生态足迹动态预测模型构建与分析——以武汉市为例

生态足迹的动态预测能够为区域可持续发展政策的制定提供科学的理论依据,但其研究仍处于探索阶段.以武汉市为例,选取表征社会经济发展的重要指标建立了社会经济系统指标体系,在对武汉市1978～2004年生态足迹时间序列计量的基础上,应用偏最小二乘算法构建了生态足迹动态预测模型,并根据VIP值的大小分析了各指标对生态足迹的影响机制.结果表明,武汉市"十一五"规划期间生态足迹呈上升趋势,其中规划期末2010年的人均生态足迹为2.810 5 hm2,高于全球生态阈值(人均生态足迹为2.200 0 hm2);根据VIP值得出人口、能源消费量和第三产业所占比重为最重要的影响因子,并就如何实现武汉市"十一五"规划目标提出了政策性建议.将科技进步贡献率、能源消费量等重要因子纳入社会经济系统指标体系,弥补了在生态足迹定量测度中忽略社会、经济、科技因素对其影响的不足;另一方面,引入偏最小二乘算法中的VIP值更准确地评价了各指标对生态足迹变化的影响,为生态足迹动态预测研究作了进一步地完善与改进.     

我国能源消费需求的时变弹性分析

为了科学分析相关经济因素变化对我国能源需求的影响效应,本文在提取能源消费需求主要影响因素的基础上,建立了基于Bayesian理论的时变系数回归模型,利用MCMC方法获得了各时变回归系数的估计.同时,利用HP滤波方法,得到了能源消费需求相对于各相关因素弹性系数的趋势及波动情况,并就能源需求对各相关经济因素弹性系数的趋势变动原因进行了分析,结果表明:①在不同的时间段内,能源价格、产业结构、经济增长、全国总人口以及能源消耗结构对能源消费需求的影响强度具有时变效应;②电力价格变动对降低能源消费的作用最为显著,但边际效应在逐年下降;煤炭价格的提高对能源消费的增加具有很大推进作用,但"煤电联动"、能源价格市场化的建设可能进一步抑制能源需求;③城镇化建设进程可进一步优化人口结构、产业结构以及能源消费结构,这将在很大程度上限制能源需求的加速增长.     

生态足迹动态预测模型构建与分析

生态足迹的动态预测能够为区域可持续发展政策的制定提供科学的理论依据,但其研究仍处于探索阶段。以武汉市为例,选取表征社会经济发展的重要指标建立了社会经济系统指标体系,在对武汉市1978~2004年生态足迹时间序列计量的基础上,应用偏最小二乘算法构建了生态足迹动态预测模型,并根据〖WTBX〗VIP〖WTBZ〗值的大小分析了各指标对生态足迹的影响机制。结果表明,武汉市“十一五”规划期间生态足迹呈上升趋势,其中规划期末2010年的人均生态足迹为2810 5 hm2,高于全球生态阈值（人均生态足迹为2200 0 hm2）;根据〖WTBX〗VIP〖WTBZ〗值得出人口、能源消费量和第三产业所占比重为最重要的影响因子,并就如何实现武汉市“十一五”规划目标提出了政策性建议。将科技进步贡献率、能源消费量等重要因子纳入社会经济系统指标体系,弥补了在生态足迹定量测度中忽略社会、经济、科技因素对其影响的不足;另一方面,引入偏最小二乘算法中的〖WTBX〗VIP〖WTBZ〗值更准确地评价了各指标对生态足迹变化的影响,为生态足迹动态预测研究作了进一步地完善与改进。〖     

基于组合模型的能源消费预测研究

能源作为社会发展的重要物质基础,其消费影响着人类赖以生存和发展的自然环境,也是经济和社会可持续发展的关键问题。通过建立能源消费量模型,准确预测中国能源消费总量,做好未来能源消费预测分析,从而为制定合理的能源生产计划、外供能、节能计划及制定相关的政策等提供科学的依据,这对于保持中国社会经济健康、持续、稳定的发展都具有重要的理论与现实意义。而运用组合模型进行预测不仅预测结果准确性高,而且稳定性好。本文借助组合模型对能源消费所做的预测研究表明,随着社会、经济的发展,中国能源需求不断增长。尤其是2000年以来,中国能源消费稳步增长,未来几年仍将继续保持此增长势头及速度。组合模型集结了更多的有用信息,使得预测结果更加可靠,可以作为中国"十二五"期间的能源消费量预测的有效工具,为能源决策提供更为可靠的依据及建议。     

