prog 17(2) (1998a) 107; and J Loss Prevent Process Ind 12 (1999a) 361’.In order to assess the likelihood of occurrence of the domino effect and its damage potential, use of deterministic models in conjunction with probabilistic analysis is required. Recently we have proposed a systematic methodology called ‘domino effect analysis’ (DEA). A computer-automated tool, DOMIFFECT, has also been developed by us based on DEA ‘Process Safety Prog 17(2) (1998a) 107; Environment Model Software 13 (1998b) 163; and Risk assessment in chemical process industries: advanced techniques. Discovery Publishing House (1998c)’.This paper illustrates the application of DEA and DOMIFFECT to an industrial complex comprising 16 different industries. Out of 12 credible accident scenarios envisaged in three different industries — namely Madras Refineries Limited (MRL), UB Petrochemicals (UBP) and Indian Organic Chemicals Limited (IOCL), eight scenarios are likely to cause the domino effect. A further detailed analysis reveals that accidents in the storage of liquified petroleum gas and propylene and in the reflux drum units of MRL may cause domino effects. Similarly, propylene storage of UBP and monoethylene glycol storage of IOCL are also likely to cause domino effects. The impact of various chains of accidents has been forecast which reveals that in several cases the accidents may be catastrophic, harming the entire industrial complex of 16 industries. The study leads to the identification of ‘hot spots’ — units that pose the greatest risk — in turn forewarning the industries concerned and enabling them to prioritize and augment accident-prevention steps.     

The feasibility of including sustainability in LCA for product development

The feasibility of combining the concept of sustainability principles and the methodology of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is examined. The goal is to achieve an operational tool that incorporates sustainability in product development and strategic planning. While the method outlined has the structure of LCA, it emphasises aspects and parameters often omitted from traditional LCA. The analysis and results can be either qualitative or semi-quantitative. Although a qualitative analysis is less time consuming, it can still highlight the important issues. Qualitative information, which is easily lost in a quantitative analysis, can be emphasised. One of the conclusions is that the method is well suited for screening analysis.     

Environmental impact assessment of non-wood based pulp production by soda-anthraquinone pulping process

Paper pulp manufacturing is the main non-food industrial utilization of plant biomass. Non-wood and agricultural residues are potential raw materials in the production of specialty papers. This chapter aims to quantify the environmental impacts associated with non-wood high quality paper pulp manufacture via soda-anthraquinone (AQ) cooking process by means of the application of LCA methodology in a cradle-to-gate analysis. Hemp (Cannabis sativa) and Flax (Linum usitatissimum) were evaluated as raw materials for the production of high quality non-porous pulp. A specialty paper pulp mill was analysed in detail and process chain was divided in six subsystems: agricultural activities, chemicals production, electricity production, transport, pulp production and waste treatment. Inventory data came from interviews and surveys (on-site measurements). When necessary, the data were completed with bibliographic resources.Abiotic resources depletion (AD), global warming (GW), ozone layer depletion (OLD), human toxicity (HT), ecotoxicity, photochemical oxidant formation (POF), acidification (A) and eutrophication (E) were the impact categories analysed in this study. According to the results, the environmental impact is mainly caused by the production of chemicals, electricity and fibres (agricultural activities) due to greenhouse gases emissions, phosphorous and nitrogen compounds emissions. The activities inside the pulp mill present minor contribution to almost all impact categories, excluding GW (15%) and E (6%) as well as OLD (25%). This study provides useful information for non-wood based industries related not only to pulp manufacture but also to panels or biorefineries with the aim of increasing their sustainability.     

高原装备驾驶室的密封性要求及技术应用

对驾驶室密封性的定义进行了一般性解释,并且根据高原动力装备的特殊使用环境,按国军标要求系统提出了高原装备驾驶室的密封性定性定量要求(含指标体系),最后根据驾驶室典型的密封方式阐述了具体的工程技术措施和手段,主要包括驾驶室结构焊缝和对接焊缝的密封、操纵杆件及过线孔处的密封、风窗玻璃及车门的密封、隔音降噪材料的应用等,通过这些措施,可规范(指导)驾驶室的密封性设计。