救生衣及浮体材料的浮力测试方法和专用检测仪器

1前言救生衣作为水上作业劳动防护服装和紧急救生装备,具有极其广泛的应用范围,是水上运输业、渔业、海上石油天然气开采等众多行业的从业者必需的劳动防护用品;是军队、武警、公安干警、海关缉私等特殊群体人员执行勤务时的救生装备;也是水上娱乐、水上运动所必需的安全保障装备。无论是船用救生衣、民用救生漂浮装置还是军用救生衣,最基本的性能要求是能够提供足够大、足够持久的浮力,以避免人员溺水,赢得足够的施救时间。救生衣的浮力主要取决于所采用的浮体材料的浮力;救生衣的浮力保持性取决于浮体材料的浮力保持性,也取决于救生衣的结…     

救生衣浮力材料概述

救生衣是保证落水者以安全状态漂浮于水面,防止溺水的服装.救生衣最基本的功能是提供浮力,浮力是靠浮力材料提供.国内外救生衣浮力材料可分为三大类:一是天然纤维,常用的有木棉和软木;二是软质闭孔泡沫塑料,常用的有聚氯乙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氨酯、聚乙烯等;三是其它新型浮力材料.     

"舰艇海上作战救生衣"设计定型评审会召开

最近,总后勤部军需部在北京组织召开了“舰艇海上作战救生衣”设计定型评审会。与会评审专家认为,该项装备理论研究深入,设计科学,结构新颖,功能齐全,研制的材料先进,性能优异,生产工艺成熟可行。该项成果一是研制了木棉囊和气囊共同提供浮力的复合式结构;二是提出并证实了在木棉中适量加入三维卷曲中空纤维能获得最大的浮力和最小的浮力损失,研发出救生衣用聚氨酯-锦纶气密性面料并使之国产化;三是研究改进了手动充气部件,设计了防止误动作插杆,开发了镁-氯化铅海水电池示位灯和电池启用装置;四是首次提出以单位质量浮力作为评价浮力材料浮…     

救生衣用泡沫塑料压缩回弹性能测试方法研究

软质闭孔泡沫塑料已经成为救生衣浮体材料的一个主要品种。救生衣用泡沫塑料应有较低的压缩刚度和较高的压缩弹性恢复率,以保证使用者有良好的贴体性、穿着舒服、手感柔软,同时有稳定的浮力。 我国长期以来缺乏救生衣用泡沫塑料的产品标准和测试方法标准,生产中光凭技术人员的主观判断来选用泡沫塑料,故救生衣成品的质量千差万别,良莠不齐。 本文提出了救生衣用泡沫塑料的压缩回弹性能测试方法,可操作性强、避免了人为误差,且与专家评判有良好的一致性;在此基础上可以形成救生衣用泡沫塑料的产品标准和测试方法标准,特推荐给读者一读,并请读者从建立产品标准和方法标准的角度多提宝贵意见。     

介绍一种救生衣

用聚乙烯闭孔泡沫塑料作浮力材料的救生衣,具有良好的物理性能,不受海水、油类侵蚀的影响。泡沫塑料救生衣有用棉布作衣套(5563型)和尼龙作衣套(5563～1型)两种,每套总重量不超过1.1公斤,穿着方便,在淡水中能支承 11.5公斤的铁块24小时不沉,而且浮力分布合理,穿着者落水后,即使失去知觉时也能保持身体仰卧,脸部露出水面,处于安全漂浮状态。介绍一种救生衣$上海市劳动局     

封面简介

我们过去使用的救生衣,体积大,份量重(自重有3—4市斤),操作不方便;尤其是夏天穿起来闷热,群众意见很大。 1973年经上海市劳动保护用品商店、上海塑料十八厂等单位多次研究,为我港试制了一种5573-特1型聚乙烯塑料救生衣,用桔黄色尼龙布制作,4袋式,浮力6.5公斤,浮力总重量<0.4公斤,救生衣总重量≤0.78公斤。使用几年来,群众反映良好,认为这种救生衣,体积小,份量轻,性能好,操作适用,还能耐寒,耐酸碱,在江、河、湖等水上操作均适用。封面简介$交通部上海港务局安全处     

具有浮力的游泳衣

一种由Eliotex纤维制成的游泳衣不久前在法国问世。这种纤维具有很强的浮力,体重25kg以下的儿童穿上这种纤维制成的游泳衣就能在水面漂浮起来,用250gEliotex能让130kg体重的人在水面漂浮。用这种纤维织成织物还能耐95℃的高温,且不产生形变,可制成军、警和水上火灾逃生、抢险用救生衣,各种民用救生衣等。具有浮力的游泳衣@凯力     

新西兰发布开放水域救生衣标准修正案

最近．新西兰标准协会发布NZS 5823：2005《浮力设施和海事安全吊带和绳索》1号修正案。由于开放水域救生衣供应商提出．在NZS5823中401．12．1条款（标志：通用要求）中存不规范问题,     

