安全的自然属性和社会属性

通过对安全、安全系统、安全动力学等基本概念的探讨 ,提出了安全属性概念 ,拓展了安全、安全系统的内涵 ;同时运用科学学、哲学、系统科学和系统动力学等方法 ,从安全属性的角度研究了安全的规律性。笔者还指出安全系统动力学方法是研究安全规律性的途径。这些探讨和研究为安全科学的充实和发展起到了积极的推动作用     

安全研究的预设和途径及新观点

由于安全问题的复杂性和多样性,安全理论一般都很难被广大安全工作者高度认同。因此,亟需研究厘清安全的维度、给出安全研究的预设、梳理安全研究的途径和开拓新的安全理论。本文运用理论研究、科学分类和逻辑思辨等方法对上述几个方面的问题开展研究,首先从安全边界、安全主体、安全物资、安全环境、安全知识、安全管理、安全信息7个方面梳理了安全的维度,给出了几条安全研究的预设;其次,梳理了从事故预防、风险管理和本源安全出发的安全研究3条途径,并比较了它们的优缺点等;最后综述了近年出现的3种安全新思想。研究结果对认识安全研究的复杂性、合理选择安全研究路径、寻找未来安全工作新方向新领域等具有重要的理论和实际意义。     

太钢安全工作新思路的尝试

太钢自1996年以来,开始了“大安全”工作思路,狠抓了人身安全,职业卫生安全,设备设施安全,生产组织安全,技术工艺安全,交通安全,消防安全,后勤保障安全,医疗卫生安全,环境保护,社会活动安全等,取得了很大效果。     

施工组织非正式网络结构特征与组织安全行为的关系研究

为了提升建筑施工安全管理水平,从社会网络的视角分析了施工组织非正式网络的结构特征对组织安全行为的影响关系,构建了施工组织非正式网络结构特征、安全沟通和组织安全行为的理论模型,实证分析了91个施工组织非正式网络的结构特征,使用多层回归分析的方法验证了上述模型。结果表明:网络密度对组织安全行为有显著正向影响,安全沟通在密度与组织安全行为的关系中起到了部分中介作用;出度中心势对组织安全行为有显著正向影响,安全沟通起到了完全中介作用;入度中心势对组织安全行为没有显著影响,安全沟通没有起到中介作用;中间中心势对组织安全行为没有显著影响,安全沟通没有起到中介作用;平均路径长度对组织安全行为有显著负向影响,安全沟通起到了完全中介作用;聚类系数对组织安全行为有显著正向影响,安全沟通起到了完全中介作用。     

基于微信平台微学习的安全宣教新模式研究

为促进安全宣传教育,打破传统安全宣教的局限性与不足,提出了基于微信平台微学习的安全宣教新模式。对安全宣教的内涵进行了分析,从现有宣教模式的不足出发,结合微信平台在移动教育上的优势,论证了基于微信平台开展安全宣教的可行性;分析了构建基于微信平台微学习的安全宣教新模式的核心理论:负荷理论、活动理论和安全教育理论;遵循PDCA循环构建了基于微信平台微学习的安全宣教新模式,包括前端分析、安全宣教实施过程、安全宣教绩效评估和安全宣教模式改进4个阶段;提出了应用安全宣教新模式的优化建议。研究结果表明:基于微信平台微学习的安全宣教新模式可以弥补现有安全宣教方法的不足,并能丰富安全宣传教育的理论基础。     

电焊工安全培训策略研究

本文阐述了电焊工安全培训的意义,分析了安全意识薄弱、安全培训体系不完善、安全培训方法创新不足等电焊工安全培训过程中遇到的困难,从提高电焊工安全意识、完善安全培训体系和创新安全培训方法3个方面提出了电焊工安全培训的具体策略,旨在提高电焊工安全培训质量,规范电焊工安全作业,避免安全生产事故的发生。     

中国职业安全的现实问题

中国职业安全现实引起社会关注,特别是务工农民伤亡事故的数字背后,隐含着对职业安全的认识,职业人群的安全健康理念,职业安全健康的法规基础等深层次问题。笔者指出了现代职业安全存在的现实状况;提出需要关注的难点;强调人的安全健康是职业安全的实质;给出了职业安全与安全生产的差异,分析了务工农民的安全意识与安全文化冲突,呼吁职业安全需要法律保障,建立一体化的职业安全健康法律法规体系,以《宪法》为基础,以人为本,保护从业人员的安全健康。     

我国安全产业发展现状与战略研究

安全产业是改善安全生产状况,实现安全发展的重要支撑和保障。本文明确了安全产业的相关概念及分类,对国内外安全产业发展状况进行了较为全面深入的调查,分析了我国安全产业发展的形势和主要问题,研究提出了我国安全产业发展的战略思路、原则及主要目标,明确了安全产业发展主要方向,重点领域、关键技术和重点产品,并提出了安全产业发展的重点工程和政策措施建议,为制定出台我国安全产业发展的政策措施、地方政府制定安全产业园区规划和企业投资发展安全产业提供重要的理论参考。     

安全理念教育

开展安全理念教育,形成正确的安全观念和态度,对提高安全教育培训的效果,强化企业安全管理,形成良好的安全文化氛围至关重要.分析了一些错误的安全认识及现象,阐述了安全理念教育的必要性、内容及方法,指出正确的安全态度的形成仅仅依赖安全教育是不够的,还有赖于企业日常安全管理及安全文化氛围.     

