不同基因型杨树的光合特征与臭氧剂量的响应关系

采用开顶式气室装置研究不同臭氧浓度对3种基因型杨树(‘546’、‘90’和‘84K’)光合作用特征的影响.结果表明,随着O_3浓度的升高,净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、水分利用效率(WUE)、电子传递速率(ETR)、PSⅡ反应中心激发能捕获效率(F'_v/F'_m)、光化学猝灭系数(q P)、PSⅡ实际光化学量子效率(Phi PS2)、叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)、叶绿素总量(Chla+b)和类胡萝卜素(Car)均显著降低,胞间CO_2浓度(c_i)显著升高,气孔导度(G_s)变化不显著.不同基因型杨树各项光合生理指标之间均存在显著性差异,基因型‘546’各项光合指标(除G_s外)与O_3剂量(AOT40,小时O_3浓度大于40nmol·mol~(-1)的累计值)间具有显著的线性相关关系(P0.01),并且光合色素含量随着O_3浓度的升高而显著降低.但高浓度O_3对基因型‘90’和‘84K’光合色素影响不显著.从多数光合特征指标特别是叶绿素总量的O_3剂量线性响应关系来看,基因型‘546’表现出最大的斜率,基因型‘90’次之,基因型‘84K’斜率最小,因而可得知随着O_3浓度升高,三者的臭氧敏感性为‘546’‘90’‘84K’.该研究结果为O_3污染环境下杨树基因型筛选与培育,以及保护杨树免受O_3伤害提供科学依据.     

ISO/FDIS9223:2011E中剂量响应函数应用浅析

采用剂量响应函数法、关键因素法、标准金属法评估了我国9个大气腐蚀试验站的大气腐蚀特性,探讨了ISO/FDIS 9223：2011E中剂量响应函数的适用范围、评估误差、温湿度对SO2和Cl-腐蚀性的影响等。分析表明,剂量响应函数法适用于评估有SO2或Cl-污染的大气环境腐蚀性,评估效果与ISO 9223—1992中的关键因素法相当,响应函数式中温度、湿度对污染物的腐蚀作用影响还有待进一步验证。     

Linking analyses and environmental Kuznets curves for aggregated material flows in the EU

The relationship between economy and environmental impacts has been an essential topic in the discussion on environmental problems for a long time. From the 1990s, this relationship has gained a position in environmental policy as well. De-coupling the use of natural resources from economic growth has been set as one of the policy goals in the sixth Environmental Action Programme by the European Commission. In the scientific discussion, the concept of environmental Kuznets curve deals closely with the de-coupling or de-linking phenomenon. Aggregated material flows, on the other hand, have often been considered as a macro-level proxy of environmental degradation. Different methods or approaches have been designed for “sustainability” or “carrying capacity” evaluation as well. The objective of this article is (i) to discuss the possibilities and limitations of using environmental and economic indicators in the sustainability analysis at the macro level, (ii) to present a theoretical framework for the linking analysis including a classification of the degrees of de-linking/re-linking environmental impacts from/to economic growth, and (iii) to give an empirical example by using indicators of direct material flows as a proxy of environmental degradation and by applying the framework into the European Union and its 15 member countries. The results show that the trend in the European Union is a weak de-linking of material flows from economic growth during the years 1980–2000. In other words, material intensity of the economy has generally decreased due to increased efficiency, but the absolute amount of material use has increased, although at a lower rate of increase than economic growth. On the other hand, there is a quite large variation between different EU member countries. However, absolute decrease in the use of materials cannot be found as a continuous trend between the years 1980 and 2000 in any of the studied EU member countries.     

矿化垃圾固定床吸附过程和穿透曲线预测

以轴向扩散模型和恒定图式假设为基础,推导出了适用于预测固定床穿透曲线的积分模型.通过动态循环法对苯酚和对氯苯酚在矿化垃圾中的吸附行为进行了研究,采用Freundlich等温吸附方程描述穿透曲线,并得到了便于应用的代数模型.通过不同条件下固定床实验来确认模型,结果证实模型可以很好地描述穿透曲线.同时讨论了操作参数和矿化垃圾特性对穿透曲线的影响,结果表明,较低的进料浓度和进科流量以及内扩散和轴向扩散的影响都会造成实际穿透曲线与预测穿透曲线之间的偏差.     