基于组合模型的能源需求预测

能源是人类生存和发展的重要物质基础,也是当今国际政治、经济、军事、外交关注的焦点。能源需求预测是合理制定能源规划的基础。能源需求预测的模型很多,总的来说,可以分为单一模型预测和组合模型预测。本文在分析几种常用单一模型的优缺点和适用范围的基础上,建立BP神经网络与灰色GM的优化组合模型,对江苏省未来十五年煤炭和石油的需求量进行预测。结果表明:①随着经济的发展,未来江苏省对煤炭和石油的需求量逐渐增加,其中煤炭从2008年的19 601.39万t标准煤增加到2020年的25 615.26万t标准煤,年均增长率为1.81%;石油从2008年的2 628.64万t标准煤增加到2020年的3 532.60万t标准煤,年均增长率为1.36%;②基于BP网络与GM(1,1)的组合模型克服了单一模型的缺点,实现了优化组合模型"过去一段时间内组合预测误差最小"的原则,且预测结果误差较小,不仅适用于能源的中长期预测,还可以推广到其他领域。     

2020年中国区域能源需求预测

中国科学院科技政策与管理科学研究所研究报告，结合中国的实际情况，围绕影响能源需求的各主要因素，建立了五种体现不同技术、经济发展状况的情景，并将中国划分为东北、京津、北部沿海、东部沿海、南部沿海、中部、西北和西南八大经济区域，应用自主开发的能源需求预测模型，对2020年各情景下区域的能源需求进行情景分析与预测。预测结果表明：     

中国工业化、城市化进程中的能源需求预测与分析

为了取得可靠的能源需求预测,本文引入工业化、城市化等重要因素,利用支持向量回归机在时间序列预测中的优势,确定了输入向量集合和输出向量集合,建立基于支持向量回归机能源需求预测模型.将我国1985-2009年能源需求相关数据进行模拟与仿真,并对中国2010-2020年能源需求量进行预测,并模拟解释变量不同增长率下能源需求的演变并给出政策选择.研究结果表明,中国高速的经济增长以及工业化和城市化的发展对能源需求影响很大,到2020年能源需求将达到45.3亿t标准煤,而且经济增长速度越快对能源需求就越大.变量模拟得出的结论是产业结构也是能源需求重要影响因素之一,工业结构的调整,即便是微调,也会对能源需求有很大的抑制作用;中国城市化进程以及城市化发展阶段所表现出的工业化特征,推动了能源需求快速增长,城市化率越高对能源需求越大,且对能源需求是刚性的,城市化也是能源需求重要影响因素之一.     

基于EMD-PSO-SVM误差校正模型的国际碳金融市场价格预测

国际碳金融市场价格预测是制定碳金融市场政策和提高风险管理能力的基础。近年来国际碳市场价格呈现出非平稳、非线性等不规律特性,传统应用于社会经济时间序列的统计模型已经越来越难以满足日渐复杂的社会经济系统的需要。基于此本文建立了基于经验模态分解(EMD)-粒子群算法(PSO)-支持向量机(SVM)的国际碳金融市场价格误差校正预测模型。数据选取2008年3月-2013年9月ICE碳排放期货交易所的CER期货(DEC12)和EUA期货(DEC12)的日交易结算价格作为考察样本进行仿真验证。结果显示:①引入EMD方法可以有效解决误差序列随机性强、相邻频带的干扰可能造成误差序列无法体现反映全部系统动力信息的缺陷;②校正后的预测值与误差预测值的趋势具有较高的一致性,预测结果滞后性和拐点误差大的问题得到了很好的解决;③预测结果较其他常用的国际碳金融价格预测模型进行了比较分析,预测精度有了明显提高。本研究提出的预测模型可以为我国针对目前国际碳价格市场所呈现的波动特征下的碳金融市场价格预测提供新的方法和借鉴。     

