Composition and source apportionment of PAHs in sediments at river mouths and channel in Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan

Fifty-eight sediment samples were collected in 2009 from the bottom of river mouths near Kaohsiung Harbor (Taiwan) and the harbor channel for the analyses of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Concentrations of total PAHs varied from 39 to 30,521 ng g(-1) (dry weight); samples collected from the mouths of Love River, Canon River, Jen-Gen River, and Salt River showed the highest PAHs concentrations. This indicates that the major sources of sediment PAHs come from those polluted urban rivers and the harbor channel. In samples collected from the Salt River mouth, approximately 43% of the PAHs are identified as PAHs with 2 or 3 rings. However, samples collected from other locations contain predominantly PAHs with 4 rings (32 to 42%) or 5 and 6 rings (36 to 44%). Emissions from traffic-related sources and waste incineration contribute to the majority of PAHs found in most channel and river mouth sediments. However, coal/oil combustion is the main cause of high concentrations of PAHs observed in the Salt River mouth sediments. Principal component analyses with multivariate linear regression (PCA/MLR) have been used to further quantify the source contributions, and the results show that the contributions of coal/oil combustion, traffic-related and waste incineration are 37%, 33% and 30%, respectively.     

武汉市东西湖农场表层土壤中多环芳烃的含量分布特征

对武汉市东西湖农场土壤中多环芳烃的含量调查表明,除紧靠马路边、居民区的土壤中多环芳烃的浓度高于荷兰制定的土壤修复标准之外,其余地方均在此标准值之内,其中主要是高环多环芳烃含量超标严重。证明了汽车尾气所排放的多环芳烃要高于居民日常生活的排放量。多环芳烃在水平方向上的迁移存在色谱效应。     

克拉玛依市中心城区颗粒物中多环芳烃污染特征

在克拉玛依市中心城区布设4个采样点,在供暖期和非供暖期分别同步采集4个点位大气中不同粒径的颗粒物,采用HPLC进行分析并计算2个采样期内PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃(PAHs)的浓度和种类。结果表明:中心城区供暖期PM_(10)中PAHs浓度为56.19 ng/m3,PM_(2.5)中PAHs浓度为48.85 ng/m3;中心城区非供暖期PM_(10)中PAHs浓度为18.86 ng/m~3,PM_(2.5)中PAHs浓度为14.53 ng/m~3。不同采样期PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中PAHs浓度变化趋势相同,均为供暖期明显大于非供暖期。中心城区供暖期大气颗粒物吸附的PAHs以4环以下的组份为主,非供暖期则是5~6环的高环数组份偏多。分析结果表明克拉玛依市中心城区供暖期颗粒物中PAHs来源于燃煤排放叠加机动车排放,与中心城区集中供热锅炉关系密切;非供暖期则是以机动车排放污染为主。     

环境空气中多环芳烃(PAHs)不同岗位暴露情况研究

探讨不同岗位暴露多环芳烃（PAHs）情况，结果表明，环境空气中PAHs受岗位影响显著，随暴露程度的加重，PAHs暴露浓度呈明显上升趋势。2、3环的PAHs主要分布在气相中，而4环以上的PAHs则主要存在于PM10中。PAHs相当于BaP当量致癌强度也表明，相对于气相来说，致癌源为PM10，其贡献率为90％。     

邻苯二甲酸酯在松花江吉林段水体中的分布规律

邻苯二甲酸酯是一类含有苯环的有机污染物,易在生物体内富集,所以开展水体中邻苯二甲酸酯的分布规律研究至关重要。对松花江吉林段2008年3月份不同监测断面的水体进行监测,通过GC-MS定性分析和GC定量分析,确定该江段水体邻苯二甲酸酯类污染物的分布规律、污染状况与污染水平。研究结果表明,松花江吉林段水体中主要的邻苯二甲酸酯类污染物是邻苯二甲酸二丁酯和邻苯二甲酸二辛酯,其分布的总体趋势是更易存在于水相中。     

Fugacity approach to evaluate the sediment-water diffusion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Diffusion is an important process for sediment-water exchange and plays a vital role in controlling water quality. Fugacity fraction (ff) was used to estimate the sediment-water diffusion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) between seawater and surficial sediment. A total of 33 surface sediment and sea water samples were collected concurrently from the northeast coastal area in China and 25 PAHs were analyzed including the alkylated and chlorated PAHs. Fugacity fraction was calculated based on the PAH concentrations in water and sediment, octanol-water partition coefficient of PAHs, organic matter content in sediment, and density of sediment. The calculated results showed that ff increased with decreasing molecular weight of PAHs. The low molecular weight PAHs (2-3 rings) transferred from sediment to water and the sediment acted as a secondary source to the water. The medium molecular weight PAHs (4-5 rings) were close to the sediment-water equilibrium and the transfer tendency shifted between sediment and water. The high molecular weight PAHs (5-6 rings) transferred from water into sediment and the sediment acted as a sink. Soot carbon and the difference of PAH concentrations between sediment and water were found to be important factors affecting the sediment-water diffusion. This study provided new insight into the process of sediment-water diffusion, which has a great influence on the quality of water, especially in severely-polluted sediment areas.     

