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1.
Jason M. Evans Ann C. Wilkie Jeffrey Burkhardt 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2008,21(6):521-539
This paper develops the outlines of a pragmatic, adaptive management-based approach toward the control of invasive nonnative
species (INS) through a case study of Kings Bay/Crystal River, a large artesian springs ecosystem that is one of Florida’s
most important habitats for endangered West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus). Building upon recent critiques of invasion biology, principles of adaptive management, and our own interview and participant–observer
research, we argue that this case study represents an example in which rigid application of invasion biology’s a␣priori imperative
to minimize INS has produced counterproductive results from both an ecological and social standpoint. As such, we recommend
that INS control in Kings Bay should be relaxed in conjunction with an overall program of adaptive ecosystem management that
includes meaningful participation and input from non-institutional stakeholders. However, we also note that adaptive management
and INS control are by no means mutually exclusive, in Kings Bay or elsewhere. Instead, we suggest that adaptive management
offers a means by which INS control efforts can emerge from—and be evaluated through—ongoing scientific research and participatory
dialogue about the condition of specific places, rather than non-contextual assumptions about the harmfulness of INS as a
general class. 相似文献
2.
Moving Beyond Strawmen and Artificial Dichotomies: Adaptive Management When an Endangered Species Uses an Invasive One 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Daniel Simberloff 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2009,22(1):73-80
Evans et al. (Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 2008) have attempted to enmesh me in their dispute with the Florida Bureau of Invasive Plant Management about a specific
system, Kings Bay/Crystal River. In so doing, they repeatedly mischaracterize my positions in order to depict, incorrectly,
invasion biology as monolithic and me as a representative of one extreme of a false dichotomy about management of introduced
species. In addition, they introduce an issue irrelevant in this case (extinctions) and cite incorrect data. Proposing to
manage people, manatees, introduced plants, and cyanobacteria in Kings Bay by participative adaptive management, they ignore
the fact that living organisms can both disperse autonomously and hitchhike. Finally, they present few details on any aspect
of their management proposal and do not address the myriad problems that have beset previous attempts at scientific adaptive
management, especially at large scales. Until such a management approach is fleshed out and implemented, it is impossible
to assess its validity for Kings Bay, and it is very premature to suggest it as a general model for dealing with invasive
species disputes. 相似文献
3.
Post-project appraisals (PPAs) can evaluate river restoration schemes in relation to their compliance with design, their short-term
performance attainment, and their longer-term geomorphological compatibility with the catchment hydrology and sediment transport
processes. PPAs provide the basis for communicating the results of one restoration scheme to another, thereby improving future
restoration designs. They also supply essential performance feedback needed for adaptive management, in which management actions
are treated as experiments. PPAs allow river restoration success to be defined both in terms of the scheme attaining its performance
objectives and in providing a significant learning experience. Different levels of investment in PPA, in terms of pre-project
data and follow-up information, bring with them different degrees of understanding and thus different abilities to gauge both
types of success. We present four case studies to illustrate how the commitment to PPA has determined the understanding achieved
in each case. In Moore's Gulch (California, USA), understanding was severely constrained by the lack of pre-project data and
post-implementation monitoring. Pre-project data existed for the Kitswell Brook (Hertfordshire, UK), but the monitoring consisted
only of one site visit and thus the understanding achieved is related primarily to design compliance issues. The monitoring
undertaken for Deep Run (Maryland, USA) and the River Idle (Nottinghamshire, UK) enabled some understanding of the short-term
performance of each scheme. The transferable understanding gained from each case study is used to develop an illustrative
five-fold classification of geomorphological PPAs (full, medium-term, short-term, one-shot, and remains) according to their potential as learning experiences. The learning experience is central to adaptive management but rarely
articulated in the literature. Here, we gauge the potential via superimposition onto a previous schematic representation of
the adaptive management process by Haney and Power (1996). Using PPAs wisely can lead to cutting-edge, complex solutions to
river restoration challenges. 相似文献
4.