Diurnal curves of tropospheric ozone in the Western United States

Diurnal curves of tropospheric ozone are characterized for the areas near coniferous forests in the western U.S. A given day of hourly data can be placed into one of 17 classes of diurnal curves simply by knowing the 24-h mean and coefficient of variation of range, or more precisely, by applying equations derived from our discriminant analysis. The variation among curves is known to be related to theory of ozone formation, scavenging, and transport. Season, latitude, and position relative to source areas affect the form of the diurnal curve.     

谈谈化验中应用工作曲线的几个问题

本文着重论述在化验分析中应有工作曲线中应注意的几个问题供参政。     

淹水对互花米草光合色素含量及快速光响应曲线的影响

以实验室栽培的互花米草为研究对象,室内模拟研究0、10和20 cm淹水水位下2、4、6、12和24 h/d淹水胁迫对互花米草叶绿素含量及快速光响应曲线变化影响.结果显示:(1)0 cm淹水处理下,淹水时间越长有利于提高互花米草叶片叶绿素含量,而在10 cm和20 cm淹水处理下,4 h/d和6 h/d淹水处理叶绿素含量...     

Estimating carbon supply curves from afforestation of agricultural land in the Northeastern U.S.

The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative for the northeastern states of the U.S. allows for terrestrial carbon (C) sequestration offsets generated by afforestation activities only. This paper estimates the maximum potential quantity and associated costs of increasing the storage of carbon by afforestation of existing agricultural land in the 11 states of the Northeast United States. The focus of the work was to describe location, the quantity, and at what cost it would be economically attractive to shift agricultural production to afforestation to increase carbon storage in the region. Widely available data sets were used to (1) identify spatially-explicit areas for lower costs carbon offsets and (2) estimate carbon supply curves related to afforestation of agricultural land over three time periods (10, 20, and 40 years). Carbon accumulation and total carbon offset project costs were estimated at a county scale and combined to identify expected costs per ton of carbon dioxide equivalents (CO₂e). Large variation in estimated costs per ton of CO₂e are driven by varying carbon accumulation potentials and opportunity costs of taking land out of agricultural production, as well as the duration of the project activity. Results show that the lowest cost carbon offset projects will be in certain counties of Maine, Vermont, and New York. Pasture land, with lower opportunity costs, generally presents the opportunity for lower cost carbon offset projects relative to cropland. This analysis estimates that afforestation of pasture land in the northeast will not become economically attractive until the price rises above 10 per metric tonne (MT) CO < sub > 2 < /sub > e and that up to 583 million MT could be economically sequestered if the price were to rise to10 per metric tonne (MT) CO₂e and that up to 583 million MT could be economically sequestered if the price were to rise to 50 per MT CO₂e, based on a 40-year project life. With regard to cropland in the northeast, afforestation does not become economically advantageous for land owners until the price rises above $40 per MT CO₂e. It is estimated that up to 487,000 MT could be sequestered from cropland if the price were to rise to $40 per MT CO₂e. It is estimated that up to 487,000 MT could be sequestered from cropland if the price were to rise to 50 per MT CO₂e, based on a 40-year project life.     

某石化企业粉体料仓爆燃事故原因分析

本文以某企业HDPE料仓的一次爆燃事故为案例,通过分析事故的成因,提供了调查料仓事故的思路及整改方案的确定方法.     

Issues in developing a capacity for integrated analysis of mitigation and adaptation

As policymakers and stakeholders increasingly consider relative merits and complementarities of climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies, it is important to improve analytical capacities to support this process. Because a single analytical approach is unlikely to fit all needs, this paper explores potentials for an integrated analytical framework that incorporates both top–down and bottom–up approaches.     

