典型化学污染物在环境中的变化及生态效应——国家自然科学基金“八·五”重大项目介绍

国家自然科学基金“八·五”重大项目——“典型化学污染物在环境中的变化及生态效应”已被批准立项,并将于1992—1995年内付诸实施。本项目研究内容涉及典型化学污染物在环境中迁移、转化及降解的化学过程;在多介质环境中的循环过程及模型;生态毒理学效应;对生态系统结构与功能的影响和预测;以及生态调控对策等五个课题。它是一项涉及环境化学、环境生态学和环境预防医学的多学科交叉的综合性研究项目。此项目科学意义重大,不仅是因为它与我国国民经济、生态环境和人体健康有着密切的关系,而且还因为它的研究将促进我国有关环境科学领域的基础和应用基础理论研究提高到一个新的水平。此外,它将为污染物的环境化学行为及生态效应的多学科,综合性研究积累方法学经验,从而为我国环保工作做出贡献。     

稳定同位素技术在污染环境生物修复研究中的应用

稳定同位素技术主要应用于地球化学,它是将人工合成的同位素标记特定的化合物,追踪标记物在生命活动中的变化规律,目前该项技术也广泛应用于环境微生物学、生态学、生物医学等领域.生物修复是利用存在于土壤、地下水和海洋等环境中的生物特别是微生物将有毒、有害的污染物降解为二氧化碳和水,或转化为无害物质,从而使污染的生态环境修复为正常生态环境的过程.这些降解微生物都来自于小部份可培养微生物,对于大部份未可培养降解微生物,通常在实验室条件下很难得到.而利用稳定同位素技术,如13C标记底物,收集利用该底物的微生物核酸,就可以得到具有降解作用的功能微生物,为环境污染生物修复提供重要的菌源和功能基因.环境中的许多物质都可以用SIP来标记,这些标记物主要有PLFA-SIP、DNA-SIP、RNA-SIP等,它们都可以用来在复杂样本中进行有特殊代谢功能微生物的鉴定和分析,在利用微生物进行生物修复中具有重要的意义.图2表1参42     

Flow regime affects building behaviour and nest structure in sticklebacks

Animals usually build nests to provide protection, for themselves or their offspring, from adverse environmental conditions. However, different nest structures may be better at providing protection in different environments. The ability to adjust building behaviour and design of nests in response to variation in environmental conditions is therefore likely to be important in determining individual fitness. Here, we look at how the nests of three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) males differ between still and flowing water conditions. Within flowing water treatments, we find that males select nesting sites with lower than average flow. We also find that nests built in flowing water are smaller and more streamlined than those built in still water. Nests built in flowing water contain more spiggin—an endogenous glycoprotein secreted by nesting males—per gramme of nest material than still water nests, though the absolute spiggin content of nests did not vary with flow regime. These results suggest that male sticklebacks may adjust nest-site selection and nest structure to suit environmental conditions in which they are building. Because flow regime is a factor that is often altered by anthropogenic activities, such as impoundment, channelization and abstraction, this study may also have implications for the conservation of freshwater fish populations.     

Physiological and metabolic effect of mercury accumulation in higher plants system

Heavy metals, lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) are non-essential elements. Plants absorb these metals from soil, water and air through their roots and leaves. Heavy metals are the major environmental pollutants, which spread to soil through the use of pesticides, herbicides and micronutrient fertilizers, industrial effluents, decay of junk materials and sewage sludge, vehicular emissions, re-suspended road dust, diesel generator sets and coal-based thermal power plants. Sewage and sludge have contributed to heavy metal contamination of peri-urban lands and vegetable crops. The present review focuses on the effects of various concentrations of Hg on growth of young and mature seedlings as well as on nitrate reductase activity and nitrate assimilation in intact and excised seedling, especially the mechanism underlying nitrate reductase regulation by this heavy metal. Evidence indicates that mercury exerts significant adverse effects on the physiological activity of plants.     

有机磷酸酯阻燃剂的人群暴露和甲状腺毒性的研究进展

有机磷酸酯(organophosphate esters,OPEs)是使用最为广泛的有机磷阻燃剂,并兼具增塑剂、消泡剂和萃取剂等功能,被广泛用于电子产品、建筑材料和塑料材料等中,导致其在环境介质中普遍存在,对生态系统和人体健康构成巨大威胁.作为一种新型环境污染物,OPEs的人群暴露特征和生物毒性成为环境健康领域的研究热...     