国外救生衣的类型和结构特点

1前言救生衣作为个体救生装备,是航运、渔业、水上和码头作业、水上运动等相关活动必备的防护用品,也是军队必需的单兵防护装备。随着三军联合作战的推广,救生衣已不局限于海、空军使用。救生衣类型已涉及到海军舰艇作战救生衣、海军水上作业救生衣、空军飞行员救生衣、空降兵救生衣、陆军通用救生衣和陆军作战救生衣等。国内外对救生衣的研究开发均以军方为主。美、英等发达国家从二战以来大力研究救生衣,目前已对各兵种装备有专用救生衣,并朝着功能集成和结构集成的方向发展,救生效率大幅度提高。通过在救生衣属具上采用GPS定位、无线电…     

救生衣漂浮方式概述

本文综述了救生衣的漂浮方式，包括依靠疏水轻质材料，依靠救生衣上预膨胀的气袋或气囊，依靠压缩气体自动充气对救生衣进行触发式充气等。对漂浮方式的最新发展也作了简要介绍。     

Boating-related drowning in Australia: Epidemiology,risk factors and the regulatory environment

Objective: Recreational boating is a popular pastime in many high income countries, and is a leading activity prior to drowning. This study reports on unintentional fatal drowning associated with boating-related incidents in Australia. Methods: A total population, retrospective, cross sectional design examined all boating-related unintentional drowning deaths between July 1, 2005 and June 30, 2015. Variables examined included age, sex, location of drowning incident, vessel type, activity, presence of alcohol/drugs, and lifejacket wear. Relative risk (with a 95% confidence interval) was calculated using fatal drowning rates per 100,000 population and rates per 100,000 registered vessels. Chi square analysis and non-parametric tests for significance were applied. Statistical significance was deemed p < .05. Results: A total of 415 people drowned while boating during the study period, 91.8% male and 35.7% aged between 25 and 44 years. Men were 10 times more likely to drown when boating than females (RR = 10.64 CI:7.55–14.97). Over one-quarter (28.7%) of incidents involved alcohol, in 30.6% drugs were identified (31.3% were illegal) and 90.4% were not wearing a lifejacket. Children were more at risk of drowning on a houseboat than adults (RR = 7.13; CI:1.61–31.61). Females were more likely to drown than males when using a personal watercraft (RR = 10.53; CI:2.75–40.33). Conclusion: Boaters may be taking unnecessary risks by disregarding safety regulations, such as not wearing lifejackets and substance use (such as alcohol and illegal drugs). Boating in remote locations presents a high risk of drowning. While safety regulations are in place, enforcement and behavior change remain challenges. Practical application: Findings support recommendations for increased enforcement of alcohol-related regulations and introducing drug-testing for boaters. Consistency of boating safety regulations, especially around lifejacket wear, is recommended to influence behavior change. The effectiveness of current lifejacket regulations need to be critically evaluated in the context of increasing wear rates for adults and children.     

Explosibility and thermal decomposition behavior of nitrile rubber dust in industrial processes

The formation of nitrile rubber (NBR) dust clouds during processing can lead to a potential dust explosion under certain conditions. However, the potential explosion hazard posed by NBR dust is usually overlooked by enterprises. In this paper, the explosive properties of NBR dust are investigated using a Hartmann tube, a G-G furnace, and a 20 L explosion chamber. The results showed that NBR dust could cause explosions severe enough to be classified as St-1. In addition, the thermal decomposition behavior of NBR dust under combustion conditions was investigated using a combination of thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TGA-FTIR). The results indicated that in the early stage, NBR dust mainly undergoes self-thermal decomposition to produce a large amount of combustible gas, which combines with oxygen to form a mixed gas and cause a gas-phase explosion. In addition, the participation of oxygen could lower the initial temperature of NBR dust thermal decomposition. As a result, decomposition occurred more quickly and a large amount of combustible gas was produced, thus expanding the range of dust explosions. Furthermore, these combustible gases exhibit varying degrees of toxicity, seriously affecting the life and health safety of relevant personnel. This work provides theoretical guidance for the development of safe procedures to prevent and address problems during NBR dust processing in enterprises.     

Modification of Waste Polypropylene with Waste Rubber Dust from Textile Cot Industry and its Characterization

Waste plastics collected from municipality solid waste (MSW), were segregated, washed and dried. The fractions consisting predominantly of polypropylene were further segregated from the lot, cleaned and dried. These were chopped into pieces and then mixed in a Brabender Plasticoder with rubber dust from rubber textile cot industry at various proportions, till homogeneity is achieved. The tensile strength, impact strength and flexural strength of the blends were measured and observed that these properties increasing with increase in loading of rubber dust, reach a maximum at 10 wt% and then decreases. The dynamic mechanical properties of blends such as storage modulus, loss modulus and tan δ measured by DMA-2980 shows an increase in damping characteristics with an increase in the proportion of rubber dust. The rubber dust consists of blends of NBR and PVC used in making textile cots in the textile industry after vulcanization. It is observed that 10% of rubber dust imparts better strength properties with waste PP. The dispersion of the scrap rubber dust in PP has been analysed under SEM and its compatibility has been studied.     