从安全生产到安全政治的安全生产理念演化

通过回顾历史,系统总结了新中国成立60余年来,安全生产理念从安全生产,安全经济,安全发展到安全政治的演化过程,获得安全政治是安全生产理念的最高形式的结论,并分析了安全政治的保障系统。     

System safety assessment using safety entropy

Safety assessment has a primary role in hazardous operations. Most studies on safety assessment focus on risk and accident modeling, in which safety is absent. These top-down methods are highly dependent on the occurred accidents to establish accidental scenarios, which may make the assessment approach lagging behind the evolving modern systems. Moreover, this “special to general” logic is scientifically suspect in safety assessment. There is a call for the development of safety assessment methods in the presence of system safety to complement risk-focused safety analysis. These methods should provide a framework based on a bottom-up approach to examine system safety from the operational perspective. This paper has attempted to provide a potential solution. In particular, a novel concept of safety entropy is proposed to integrate with The Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM), which is used to form the qualitative understanding of a system. A formula consisted of safety entropy, functional conformability, and system complexity has been established to determine the spontaneity of the safety state-changing process. The proposed method is applied to the safety assessment of a propane feed-control system. The results show the applicability of the method. Nevertheless, the model still needs to be further improved to fulfill better support for safety-related decision problems.     

Promoting safety by training supervisors and safety representatives for daily safety work

Safety at Finnish work places is mainly considered to be the task of a separate safety organization, e.g., a safety manager and safety delegates. However, it is the supervisor who is responsible for the daily safety in the departments. The Finnish paper industry has developed a supplementary system for the safety organization to carry out safety work in the factories. The monitoring and improving of the daily safety has been delegated to small groups in the production departments. These small groups consist of the supervisor and the safety representative (worker member) of the work area. Sometimes also a department manager or a member of the maintenance department may participate in the work group. A training program was designed to give basic knowledge and skills for the groups. The course has helped the participants to better outline their duties and activities within the safety field.     

Exploratory analysis of the safety climate and safety behavior relationship

Problem: Safety climate refers to the degree to which employees believe true priority is given to organizational safety performance, and its measurement is thought to provide an “early warning” of potential safety system failure(s). However, researchers have struggled over the last 25 years to find empirical evidence to demonstrate actual links between safety climate and safety performance.Method: A safety climate measure was distributed to manufacturing employees at the beginning of a behavioral safety initiative and redistributed one year later.Results: Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that perceptions of the importance of safety training were predictive of actual levels of safety behavior. The results also demonstrate that the magnitude of change in perceptual safety climate scores will not necessarily match actual changes (r=0.56, n.s.) in employee's safety behavior.Discussion: This study obtained empirical links between safety climate scores and actual safety behavior. Confirming and contradicting findings within the extant safety climate literature, the results strongly suggest that the hypothesized climate-behavior-accident path is not as clear cut as commonly assumed.Summary: A statistical link between safety climate perceptions and safety behavior will be obtained when sufficient behavioral data is collected.Impact on Industry: The study further supports the use of safety climate measures as useful diagnostic tools in ascertaining employee's perceptions of the way that safety is being operationalized.     

安全系统的功能安全的发展及实施建议

安全系统的功能安全是基于整体安全生命周期的风险控制与管理,是安全管理学和安全监控技术的新发展。有效的开展功能安全相关工作是进一步落实科技兴安战略和预防为主方针的必然要求,对于减低安全生产事故风险,提高安全监控监管监察效能,缩小安全技术差距具有重要意义。实施功能安全相关工作需要各行业协调行动,从战略高度进行综合分析、宏观设计、统筹安排和合理规划。对功能安全研究与应用、安全生产法规标准、产业发展、科研试验、人才队伍等方面进行了探讨,在加大功能安全相关研发投入,增强科技扶持力度,提高功能安全准入门槛,建设功能安全认证服务机构,发展功能安全产业,培养功能安全专业人才等方面提出了相应的建议措施。     

The role of safety research in road safety management

Mobility is a matter of great importance in daily life: However, it also causes costs and involves accident risks. To make mobility safer and reduce accident risks, a scientifically based road safety management is needed. Within such a safety management system, a concert of adequate and efficient strategies, tools and measures is developed and implemented. To ensure that the chosen means are efficient they should be derived from research evidence. Secondly, research is also needed to regularly monitor the impact of road safety management tools, serving as a “controlling instrument” for the appropriateness of safety management efforts. This article explains the main strategic aspects of safety management in Germany and illustrates it exemplarily on the basis of two recently implemented road safety measures.     