James A. Kushlan 《Environmental management》1988,12(6):777-790
The American crocodile is a rare and endangered species, the range of which has contracted to disjunct locations such as Hispaniola, Jamaica, Cuba, Panama, and southern Florida. In an attempt to determine what factors might be limiting population growth, an extensive collaborative research program was conducted in 1978–82 in southern Florida. Limiting factors explicitly studied included climate, hurricanes, population dispersion, nesting habitat, fertility, predation, nest chamber environment, juvenile survivorship, artificial mortality, disturbance, and environmental contamination. No single natural factor limits the population, although in concert various factors result in low adult recruitment rates. Such natural limitations explain the natural rarity of this tropical species at the temperate limits of its range. Two artificial sources of mortality are death of adults on roads and the flooding of nests by high groundwater tables. These sources of mortality are potentially controllable by the appropriate management agencies. Active management, by such means as protection of individuals, habitat preservation and enhancement, nest site protection, and captive breeding, is also appropriate for assuring the survival of a rare species. The American crocodile has survived in southern Florida in face of extensive human occupancy of parts of its former nesting habitat, demonstrating the resilience of a threatened species. This case history illustrates the efficacy of conducting research aimed at testing specific management hypotheses, the importance of considering biographical constraints limiting population status in peripheral populations, the need for active management of rare species, and the role of multiple reserves in a conservation and management strategy. 相似文献
5.
Adaptive management is an approach to managing natural resources that emphasizes learning from the implementation of policies
and strategies. Adaptive management appears to offer a solution to the management gridlock caused by increasing complexity
and uncertainty. The concept of adaptive management has been embraced by natural resource managers worldwide, but there are
relatively few published examples of adaptive management in use. In this article, we explore two watershed management projects
in southeastern Australia to better understand the potential of adaptive management in regional scale programs through qualitative,
case study–based investigation. The program logic of one case implies the use of passive adaptive management, whereas the
second case claims to be based on active adaptive management. Data were created using participant observation, semistructured
interviews with individuals and groups, and document review. Using thematic content and metaphor analysis to explore the case
data, we found that each case was successful as an implementation project. However, the use of both passive and active adaptive
management was constrained by deeply entrenched social norms and institutional frameworks. We identified seven “imperatives”
that guided the behavior of project stakeholders, and that have consequences for the use of adaptive management. Reference
to recent evaluations of the Adaptive Management Areas of the Pacific Northwest of the United States suggests that some of
these imperatives and their consequences have broad applicability. The implications of our findings are discussed, and suggestions
for improving the outcomes of regional scale adaptive management are provided. 相似文献
6.
/ Adaptive ecosystem management seeks to sustain ecosystems while extracting or using natural resources. The goal of endangered species management under the Endangered Species Act is limited to the protection and recovery of designated species, and the act takes precedence over other policies and regulations guiding ecosystem management. We present an example of conflict between endangered species and ecosystem management during the first planned flood on the Colorado River in Grand Canyon in 1996. We discuss the resolution of the conflict and the circumstances that allowed a solution to be reached. We recommend that adaptive management be implemented extensively and early in ecosystem management so that information and working relationships will be available to address conflicts as they arise. Though adaptive management is not a panacea, it offers the best opportunity for balanced solutions to competing management goals. 相似文献
7.
Management of ecological reserve lands should rely on the best available science to achieve the goal of biodiversity conservation.
“Adaptive Resource Management” is the current template to ensure that management decisions are reasoned and that decisions
increase understanding of the system being managed. In systems with little human disturbance, certain management decisions
are clear; steps to protect native species usually include the removal of invasive species. In highly modified systems, however,
appropriate management steps to conserve biodiversity are not as readily evident. Managers must, more than ever, rely upon
the development and testing of hypotheses to make rational management decisions. We present a case study of modern reserve
management wherein beavers (Castor canadensis) were suspected of destroying habitat for endangered songbirds (least Bell’s vireo, Vireo bellii pusillus, and southwestern willow flycatcher, Empidonax traillii extimus) and for promoting the invasion of an exotic plant (tamarisk, Tamarix spp.) at an artificial reservoir in southern California. This case study documents the consequences of failing to follow
the process of Adaptive Resource Management. Managers made decisions that were unsupported by the scientific literature, and
actions taken were likely counterproductive. The opportunity to increase knowledge of the ecosystem was lost. Uninformed management
decisions, essentially “management by assertion,” undermine the long-term prospects for biodiversity conservation. 相似文献
8.