Determination of gaseous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by a simple direct method using thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

In the last decade, the development of novel analytical methodologies enabled the identification of several environmental pollutants responsible for health problems associated with indoor exposure. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are among the potential hazardous chemicals present in ambient air. Due to their bioaccumulation potential and carcinogenic/mutagenic effects, 16 PAHs are currently listed as priority air pollutants. The main goal of this work was to implement a new and simple method for sampling and determination of PAHs in air by using a thermal desorption (TD) technique followed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry analysis. A detailed study was carried out to optimise the experimental method in each of its phases, including (active) sampling, TD and chromatographic analysis. The results demonstrate that this approach allowed the detection and quantification of the six more volatile PAHs, namely, naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, and anthracene. Acceptable precision and good linearity over the explored range were obtained. No carry-over was observed during experimental tests and the method provided a reproducible answer. The applicability of the novel methodology was tested in real environment, namely, on the roof of a building in an urban area, in a domestic kitchen and in a collective car garage. The method enabled the identification of two PAHs in the field samples, specifically, naphthalene (two rings) and phenanthrene (three rings). With regard to PAHs sample composition, the most abundant PAH found, in the three different locations, was naphthalene, accounting for about 84–100 % of the total PAH mass detected.     

搬迁化工厂区土壤中多环芳烃污染及来源分析

分析南通某搬迁化工厂区土壤中16种优控多环芳烃（PAHs）污染物的含量特征及污染水平。结果表明,车间和仓库土壤中多环芳烃总量为200—300ng／g,在南通市耕地土壤污染水平范围内。停车场土壤中PAHs含量为3435ng／g,污染水平高于普通耕地,与交通干线两侧土壤相当,土壤中PAHs以4环及4环以上PAHs为主,为汽车尾气污染,若继续用于道路或停车场等功能无需进行PAHs修复。     

Seasonal variation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil and air of Dalian areas, China: an assessment of soil-air exchange

The seasonal variations of concentrations of PAHs in the soil and the air were measured in urban and rural region of Dalian, China in 2007. In soil, mean concentrations of all PAHs in summer were larger than those in winter, whereas the concentrations of heavier weight PAHs in winter were larger than those in summer. Winter/summer concentration ratios for individual PAHs (R(W/S)) increased with the increase of molecular weight of PAHs in soil, indicating that PAHs with high molecular weight were more easily deposited to soil in winter than summer. In air, mean concentrations of all PAHs in winter were larger than those in summer. In comparison with the R(W/S) in soil, all the values of R(W/S) in air were larger than one indicating that the entire individual PAH concentrations in winter were larger than those in summer. The average concentration composition for each PAH compound in soil and air samples was determined and the seasonal change of PAH profile was very small. It was suggested that PAHs in soils and air had the same or similar sources both in winter and summer. The approach to the soil-air equilibrium was assessed by calculating fugacity quotients between soil and air using the soil and air concentrations. The calculated soil-air fugacity quotients indicated that soil acted as a secondary source to the atmosphere for all lighter weight PAHs (two-three rings) and it will continue to be a sink for heavier weight PAHs (five-six rings) in the Dalian environment, both in winter and summer. Medium weight PAHs (four-five rings) were close to the soil-air equilibrium and the tendency shifted between soil and air when season or function region changed. The fugacity quotients of PAHs in summer (mean temperature 298 K) were larger than those in winter (mean temperature 273 K), indicating a higher tendency in summer than winter for PAHs to move from soil to air. The variation of ambient conditions such as temperature, rainfall, etc. can influence the movement of PAHs between soil and air. Most of the fugacity quotients of PAHs for the urban sites were larger than that for the rural site both in winter and summer. This phenomenon may be related with that the temperatures in urban sites were higher than those in the rural site because of the urban heat island effect.     

Assessment of growth and stemwood quality of Scots pine on territory influenced by alkaline industrial dust

Long-term influence of alkaline dust (pH 12.3–12.7) pollution emitted over 40 years from a cement plant in Estonia was the reason of alkalisation (pH 6.7–7.9) and high concentrations of K, Ca and Mg in the soil of affected territories. Although dust emission has diminished during the last 10 years, the disbalances in nutrition substrate and their influence on the growth of trees are notable up to now. The study of morphological and physical properties of 70–80-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) crown, stems and stemwood from three different air pollution zones showed serious deviations in comparison with a relatively healthy forest in an unpolluted area. The specimens from polluted trees, if compared to reference site, showed significantly smaller height growth, radial increment and width of annual rings of sapwood. In heartwood wider annual rings were found in polluted areas. In the period of heartwood formation the dust pollution level emitted from the plant was relatively modest and cement dust, which contains elements necessary for mineral nutrition of trees, may have acted as fertiliser. The moisture content in sapwood and heartwood, especially in the upper layers of stems, was lower in the polluted area than in reference site trees. Regression analysis revealed a strong dependence between latewood percentage and sapwood or heartwood in stems of Scots pine in all sample plots.     