多菌种生物膜内各菌种生物量的动力学推定及验证

以Monod模型为基准,推导多菌种生物膜内各菌种生物量的推定模型.以东深供水原水生物预处理工程为研究对象,对生物填料进行静态、批量实验,推算生物膜内亚硝化菌（AOB）和硝化菌（NOB）在生物池内的沿程分布规律及其基质限制条件;进行生物膜内AOB和NOB的培养计数实验及反应器系统出水模拟,验证生物量推定结果.结果表明：多菌种生物膜内AOB和NOB生物量的动力学推定,方法简单、可行;生物膜内AOB和NOB的活性生物量沿池长均呈两头低中间高的特殊分布;膜内AOB和NOB的活性生物量分别占相应总生物量的68.2%～74.2%和25.0%～29.9%;以这些活性的AOB和NOB生物量推定结果进行反应器系统出水模拟效果相当理想.     

矿区耕地土壤重金属污染评价模型与实例研究

为对湘南某矿区耕地土壤重金属污染情况作出客观实际的评价,将层次分析理论用于环境评价领域,引入重金属毒性响应系数和重金属在粮食中限量值双重准则,以确定重金属元素之间的权重,并结合加权平均法建立综合评价模型.同时,结合GIS对耕地土壤重金属空间分布、重金属富集特征及综合污染情况进行分析.对该矿区4种重金属Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn的综合污染评价结果表明,该矿区耕地土壤重金属综合污染情况严重,综合污染指数变化范围为1.25～427,属重度污染.因子分析结果表明,4种重金属的来源具有一定相似性,主要来源于矿区有色金属采选冶炼活动.空间分析表明,4种重金属的含量及综合污染的空间分布特征呈明显富集.该评价模型可用于对矿区耕地土壤重金属污染评价的研究,为土壤重金属污染评价提供了新的思路.     

传统给水处理厂氯消毒模型的开发与应用

以建立给水处理过程的风险分析方法为目标,提出了适用于传统给水处理工艺的氯消毒概率机理模型.模型既考虑氯消毒过程中有机物、余氯、氨氮、溴离子之间化学反应,又考虑水厂混凝、沉淀和过滤工艺过程中的物理和生物作用.典型水厂的现场监测数据表明,该模型能够较好地模拟水厂中高锰酸盐指数、氨氮以及4种三卤甲烷的浓度概率分布.Monte Carlo模拟的结果表明,与我国城市供水水质标准相比,该水厂高锰酸盐指数和单种三卤甲烷的超标概率极低,但总三卤甲烷的超标概率略高,约为2.3%.     

某企业分析岗位职业病危害分析与控制

通过对某企业分析人员在取样过程、分析过程及样品处理过程中的职业危害进行识别与分析,提出了分析人员在作业过程中应采取的个体防护措施及工程上的预防与控制措施。     

净化铁锰氨生物滤池内氨氮转化途径

为考察净化铁锰氨生物滤池内NH₄+-N的转化途径,利用氮素计量关系和沿程试验研究了净化铁锰氨生物滤池内产生TN_loss(氮损失)的原因和NH₄+-N转化途径. 结果表明,净化铁锰氨生物滤池内DO消耗异常,TN_loss不守恒,当进水ρ(NH₄+-N)平均值分别为1.262、2.296、3.111 mg/L时,NLR(氮损失率)分别能达到7.89%、12.91%、17.73%. 利用硝化反应和CANON(全程自养脱氮)方程式计算得出理论TN_loss和TDOC(理论耗氧量),与实际TN_loss和ADOC(实际耗氧量)的差值分别小于±0.030、±0.10 mg/L,各阶段NH₄+-N 通过CANON途径转化的比例分别为48.58%、60.77%、68.10%,硝化反应和CANON途径共同参与了NH₄+-N转化. 沿程试验结果表明,整个试验阶段,NO₂--N在滤层中均有积累,并在滤层厚度为10~18 cm内出现NO₂--N和NH₄+-N共存的现象,进一步证明CANON途径是净化铁锰氨生物滤池内产生TN_loss的原因.