Despite rapid growth in river restoration, few projects receive the necessary evaluation and reporting to determine their
success or failure and to learn from experience. As part of the National River Restoration Science Synthesis, we interviewed
39 project contacts from a database of 1,345 restoration projects in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Ohio to (1) verify project information;
(2) gather data on project design, implementation, and coordination; (3) assess the extent of monitoring; and (4) evaluate
success and the factors that may influence it. Projects were selected randomly within the four most common project goals from
a national database: in-stream habitat improvement, channel reconfiguration, riparian management, and water-quality improvement.
Roughly half of the projects were implemented as part of a watershed management plan and had some advisory group. Monitoring
occurred in 79% of projects but often was minimal and seldom documented biological improvements. Baseline data for evaluation
often relied on previous data obtained under regional monitoring programs using state protocols. Although 89% of project contacts
reported success, only 11% of the projects were considered successful because of the response of a specific ecological indicator,
and monitoring data were underused in project assessment. Estimates of ecological success, using three criteria from Palmer and others (2005), indicated that half or fewer of the projects were ecologically successful, markedly below the success level that project
contacts self-reported, and sent a strong signal of the need for well-designed evaluation programs that can document ecological
success. 相似文献
9.
Water is scarce in many regions of the world, clean water is difficult to find in most developing countries, there are conflicts
between irrigation needs and urban demands, and there is wide debate over appropriate means of resolving these problems. Similarly,
in China, there is limited understanding of the ways in which people, groups, and institutions contribute to, are affected
by, and respond to changes in water quantity and quality. We use the example of the Yellow River basin to argue that these
social, managerial, and policy dimensions of the present water problems are significant and overshadow the physical ones.
Despite this, they receive relatively little attention in the research agenda, particularly of the lead agencies in the management
of the Yellow River basin. To this end, we ask ten research questions needed to address the policy needs of water management
in the basin, split into two groups of five. The first five relate to the importance of water in this basin and the changes
that have affected water problems and will continue to do so. The second five questions represent an attempt to explore possible
solutions to these problems. 相似文献
10.
Toward Adaptive Management: The Impacts of Different Management Strategies on Fish Stocks and Fisheries in a Large Regulated Lake 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We applied the adaptive management approach to analyze the demand and feasibility of adaptive management of fish stocks in a large regulated lake, Oulujärvi, in northern Finland. The process consisted of four phases: (1) analysis of the current state of the fisheries system (fishers, related markets and industry, fisheries researches and authorities, related organizations, etc.); (2) analysis of the objectives of different stakeholders; (3) the composition of alternative management strategies and assessment of their impacts; and (4) recommendations for future management. We used catch statistics from the period 1973–1995 to analyze fish stocks and fishing. Fish species involved were brown trout (Salmo trutta L.), whitefish [Coregonus lavaretus (L.) sl.], vendace (Coregonus albula L.); and pikeperch (Stizostedion lucioperca L.). Questionnaires and interviews were applied to ascertain the opinions of different groups of fishermen. Several models and cost–benefit analysis were used to assess the ecological, economic, and social impacts of three alternative management strategies. The results emphasize that when determining stocking levels and fishing regulations, the system should be considered as a whole, and impacts on major fish species and different groups of fishermen should be assessed. The stocking policy and fishing regulations should also be flexible to accommodate changing biotic and societal conditions. The key questions in applying the adaptive management process in Oulujärvi fisheries are how to determine clear objectives for fisheries management, find a fisheries management structure that provides workable interactions between different stakeholders, and arrange cost-effective monitoring. The lessons learned from the Oulujärvi experience and recommendations for fisheries management are relevant to other lakes with conflicting objectives of different stakeholders. 相似文献
11.
Spatio-temporal variations of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total coliform (TC) in the Han River, Korea, were investigated
in terms of concentration-based and mass loading-based approaches. Considering the river water quality criteria regulated
by the Ministry of Environment in Korea, the tributaries linked to the mainstream of the Han River were found to be highly
contaminated with respect to both BOD and TC and, in fact, most of the tributaries exceeded the maximum water quality criteria.
To evaluate the pollution impact of tributaries on the mainstream, the monthly water quality monitoring data for six years
(from 1995 to 2000) were collected from the Han River basin, and statistically analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient.