聚氯乙烯电缆料老化前后的火灾危险性研究

利用微型燃烧量热计（MCC）、热重分析（TGA）、实时红外光谱（RTFTIR）以及热重-红外联用技术（TG-FT-IR）研究了PVC电缆料老化前后火灾危险性的变化。MCC结果表明,老化后的PVC的最大热释放速率增加了56.3%,总热释放量从10.6kJ/g增加到16.8kJ/g,点燃温度也由302℃提前到282℃。TG-FTIR和RTFTIR的分析结果显示,PVC的主要降解产物有水、碳氢化合物、二氧化碳和一氧化碳。PVC达到最大降解速率的温度约为240℃,与MCC、TG的结果相符合。PVC的裂解气体中包含CO2和CO,还有剧毒气体HCl。这些实验数据说明PVC材料在使用过程中火灾危险性加大,为老城区电气线路和设备的改造提供了理论依据和实验基础。     

Experimental Study of the Interation Between the Water Mists and PVC Fire

Effect of water mist on the small-scale solid fuel polyvinyl chloride (PVC) fire in the confined space has been studied experimentally with the heat release rate measured by a cone calorimeter in this paper.The water mist is generated by a single pressure nozzle and the diffusion flame is produced from PVC samples respectively. The LDV/APV system is employed to determine the water mist characteristics. The Cone Calorimeter is used to measure the heat release rate, oxygen and carbon monoxide concentrations and other important parameters of the interaction under various conditions.The results of the test showed that heat extraction cooling (flame cooling and fuel surface cooling) plays a dominating role to suppress the PVC fire, when the water mist with enough volume flux are applied to the diffusion flame in the confined space. The higher the operation pressure, the easier the suppression. The faster the PVC fire suppressed by water mist with large enough water flux, the less the total amount of toxic gases (CO, CO₂) produced.     

Smoke Suppession in Ploy (Vivngl Chloribe)

Polymeric materials are combustible in nature and poly (vtnyl chloride) is no ex-ception. Due to its high chlorine contents it is relatively fiame retardant, hawever be-cause of the processing aids such as plasttcizer etc. this advantage is lost. Duringburning the two main hazards of PVC are Hydrogen Chloride gas and copiousamount of smoke. Dtfferent methods for smoke suppression of polymers are also ap-plicable to the case of PVC. Complexes of dzfferent metal, mixedmetals and metalbased organics are discussed along with other methods of smoke suppression in PVC.Some aspects of smoke measurement have also been covered.     

阻燃PVC电工套管氧指数测定中的影响因素分析

通过对阻燃PVC电工套管氧指数测定中的影响因素分析,对现行的阻燃PVC电工套管的氧指数检验方法展开讨论,并为执法部门、建设单位和产品生产商提供数据参考。     

阻燃PVC电工套管氧指数测定中的影响因素分析

通过对阻燃PVC电工套管氧指数测定中的影响因素分析,对现行的阻燃PVC电工套管的氧指数检验方法展开讨论,并为执法部门、建设单位和产品生产商提供数据参考。     

汽车用聚合物材料火灾燃烧特性研究

为研究车用聚合物材料的燃烧特性,并对材料的火灾危险性进行全方位的评估,采用锥形量热仪,对汽车上常用的ABS,PP-PVC,PVC革-无纺毡以及无纺布-PVC聚合物材料进行分析表征,测得点燃时间、热释放速率、总热释放量、质量损失速率、烟气生成速率等参数。结果表明:ABS材料的点燃危险性相对最低,PVC革-无纺毡材料相对最高;随热辐射强度的增加,各样品的热释放速率和烟气生成速率明显加快;结合热释放速率峰值、均值和总热释放量可知,无纺布-PVC材料的热危险性相对最低;结合烟气生成速率和总烟释放量可知,ABS材料的发烟危害性相对最高,无纺布-PVC的相对最低;综合比较各样品的FGI和FPI值,安全等级由高到低依次为ABS,PP-PVC,PVC革-无纺毡,无纺布-PVC。     

PVC电缆火灾早期特征气体的组成分析和传感器探测

利用气体传感器对电缆绝缘过热释放的气体进行监测有望实现电气火灾早期预警,目前该技术的发展由于特征气体未得到确认而受到限制。分析了聚氯乙烯(PVC)电缆绝缘层在不同温度下释放的气体组成,并对其主要成分进行传感器测试。TG-IR和GC-MS分析表明PVC电缆绝缘层在200℃前已出现微小失重,释放出以邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP)等塑化剂为主的气体。气敏测试中,商用半导体气体传感器对DOP和电缆蒸气产生较好、相似的响应性能。因此,DOP可以作为PVC电缆火灾早期的特征气体。