煤矸石山周围塌陷区水体中多环芳烃调查与生态风险评价

以煤矿区及煤矸石的污染特征为依据,选取16种EPA优先控制多环芳烃（PAHs）污染物,采用高效液相色谱法对不同堆积年限的矿区煤矸石山周围塌陷区的水体样品进行测试,分别分析此类水体中单个PAHs和总PAHs的分布情况及水体中PAHs不同环数的组成情况,并采用风险商值法进行水体生态风险评价,指出此类水体的不当开发利用会引起人体健康危害。     

Quantitative assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants in Qingdao, China

In this study, 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were detected in sewage sludge samples from four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Qingdao, China. These WWTPs differ in the type of treatment used and in the origin of the wastewater. The total amounts of PAHs in digested sludges ranged from 1.9645 to 6.5752 mg/kg, which did not exceed the projected European Union cut-off limits (6 mg/kg) for sludge found in farmland, except for the Haibohe WWTP. Significant differences were observed in overall PAH values between WWTPs receiving domestic effluents and those receiving industrial effluents. The total amounts of PAHs in digested sludge from the Licunhe and Haibohe WWTPs, which mainly received industrial effluents, were markedly higher than those of the Tuandao and Huangdao WWTPs, which received only domestic effluents. The distribution of PAH compounds in digested sludges were analysed. At the Tuandao, Huangdao and Licunhe WWTPs, 2-, 3-, 4-benzene rings were predominant, accounting for 100%, 99.8% and 99.0% of the sum concentration of 16 PAHs (∑PAHs), respectively. At the Haibohe WWTP, a large number of high molecular weight PAHs (5-, 6-benzene rings) were observed, accounting for 30% of the ∑PAHs. The sum of seven carcinogenic PAHs (∑PAHs-c) ranged from 0.8694 to 3.0389 mg/kg in four WWTPs. The highest value was found in the Haibohe WWTP. Moreover, the PAH concentrations in sludges from the different treatment processes in the Licunhe and Tuandao WWTPs are discussed.     

天津滨海新区黑潴河下游沉积物多环芳烃风险评价及环境基准值的比较

对黑潴河下游表层沉积物中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染现状进行了调查研究。结果表明,表层沉积物中PAHs总量变化范围为41.2～129.3ng/g(平均值为83.7ng/g),PAHs的组成以5～6环PAHs组分为主。黑潴河下游沉积物中PAHs主要来源于周边地区化石燃料的高温燃烧。比较了基于不同方法建立的沉积物中PAHs环境基准值的差异,分析产生差异的原因,选择生态效应区间法对黑潴河沉积物中的PAHs进行了生态风险评价。黑潴河下游PAHs生态风险较小,属PAHs低生态风险河道。     

Substrate influence on epiphytic lichens

The origin of the presence of soil elements in the epiphytic lichen Lecanora conizaeoides was investigated in an area of heavily polluted soil (The Broekpolder The Netherlands). Analysis results of lichens, bark and tree rings of the supporting trees indicated that for As, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Sc and V the levels in lichens may be considered to originate from wet and dry deposition. The Cd, Mn and Zn levels in lichens might have originated from both wet and dry deposition and the substrate bark. For these three elements, in particular, accumulation characteristics in lichens should be further investigated.     

鞍山市城区采暖期大气PM_(2.5)中PAHs的污染特征研究

通过对鞍山市(1个工业区、2个工业区周边、3个居住区、1个对照点)2015年1月采暖期大气PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃(PAHs)的监测,采用BaP当量致毒系数TEF,分析了鞍山市大气PM_(2.5)中典型PAHs毒性当量分布特征。研究表明,鞍山市大气PM2.5中工业区及工业区周边Ba P毒性当量浓度要远高于居住区和对照点,污染物主要由4~6环的PAHs组成,很强致癌BaP当量浓度为9.351~38.59 ng/m3。     