The results revealed that mass loading-based approach was superior to the concentration-based approach for effective Han River
watershed management. Overall results supported that the mass loading-based approach associated with total maximum daily loads
(TMDL) management would be a useful and suitable protocol in watershed management for improving the water quality of the Han
River and protecting public health. Therefore, this study supporting TMDL management can be applicable to a wide array of
contaminants and watershed settings in Korea. 相似文献
12.
13.
The adaptive management leitmotiv of “learning to manage and managing to learn” sets out an attractive agenda for dealing
with the overwhelming complexity of environmental phenomena that humans have problematized. To ensure that this rallying cry
translates into effective action, it is important to give consideration to structures and procedures for facilitating the
efforts of those willing or able to respond to the adaptive management call. To date, calls to establish the right organization
to coordinate multiagency responses have tended to emphasize the noun, or bounded-entity, sense of the word organization.
We believe that this is at the expense of its other, verb or process, connotation. In this paper, rather than searching for
the perfect organization structure that mandates mutual trust and collective action shaped by all relevant parties' perspectives
and possible contributions, we direct attention towards the process of nurturing integrated adaptive responses among individuals
who have diverse organizational allegiances. By shifting the balance towards the process connotation of the right organization,
we hope that a new mindscape can be discerned for those interested in putting adaptive management principles into practice.
We seek to conjure up an image of this mindscape through the phrase “learning to network and networking to learn,” and set
out to strengthen this by demonstrating how adaptive response networks can arise from the mutually defining relationship between
stakeholders and issues. This is demonstrated through a local response to the United Kingdom's National Air Quality Strategy. 相似文献
14.
A milestone in the field of European water protection policy is the European Union’s Water Framework Directive (WFD), which came into force in December 2000 and which integrates the management of European waters in many ways. In this study, we start by focusing on management issues connected to the implementation of the WFD and pose a question: “what type of models would be the most suitable for use in the context of the WFD?” With this question in mind, we aim to establish a set of operational and functional selection criteria for (computer) models whose application is intended to support decision-making related to a particular water management issue. These so-called “benchmark criteria” should help water managers and other model users in choosing appropriate models, e.g., for the WFD implementation purposes. We first describe models and their use in general and then propose an approach for setting the benchmark criteria for models, basing it on the concept of uncertainty management, while keeping firmly in mind the important role of citizens and citizen organizations in water management. The suggested benchmark criteria are in the form of 14 questions through which each model can be evaluated. Finally, the process for testing and refining the benchmark criteria is highlighted. 相似文献
15.
Resource management issues continually change over time in response to coevolving social, economic, and ecological systems.
Under these conditions adaptive management, or “learning by doing,” offers an opportunity for more proactive and collaborative
approaches to resolving environmental problems. In turn, this will require the implementation of learning-based extension
approaches alongside more traditional linear technology transfer approaches within the area of environmental extension. In
this paper the Integrated Systems for Knowledge Management (ISKM) approach is presented to illustrate how such learning-based
approaches can be used to help communities develop, apply, and refine technical information within a larger context of shared
understanding. To outline how this works in practice, we use a case study involving pest management. Particular attention
is paid to the issues that emerge as a result of multiple stakeholder involvement within environmental problem situations.
Finally, the potential role of the Internet in supporting and disseminating the experience gained through ongoing adaptive
management processes is examined. 相似文献
16.
Courtland L. Smith Jennifer Gilden Brent S. Steel Karina Mrakovcich 《Environmental management》1998,22(5):671-681
/ Emerging ecosystem science builds on adaptive management as an approach to dealing with salmon problems in the Pacific Northwest. Adaptive management brings scientific and democratic processes together. However, managers, the public, resource users, and scientists differ in their views on the causes of salmon decline. Managers emphasize habitat loss and over-harvest as the primary causes; commercial fishers point to habitat loss, management practices, and predators; and the public gives greatest weight to water pollution and ocean drift nets. Scientific studies of salmon often produce results that seem contradictory or unclear to the public. For adaptive management to be effective, scientists' and the public need to better understand one another's perspectives.KEY WORDS: Perception; Fishery management; Salmon; Pacific Northwest; Science 相似文献
17.