应对气候变化的最优经济增长研究

如何在确保经济平稳发展的前提下减少CO2排放量,从而达到社会经济发展与生态环境保护双赢的一种经济发展形态,成为世界各国共同研究和探讨的焦点。与此同时,在发达国家应对气候变化行动如火如荼之际,作为世界上最大的发展中国家,我国提出到2020年CO2排放强度比2005年降低40%-45%。论文根据这一约束指标,创新性地把CO2减排控制率引入传统的Cobb-Douglas生产函数,构建应对气候变化的最优经济增长模型,利用偏最小二乘回归方法分别计算基准情景和低碳经济发展情景下2020年的最优经济增长率,得到以下结论:基准情景下最优经济增长率为8.30%;在低碳经济发展情景中,2020年CO2排放强度降低40%和45%减排控制下最优经济增长率分别为7.67%和7.52%。在此基础上,参考两种不同的经济发展情景假设,对2020年经济产出、能源消费需求量和CO2排放量进行预测,最后提出推动能源、经济与环境协调可持续发展的低碳政策建议。     

偏最小二乘回归法在非点源污染年负荷量估算中的应用

针对非点源污染数据资料稀缺,机理模型难以建立,而统计模型所需资料相对比较易于获得,计算简便直观,并且在水环境规划管理中对非点源的年负荷量预测、估算的指导意义要大于对某一时点、某一断面的负荷量的模拟预测的情况,尝试将综合了多元回归、主成分分析、典型相关分析的偏最小二乘回归法用于建立流域非点源污染年负荷量的模拟估算模型,同时运用水文分析法以淮河淮南段为例进行计算并对两种方法进行对比,分析各自优缺点及其适用范围。应用表明,水文分析法适用于一年以上的非点源污染负荷量估算而对单次或短期的估算误差较大。偏最小二乘回归法解决了多元回归时变量具有多重相关性的问题,能够在样本数量少的情况下建模,提高相关分析的精度,具有较强的解释能力。     

Present status of Rn in groundwater in Extremadura

Radon-222 was measured in groundwater sources of Extremadura (Spain), analyzing 350 samples from private and public springs, wells, and spas by liquid scintillation counting (LSC) and gamma spectrometry. The ²²²Rn activity concentrations ranged from 0.24 to 1168 Bq L⁻¹. The statistical analysis showed a log-normal distribution with a mean of (111 ± 7) Bq L⁻¹ and a median of (36 ± 3) Bq L⁻¹. A hydrogeological study revealed correlations between the activity concentration and the aquifer material's characteristics. A map of ²²²Rn in groundwater was elaborated and compared with the natural gamma radiation map for this region. About 35% of the samples showed ²²²Rn activity concentrations above the Euratom recommended limit of 100 Bq L⁻¹. Three uranium series radionuclides (²³⁸U, ²³⁴U, and ²²⁶Ra) were also assayed by alpha-particle spectrometry, estimating the annual effective dose due to the presence of these natural radionuclides in drinking water.     

我国南方地区50 a冬季降水和相对湿度特征分析

根据中国地面气候日值数据集资料,利用气候趋势系数、气候倾向率等方法,研究了我国南方地区冬季50 a降水和湿度的时空变化特征,并运用基尼系数对降水均匀性的空间分布进行了分析。结果表明：降水和相对湿度分布皆自西北向东南递增,最大中心位于长江以南附近内陆区域,最小值基本位于高原。降水强度整体呈现增加趋势,在沿长江附近区域以及云南部分地区增强明显,最大气候倾向率为1.0 mm/d/10 a左右,有明显的突变时间,为1979年;降水量呈微弱的增加趋势,其中云贵和川渝局部区域降水量呈减少趋势,为-3 mm/10 a左右,没有明显的突变时间;降水日数在长江以南局部区域及云贵区域显著减少,其中云南的西南地区为最小气候倾向率-10 d/10 a,明显突变时间为1980年;相对湿度表现出一定的局地增减趋势,长江以北（南）主要呈微弱增加（减少）趋势,云南南部减小趋势显著;相对湿度和降水呈明显的正相关,其中与降水量和降水日数相关系数高达0.784、0.753。降水量基尼系数的空间分布与降水分布相似,只是降水分布的大（小）值中心为基尼系数小（大）值中心,不同年代及冬季不同月份的降水量基尼系数大（小）值区域范围有所增减。总的来看,我国南方冬季中部和东部大部分区域为降水均匀区,西南高原区域为不均匀区。 关键词： 南方地区;冬季;降水;相对湿度     