基于生命周期评价理论的建筑物环境影响评价系统

建筑物对环境有着巨大的影响。基于生命周期评价(LCA)理论,从材料的开采生产,建筑物的建造、运行直至建筑物被拆除来研究建筑物的环境影响。在一个涉及建筑材料、建筑设备以及建设场地的环境影响数据库的基础上,开发了一个建筑物的环境影响的评价模型BEPAS(BuildingEnvironmentalPerformanceAnalysisSystem)。模型从3个方面:建筑设备运行、建筑材料和建筑场地来研究建筑的环境影响。最后,测算了一个案例,分析了其环境影响水平。     

土壤还原过程对氯代有机污染物还原脱氯的影响与机制

自然环境中,大多数氯代有机污染物厌氧还原脱氯反应是与土壤环境中一些生源要素的生物化学还原过程相伴生。有机污染物的种类、生物有效性以及毒性能够显著影响这些生源要素的转化,反过来,土壤中活跃的氧化还原反应也可以显著影响有机污染物的动力学转化过程。本文从氧化还原顺序上综述了反硝化过程、铁还原过程、硫酸盐还原过程和产甲烷过程对氯代有机污染物厌氧还原脱氯过程的影响与作用机制,旨在为氯代有机污染物在厌氧环境中还原脱氯的过程与机理的进一步研究、以及还原脱氯与微生物介导的生源要素氧化还原过程的耦合作用机制的揭示提供参考。     

造林区生态环境监测信息系统的研究

根据林业部与世界银行达成的协议，在我国６０个县市设立世行贷款“国家造林项目”环境监测点，并对监测信息进行科学管理。本研究建立了基本情况库、水土流失监测库、监测结果汇总库、土壤肥力监测库、病虫害监测库等数据库，采用ｆｏｘＰｒｏ２．６ｆｏｒＷｉｎｄｏｗｓ程序设计语言编制监测信息管理系统，该系统由站点分布、数据维护、数据浏览、报表生态、统计分析等功能模块构成。在系统软件编制过程中，采用了图文交互支持的信息管理方式，充分利用通用字段（Ｇｅｎｅｒａｌ）的多媒体信息存储功能，且程序运行时可完全脱离ｆｏｘＰｒｏ的系统环境，在Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ平台下独立执行。     

An exploratory study of chemical elements in drinking water and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Nanomaterials are widely used in the field of engineering and in modern society. Although the unique characteristics of nanoparticles also enable them to provide environmental solutions to reduce the formation and emissions of pollutants, adverse effects on human health may occur from the exposure to nanomaterials during the manufacturing processes and when nanomaterials are released and they contaminate the environment. It is essential to understand the factors affecting the accumulation, aggregation, deposition, translocation, and distribution of nanomaterials (natural or engineered) in the ecosystem. This study presents an extensive review of the environmental effects of nanomaterials, including classification, adverse impacts on human health and the environment, transport pathways, monitoring methods, and the current regulations regarding nanomaterials. The review indicates that the diversity of nanoparticles and their properties make the identification and characterization of nanomaterials a difficult task, and an improvement in sensitivity and selectivity of analytical methods for detecting nanoparticles in the environment is required. Besides, few regulations have been established for the management of nanoparticles released into the environment. In order to expedite the environmental management of nanomaterials, this study proposes a risk assessment framework based on the findings in the review as a practice alternative for the environmental assessment and effective management of nanomaterials. Development of practical innovative risk-based management measures may help us to find answers to the concerns such as safety of engineering and applying nanomaterials and effective control of nanoparticle contamination in the environment.     

微塑料与有机污染物的相互作用研究进展

微塑料(粒径小于5 mm的塑料)作为海洋中一种新型的污染物正受到越来越多的关注。微塑料在全球多个海域均有检出,根据其来源分为原生微塑料和次生微塑料。原生微塑料由人工直接制造所得,常见于日常生活用品中;次生微塑料由大块塑料制品长期风化、磨损和光解形成。塑料自身含有多种有机添加剂,不断向环境中释放,污染海洋环境;微塑料表面还可吸附有机污染物,此吸附作用受两者的物理化学性质和环境条件影响,吸附污染物后的微塑料生物毒性增强。另外,聚合物复合光催化材料可加快有机污染物如染料的光降解反应速率,因而微塑料可能会促进有机污染物的光解。针对目前微塑料对有机物光降解的贡献、机理鲜见研究的问题,未来应加强以下3方面的研究:(1)微塑料对不同有机污染物光降解是否存在影响?(2)微塑料类型、尺寸以及反应条件对有机污染物光降解如何影响?(3)微塑料对有机污染物光降解影响的内在机制是什么?     