Treatment technologies for PAH-contaminated sites: a critical review

To reduce environmental and human health risks of contaminated sites, having a comprehensive knowledge about the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) removal processes is crucial. PAHs are contaminants which are highly recognized to pose threats to humans, animals, and plants. PAHs are hydrophobic and own two or more benzene rings, and hence are resistant to structural degradation. There are various techniques which have been developed to treat PAH-contaminated soil. Four distinct processes to remove PAHs in the contaminated soil, thought to be more effective techniques, are presented in this review: soil washing, chemical oxidation, electrokinetic, phytoremediation. In a surfactant-aided washing process, a removal rate of 90% was reported. Compost-amended phytoremediation treatment presented 58–99% removal of pyrene from the soil in 90 days. Chemical oxidation method was able to reach complete conversion for some PAHs. In electrokinetic treatment, researchers have achieved reliable results in removal of some specific PAHs. Researchers’ innovations in novel studies and advantages/disadvantages of the techniques are also investigated throughout the paper. Finally, it should be noted that an exclusive method or a combination of methods by themselves are not the key to be employed for remediation of every contaminated site but the field characteristics are also essential in selection of the most appropriate decontamination technique(s). The remedy for selection criteria is based on PAH concentrations, site characteristics, costs, shortcomings, and advantages.     

Naphthalene and its biomarkers as measures of occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) include compounds with two or more fused benzene rings, many of which are carcinogens. Industrial sources produce hundreds of PAH, notably in the coke- and aluminium-producing industries. Because PAH are distributed at varying levels between gaseous and particulate phases, exposure assessment has been problematic. Here, we recommend that occupational exposures to naphthalene be considered as a potential surrogate for occupational PAH exposure for three reasons. Naphthalene is usually the most abundant PAH in a given workplace; naphthalene is present almost entirely in the gaseous phase and is, therefore, easily measured; and naphthalene offers several useful biomarkers, including the urinary metabolites 1- and 2-hydroxynaphthalene. These biomarkers can be used to evaluate total-body exposure to PAH, in much the same way that 1-hydroxypyrene has been applied. Using data from published sources, we show that log-transformed airborne levels of naphthalene are highly correlated with those of total PAH (minus naphthalene) in several industries (creosote impregnation: Pearson r= 0.815, coke production: r= 0.917, iron foundry: r= 0.854, aluminium production: r= 0.933). Furthermore, the slopes of the log-log regressions are close to one indicating that naphthalene levels are proportional to those of total PAH in those industries. We also demonstrate that log-transformed urinary levels of the hydroxynaphthalenes are highly correlated with those of 1-hydroxypyrene among coke oven workers and controls (r= 0.857 and 0.876), again with slopes of log-log regressions close to one. These results support the conjecture that naphthalene is a useful metric for occupational PAH exposure. Since naphthalene has also been shown to be a respiratory carcinogen in several animal studies, it is also argued that naphthalene exposures should be monitored per se in industries with high levels of PAH.     

郑州大气及颗粒物中多环芳烃的分布特征与来源解析

对2012年郑州市大气中气态和颗粒态多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布特征与来源进行了分析。结果表明,ρ(∑PAHs)(包括气相与颗粒相)为23.27~194.61 ng/m3,气相中∑PAHs高于颗粒相,四环以下的PAHs大都存在于气态中;在夏、春2季,较小分子质量(≤178)的PAHs占比较高,冬季,较大分子质量(≥252)的PAHs占比明显较高;各功能区ρ(PAHs)排序为工业区交通密集区医疗、文化、行政混合区。郑州大气和颗粒物中PAHs可能主要来自煤和液体燃料(汽油柴油)的燃烧。     

室内空气中的气态多环芳烃的被动采样监测

利用自制被动采样装置,在2011年秋冬季对南京市部分地区室内空气中5种气态多环芳烃(PAHs)(萘、苊烯、苊、芴、菲)进行了为期100d的连续采样检测,被动采样器的采样速率为0.012m3/d,5种PAHs的回收率在63%～105%之间,方法检出限在1.1～2.4ng范围内。结果表明,南京市5处不同室内环境空气中萘的浓度最高,占总量的90%以上。室内环境空气中5种PAHs的总浓度为230～1564ng/m3。住宅内人体对5种PAHs的暴露速率为479～560ng/h。     

Seasonal and spatial variation of Yamuna River water quality in Delhi, India

Street dust was collected from five roads with different traffic volumes in the metropolitan area of Beijing and separated into five size fractions. Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) adsorbed on street dust in different size ranges and their correlation with specific surface area and total organic carbon (TOC) were investigated. Results show that the concentration of 16-PAHs of sieved samples ranges from 0.27 to 1.30 mg/kg for all the sampling sites. Particles smaller than 40 μm in diameter have the highest 16-PAHs concentration among all of the size ranges for street dust from the four sampling sites with vehicles running on. PAHs with three or four rings account for 68% of the overall 16-PAHs on average. Remarkable positive correlation exists between 16-PAHs concentration and specific surface area with R ² values from 0.7 to 0.96 for the four sampling sites with vehicles running on. The relationship between the concentration of 16-PAHs and TOC is less clear.