Kinetics of dissolution of Chernobyl fuel particles in soil in natural conditions

Kinetic of fuel particles dissolution under natural environmental conditions has been investigated using the data on (90)Sr speciation in soils collected from 1995 to 1997 within the Chernobyl nuclear power plant 50 km zone. The dependency of fuel particles dissolution constants on the soil acidity (pH = 4-7) has been obtained on the basis of large and statistically reliable experimental data. Results show that between 2 and 21% of (90)Sr activity is associated with weathering resistant fuel particles. Therefore, these particles would not influence the radiological situation in the near future. The map of the main agrochemical characteristics and the map of the fuel particles dissolution constants have been created for the 30-km zone territory. According to the prognosis of dynamics of fuel particles dissolution in the investigated zone, a radiological situation along the fuel paths of radioactive fallout in present time reached a stable state. An increasing in absolute contents of (90)Sr mobile forms in neutral soils will be observed in the next 10-20 yr. However, the difference between the maximum level of mobile forms contents and their existing contents will not exceed 20%.     

Concentration and characterization of plutonium in soils of Hubei in central China

To study the Pu concentration and isotope ratio distributions present in China, the ^239+240Pu total activities and ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu atom ratios in core soil samples from Hubei Province in central China were investigated using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS). The activities ranged from 0.019 to 0.502 mBq g⁻¹ and the ^239+240Pu inventories of 45 and ∼55 Bq m⁻² agree well with that expected from global fallout. The ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu atom ratios in the soil ranged from 0.172 to 0.220. The ratios are similar to typical global fallout values. Hence, any close-in fallout contribution from the Chinese nuclear weapons tests, mainly conducted in the 1970s, must have either been negligible or had a similar ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu ratio to that of global fallout. The top 10 cm layer of the soil contributes ∼90% of the total inventory and the maximum concentrations appeared in the 2-4 cm or 4-6 cm layers. It is suggested that climatic conditions and organic content are the two main factors that affect the vertical migration of plutonium in soil.     

Diffusion of Lead-free Soldering in Electronics Industry in China

The EU directives on e-waste management (WEEE and RoHS) have drawn the attention of electronics producers around the world to the environmental benign technologies in recent years. One of the technological challenges to the electronics manufacturers is the adoption of the lead-free soldering system. This article studies the diffusion of lead-free soldering technology among the electronics producers in China, and finds out the relevance of clusters for the diffusion of environmental benign technological innovation among firms. Four agents, as key promoters, were identified within the production network –leading global brand-name companies, the OEM companies who provide integrated manufacturing service, the suppliers of lead-free components, and specialized consultant companies. The conclusion is that industrial cluster facilitates communications among all agents for the diffusion of innovation, whereas, the incentives for firms within the cluster, to collaborate for innovation, comes from outside.     