Strategies to design modified activated carbon fibers for the decontamination of water and air

The rapid industrialization has induced the entry of organic and inorganic contaminants into the environment at a rate greater than environmental cleaning. As a consequence, pollutants have accumulated in environmental media, thus posing health risk for living organisms. Here, we present surface treatment strategies that modify physicochemical properties of activated carbon fibers for environmental remediation. In particular, we review metals, metal oxides and various advanced materials used for modifying activated carbon fibers. We discuss the utilization of modified activated carbon fibers for adsorption of organic pollutants and inorganic pollutants, and for the degradation of organic pollutants by photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, Fenton process and dielectric barrier discharge. We also discuss air pollutant removal, capacitive deionization, removal of inorganic ions and microbial decontamination by modified activated carbon fibers.     

Electrochemistry: as cause and cure in water pollution—an overview

This article reviews both the pollution by the electrochemical industry and the use of electrochemistry to clean water. Main pollutants include Pd, Cd, Ni, Hg and other metals and cyanide as well as organic pollutants. The cause for water pollution by electrochemistry is due to the effluents from different electrochemical industries such as mercury from chlor-alkali industry; lead, cadmium and mercury from battery industry; heavy metals and organic contaminants from electroplating wastes; contaminants from corrosion processes; and persistent organic pollutants from the synthesis and use of pesticides, dyes and pharmaceuticals. Most pollutants can be successfully eliminated or converted to non-toxic materials by methods based on the electrochemical principles. Electrochemical depolluting methods are mainly electrodialysis, electrocoagulation, electroflotation, anodic processes, cathodic processes and electrochemical advanced oxidation processes.     

我国环境化学研究的进展

本文综合介绍了二十年来我国环境化学研究的发展概况。在环境分析化学方面包括了环境分析监测方法、标准参考物质、环境分析方法、形态分析、采样技术与分析测试仪器化等方面。环境污染化学包括了有关大气、水体和土壤环境中化学问题的研究，着重对大气污染物表征、迁移和转化、化学模式和重金属、有机物的水环境化学、水环境中金属烷基化以及土壤中农药等环境化学研究。有关污染生态效应中的化学集中介绍了硒与地方病环境因素关系有     

Redox processes in water remediation

Groundwater is the main source of drinking water and water for agricultural and industrial usage. Therefore, groundwater contamination is prevented and contaminated groundwater is remediated to protect public health and the environment. Methods to remediate groundwater contamination have been recently developed. The use of redox processes in water remediation technologies has not been properly reviewed. Numerous water remediation technologies, such as ultrasonication, bioremediation, electrokinetics and nanotechnology, are closely related to redox processes. Redox processes control the chemical speciation, bioavailability, toxicity, mobility and adsorption of water pollutants in environment. Here, we review (1) general introduction of redox processes, (2) applicability of redox processes in water remediation, and (3) catalytic enhancement of redox potentials to explore its wide applicability in environmental remediation.     

天津经济技术开发区（TEDA）环境预警系统的建立研究

本文通过对警系统的分析,指出环境预警系统是多目标系统,其包含对某一时点和某段时间变化 趋势的报警。     

同步辐射技术在环境纳米金属组学研究中的应用

随着我国工业的发展,在工业产值不断提升的同时,向环境中释放出的各类污染物也逐渐增加,其中包括多种金属纳米颗粒物。这些金属纳米颗粒物进入大气、水源及土壤中,累积到一定程度引起环境安全问题;进一步可被动植物所吸收,经过食物链富集和传递,造成直接或间接人体暴露,危害人体健康。环境纳米金属组学,研究的范畴主要涉及自然或人为因素产生的金属纳米颗粒在环境介质和生物有机体中的生物/化学行为、转化归趋,并且据此评价金属纳米颗粒物的环境安全性及其生物健康效应。随着对金属纳米颗粒环境效应研究的不断深入,对传统的研究方法提出了更多的挑战。同步辐射具有高亮度、高准直和宽频谱等特性,在金属元素分析方面具有无可比拟的优势。本文主要介绍了同步辐射技术,如同步辐射X射线荧光分析技术(SR-XRF)和同步辐射X射线吸收光谱技术(SR-XAS)等,在金属纳米颗粒物的环境行为及其生物健康效应研究中的应用;结合本实验室及国内外的一些研究工作,阐述了同步辐射技术应用于环境纳米金属组学研究领域所取得的一些新进展,以期为拓展同步辐射技术在环境金属纳米颗粒物分析的应用研究提供参考价值。     