/ This study evaluates the institutional capacity and performance of the Taipei Water Management Commission. The commission, which manages the Taipei Water Special Area-one of 95 such areas in Taiwan and the only one managed by a supervisory agency-has established a record of water conservation that suggests its utility as a model for managing other protected water resources areas in Taiwan. However, its present institutional structure limits its ability deliver on its mandate. The study identifies a number of problems related to the commission's current institutional structure that need to be addressed if the commission is to serve as a viable model for managing other protected water resource areas in Taiwan.KEY WORDS: Water resources management; Commissions; Institutional capacity; Taiwan 相似文献
18.
An 11-year period of water quality data, collected by the Directorate of Sate Water Works of Turkey are thoroughly analyzed
for the purpose of implementing water quality classes to water resources in the Meric Basin, located on the European land
mass of Turkey. Water quality parameters are divided into four groups as physical, organic, inorganic, and bacteriological.
The quality class of each group is evaluated by taking into account the poorest quality of any parameter in the group, after
which a quality rank is assigned to the sampling station and the waterbody in question. This method of water quality classification
imposed by the Turkish Water Quality Act, is then criticized with respect to a statistical approach. 相似文献
19.
TUGAI: An Integrated Simulation Tool for Ecological Assessment of Alternative Water Management Strategies in a Degraded River Delta 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Schlüter M Rüger N Savitsky AG Novikova NM Matthies M Lieth H 《Environmental management》2006,38(4):638-653
The development of ecologically sound water allocation strategies that account for the needs of riverine ecosystems is a pressing
issue, especially in semiarid river basins. In the Aral Sea Basin, a search for strategies to mitigate ecological and socioeconomic
deterioration has been in process since the early 1990s. The Geographic Information System–based simulation tool TUGAI has
been developed to support the policy determination process by providing a simple, problem-oriented method to assess ecological
effects of alternative water management strategies for the Amudarya River. It combines a multiobjective water allocation model
with simple, spatially explicit statistical and rule-based models of landscape dynamics. Changes in environmental conditions
are evaluated by a fuzzy habitat suitability index for Populus euphratica, which is the dominant species of the characteristic riverine Tugai forests. Water management scenarios can be developed
by altering spatiotemporal water distribution in the delta area or the amount of water inflow into the delta. Outcomes of
scenario analysis are qualitative comparisons of the ecological effects of different options for a time period of up to 28
years. The given approach utilizes different types of knowledge, from quantitative hydrological data to qualitative local
expert knowledge. The main purpose of the tool is to integrate the knowledge in a comprehensive way to make it available for
discussions on alternative policies in moderated workshops with stakeholders. In this article, the modules of the tool, their
integration, and three hypothetical scenarios are presented. Based on the experience gained when developing the TUGAI tool,
we propose that the general framework can be transferred to other areas where tradeoffs in water allocation between the environment
and other water users are of major concern. The potential for a simulation tool to structure and inform a complex resource
management situation by involving local experts and stakeholders in the development of possible future scenarios will become
increasingly valuable for transparent and participatory resource management. 相似文献
20.
Control of Tamarix in the Western United States: Implications for Water Salvage, Wildlife Use, and Riparian Restoration 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Shafroth PB Cleverly JR Dudley TL Taylor JP van Riper C Weeks EP Stuart JN 《Environmental management》2005,35(3):231-246
Non-native shrub species in the genus Tamarix (saltcedar, tamarisk) have colonized hundreds of thousands of hectares of floodplains, reservoir margins, and other wetlands in western North America. Many resource managers seek to reduce saltcedar abundance and control its spread to increase the flow of water in streams that might otherwise be lost to evapotranspiration, to restore native riparian (streamside) vegetation, and to improve wildlife habitat. However, increased water yield might not always occur and has been substantially lower than expected in water salvage experiments, the potential for successful revegetation is variable, and not all wildlife taxa clearly prefer native plant habitats over saltcedar. As a result, there is considerable debate surrounding saltcedar control efforts. We review the literature on saltcedar control, water use, wildlife use, and riparian restoration to provide resource managers, researchers, and policy-makers with a balanced summary of the state of the science. To best ensure that the desired outcomes of removal programs are met, scientists and resource managers should use existing information and methodologies to carefully select and prioritize sites for removal, apply the most appropriate and cost-effective control methods, and then rigorously monitor control efficacy, revegetation success, water yield changes, and wildlife use. 相似文献