Predictions of in situ solid/liquid distribution of radiocaesium in soils

Previous work has demonstrated that plant uptake of radiocaesium (RCs) is related to the activity concentration of RCs in soil solution, which is linked to the soil/soil solution distribution coefficient, K(D). The solid-liquid distribution of RCs is generally studied in soil suspensions in the laboratory and there are few reported measurements for in situ soil solutions. From a data set of 53 different soils (contaminated with either 134CsCl or 137CsCl) used in pot trials to investigate grass uptake of RCs, we analysed the variation of in situ K(D) with measured soil properties. The soils differed widely in % clay (0.5-58%), organic matter content (1.9-96%) and pH (2.4-7.0, CaCl2). The K(D) varied between 29 and 375,000 L kg-' (median 1460 L kg(-1)). Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed a significant correlation between the log K(D) and pH (p < 0.001), log %clay (p < 0.01) and log exchangeable K (p < 0.001) (overall R2 = 0.70). The in situ K(D) values were further compared to K(D)S predicted using an existing model, which assumes that RCs sorption occurs on specific sites and regular ion-exchange sites on the soil solid phase. Sorption of RCs on specific sites was quantified from the radiocaesium interception potential (RIP) measured for each soil and the soil solution concentrations of K+ and NH4+. The in situ log K(D) correlated well with the predicted K(D) (R2 = 0.85 before plant growth, R2 = 0.83 after plant growth). However, the observations were fivefold to eightfold higher than the predictions, particularly for the mineral soils. We attribute the under-prediction to the long contact times (minimum 4 weeks) between the RCs tracers and our experimental soils relative to the short (24 h) contact times used in RIP measurements. We conclude that our data confirmed the model but that ageing of RCs in soil is a factor that needs to be considered to better predict in situ KD values.     

Evaluation of Urban Sustainability in Specific Sectors in Latvia

In Latvia, the concept of sustainability is only slowly gaining recognition. An analysis of Development Plans prepared by the four largest cities of Latvia indicates that sustainability is presented as one of the guiding principles. However, a comparison of Development Plan policies against the urban sustainability issues reveals a great deal of ambiguity and contradiction.At the municipal level, planners and politicians lack indicators to gauge whether the long-term goals of Development Plans and the principles of sustainable development are being achieved. As a consequence, the broad public is deprived of the opportunity to assess for itself the process of development in relation to Development Plan policies, thus limiting accountability in development decision-making. Relevant statistical data collected on a regular basis are required to create sustainability indicators reflecting sustainability issues, to supplement and replace existing statistical compilations pertaining almost exclusively to economic growth and consumption. Development and utilisation of sustainability indicators can be an effective instrument for promoting the values of sustainable development amongst politicians, planners and the broad public and for enhancing accountability in decision-making.     

Reuse of mining wastewater in agricultural activities in Jordan

A pilot study was completed in the Al-Abyad area near phosphate mining activity in Jordan. Six plots of 50 m² each were planted with two types of plant species (Zea mays spp. and Medicago lupulina spp.) and irrigated using three types of water (fresh groundwater, mine wastewater, and hydride water consisting of 50% fresh and 50% mine wastewater) to investigate the suitability of utilizing mine wastewater for food production in the area. Water, soil and plant sampling was completed for each plot over different time intervals and analyzed for heavy metal (Cr⁺⁶, Ni⁺², Zn⁺² and Pb⁺²) in addition to major ionic composition of the water used for irrigation. Crop yield was estimated at the end of the experiment. Plots irrigated with mine wastewater showed slightly higher heavy metals concentrations and soil salinity during the experiment period was higher for plots irrigated with mine wastewater compared to plots irrigated with fresh water, and it was uniform through the upper 45 cm of the soil profile due to the high amount of irrigation water used during the experiment. Crop yield was inversely proportional to salinity as an increase of salinity by 2-folds resulted in reducing yield by almost 50%. However, no risk of heavy metals contamination was found in plants and soil. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

Seasonal changes in radon concentrations in buildings in the region of northeastern Poland

In this study, seasonal observations of radon concentration changes inside buildings carried out in the northeastern region of Poland is presented. One-year measurements of radon concentrations were performed in chosen buildings. The integral method of Cr-39 trace detectors in diffusive chambers was used. Mean values of radon concentrations were determined in monthly, 2-, 3-, 6-month, and annual observations. The fraction of a mean annual concentration of the value obtained in a shorter observation was calculated. Monthly concentration values were from about 0.2 to 14.9 of the annual mean. All buildings revealed seasonal fluctuation of radon concentration. Negative correlation of indoor radon concentration in the buildings and the mean temperature outside was observed in most examined buildings. The lowest coefficient range, determining which part of the annual mean value would be obtained in the 6-month observation, was gained for exposure begun in April or October.