Chiral pharmaceuticals in the environment

Many pharmaceutical pollutants are chiral, existing in the environment as a single enantiomer or as mixtures of the two enantiomers. In spite of their similar physical and chemical properties, the different spatial configurations lead the enantiomers to have different interactions with enzymes, receptors or other chiral molecules, which can give diverse biological response. Consequently, biodegradation process and ecotoxicity tend to be enantioselective. Despite numerous ongoing research regarding analysis and monitorization of pharmaceutical ingredients in the environment, the fate and effects of single enantiomers of chiral pharmaceuticals (CP) in the environment are still largely unknown. There are only few chiral analytical methods to accurately measure the enantiomeric fraction (EF) in environmental matrices and during biodegradation processes. Furthermore, the ecotoxicity studies usually consider the enantiomeric pair as unique compound. We reviewed the current knowledge about CP in the environment, as well as the chiral analytical methods to determine the EF in environmental matrices. The degradation and removal processes of CP of important therapeutic classes, usually detected in the environment, and their toxicity to aquatic organisms were also reviewed. On the other hand, this review demonstrate that despite the great importance of the stereochemistry in pharmaceutical science, pharmacology and organic chemistry, this is normally neglected in environmental studies. Therefore, CP in the environment need much more attention from the scientific community, and more research within this subject is required.     

现代农业快速发展背景下的农业生产废弃物管理对策探析——政府与农户的动态博弈

随着农业集约化、规模化发展,农业生产废弃物的管理问题凸显。循环农业、低碳农业的发展,在一定程度上激励了农户对农业生产废弃物资源化管理,取得了一定的成绩,但是也存在一定的问题,严重制约了农业生产废弃物资源化管理。文章通过构建政府与农户的动态博弈模型,分析补贴政策对农户提高农业生产废弃物资源化管理效率的作用,并基于政府与农户的动态博弈分析提出了促进农业生产废弃物管理效率提升及其可持续发展的建议,即：（1）根据不同的资源化管理方式的差异制定并实施差别补贴政策;（2）实行区域差别补贴标准;（3）延长补贴期限,实行分年度对农户进行不同数量的补贴;（4）培养农户管理意识,加强农户技能培训。     

Assessing biodegradation benefits from dispersal networks

The performance of biodegradation of organic pollutants in soil often depends on abiotic conditions and the bioavailability of these pollutants to degrading bacteria. In this context, bacterial dispersal is an essential aspect. Recent studies on the potential promotion of bacterial dispersal by fungal hyphae raised the idea of specifically applying fungal networks to accelerate bacterial degradation processes in situ. Our objective is to investigate these processes and their performance via simulation modelling and address the following questions: (1) Under what abiotic conditions can dispersal networks significantly improve bacterial degradation? and (2) To what extent does the spatial configuration of the networks influence the degradation performance? To answer these questions, we developed a spatially explicit bacterial colony model, which is applied to controlled laboratory experiments with Pseudomonas putida G7 organisms as a case study. Using this model, we analyzed degradation performance in response to different environmental scenarios and showed that conditions of limited bacterial dispersal also limit degradation performance. Under such conditions, dispersal networks have the highest potential for improving the bioavailability of pollutants to bacteria. We also found that degradation performance significantly varies with the spatial configuration of the dispersal networks applied and the time horizon over which performance is assessed. Regarding future practical applications, our results suggest that (1) fungal networks may dramatically improve initially adverse conditions for biodegradation of pollutants in soil, and (2) the network's spatial structure and accessibility are decisive for the success of such tasks.     

新型污染物及其生态和环境健康效应

近年来,随着现代分析手段的改进和发展,各种污染物检测能力的提高,以及新的毒作用模式的发现、新合成化合物的制造和使用等,一些物质成为广受国内外关注的新型污染物.新型污染物已在世界范围内对环境和生态系统造成了污染,对生态系统中包括人类在内的各种生物均构成了潜在的危害.目前,人们关注较多的新型污染物主要有全氟有机化合物、人用与兽用药物、饮用水消毒副产物、遮光剂/滤紫外线剂、人造纳米材料、汽油添加剂、溴化阻燃剂等.论文在总结国内外相关研究基础上,对一些重点新型污染物的生态效应及其潜在健康影响进行了简要综述,为我国开展这方面的研究提供了一定的参考.