Offshore safety case approach and formal safety assessment of ships

PROBLEM: Tragic marine and offshore accidents have caused serious consequences including loss of lives, loss of property, and damage of the environment. METHOD: A proactive, risk-based "goal setting" regime is introduced to the marine and offshore industries to increase the level of safety. DISCUSSION: To maximize marine and offshore safety, risks need to be modeled and safety-based decisions need to be made in a logical and confident way. Risk modeling and decision-making tools need to be developed and applied in a practical environment. SUMMARY: This paper describes both the offshore safety case approach and formal safety assessment of ships in detail with particular reference to the design aspects. The current practices and the latest development in safety assessment in both the marine and offshore industries are described. The relationship between the offshore safety case approach and formal ship safety assessment is described and discussed. Three examples are used to demonstrate both the offshore safety case approach and formal ship safety assessment. The study of risk criteria in marine and offshore safety assessment is carried out. The recommendations on further work required are given. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: This paper gives safety engineers in the marine and offshore industries an overview of the offshore safety case approach and formal ship safety assessment. The significance of moving toward a risk-based "goal setting" regime is given.     

Diagnosis of safety culture in safety management audits

Based on the sociotechnical systems approach, an understanding of safety culture as deeply rooted assumptions about the interplay of people, technology, and organization in their relation to safety is presented. As a complement to audit methods aimed at assessing formal safety management, a questionnaire was developed which allows some indications of these assumptions to be captured by providing data on perceptions regarding operational safety, safety and design strategies, and personal job needs. Analyzing response patterns of different occupational, hierarchical, and organizational groups within a company in combination with formal audit results and the communicative validation of both in a feedback meeting can help the auditors as well as the members of the company to gain a deeper understanding of safety management and safety culture in that company. Results from seven audits in petrochemical plants are presented and discussed with respect to the validity and practicability of the chosen approach.     

Improving construction site safety through leader-based verbal safety communication

Background

The construction industry is one of the most injury-prone industries, in which production is usually prioritized over safety in daily on-site communication. Workers have an informal and oral culture of risk, in which safety is rarely openly expressed. This paper tests the effect of increasing leader-based on-site verbal safety communication on the level of safety and safety climate at construction sites. Method: A pre-post intervention-control design with five construction work gangs is carried out. Foremen in two intervention groups are coached and given bi-weekly feedback about their daily verbal safety communications with their workers. Foremen-worker verbal safety exchanges (experience sampling method, n = 1,693 interviews), construction site safety level (correct vs. incorrect, n = 22,077 single observations), and safety climate (seven dimensions, n = 105 questionnaires) are measured over a period of up to 42 weeks. Results: Baseline measurements in the two intervention and three control groups reveal that foremen speak with their workers several times a day. Workers perceive safety as part of their verbal communication with their foremen in only 6-16% of exchanges, and the levels of safety at the sites range from 70-87% (correct observations). Measurements from baseline to follow-up in the two intervention groups reveal that safety communication between foremen and workers increases significantly in one of the groups (factor 7.1 increase), and a significant yet smaller increase is found when the two intervention groups are combined (factor 4.6). Significant increases in the level of safety are seen in both intervention groups (7% and 12% increases, respectively), particularly in regards to 'access ways' and 'railings and coverings' (39% and 84% increases, respectively). Increases in safety climate are seen in only one of the intervention groups with respect to their 'attention to safety.' No significant trend changes are seen in the three control groups on any of the three measures. Conclusions: Coaching construction site foremen to include safety in their daily verbal exchanges with workers has a significantly positive and lasting effect on the level of safety, which is a proximal estimate for work-related accidents. It is recommended that future studies include coaching and feedback at all organizational levels and for all involved parties in the construction process. Building client regulations could assign the task of coaching to the client appointed safety coordinators or a manager/supervisor, and studies should measure longitudinal effects of coaching by following foremen and their work gangs from site to site.     

安全管理学视阈下的安全标语研究

为增强安全标语在安全管理应用中的有效性,从安全管理学视角,提出安全标语的概念和功能,构建安全标语功能的伞状结构;从大安全角度,划分安全标语的类型;分析安全标语的传播过程,构建安全标语的传播模型和目视管理模型。结果表明:发挥安全管理功能是安全标语设置的最终目的,保证安全标语有效传播是其发挥安全管理功能的基本前提。指出安全标语创作及应用目前主要存在的问题,其应遵循内容健康,引导正确等基本要求,并应具有实用性等6种倾向。     

关于科技提升安全保障能力的几点思考

安全科技是经济社会安全发展的重要基石,是企业安全生产和人民生命财产安全的重要保障,是安全监管监察工作的重要支撑,是提高企业本质安全生产水平的根本途径。当前,我国安全科技工作即面临挑战,又面临重大机遇。加快安全科技转化为提升安全保障能力,要以科学发展、安全发展理念为指导,坚持企业为主体、市场为导向的原则,主要从实施安全科技“四个一批”、强化安全科技顶层设计、推广先进适用技术装备等方面进行努力探索。