A model of savanna litter decomposition

A model of litter decomposition in a South African savanna is described. Decomposing material is divided into a number of particle classes, distinguishing material of different ages, origins and size. Each particle class is further divided into a number of chemical constituents. Processes modelled include ageing, physical disintegration, consumption by termites and decay. Sources of fresh litter include tree and grass leaves. Results from a standard run of the model and a number of runs with changed parameter values to test the model's sensitivity to these are presented and discussed. From exercise of the model it appears that the most important processes relate to soil-feeding termites, with decay and physical breakdown being the background against which termites operate.     

鼎湖山马尾松林凋落物分解对凋落物输入变化的响应

为了了解我国南方森林常见的人为干扰（凋落物收取）活动对生态系统养分循环的影响,研究了鼎湖山马尾松林3种主要树种凋落物分解及其养分释放对凋落物输入量变化的响应。这3种树种分别为马尾松（Pinus massoniana）、荷木（Schimasuperba）和锥栗（Castanopsis chinensis）。凋落物输入量变化分别为凋落物去除（L-）、加倍（L＋）和对照（L）3种处理,每种处理25个重复。经过18个月的处理试验,凋落物分解速率及其养分释放随树种、分解阶段和凋落物处理不同而异。荷木、马尾松和锥栗分解物平均残留率分别为0.46±0.01、0.42±0.01、0.40±0.02,其中,荷木与锥栗、马尾松差异性显著。不同处理间的凋落物分解速率差异显著,加倍、对照和去除处理样地凋落物的平均残留率分别为0.51±0.08、0.53±0.09和0.55±0.08。凋落物加倍处理促进了凋落物分解过程中C的释放,而去除凋落物处理则抑制了N、P的释放。以上结果表明,凋落物收取活动不仅直接带走凋落物中的大量养分,而且抑制了凋落物分解及其养分释放。     

Modelling the effects of litter decomposition on tree diversity patterns

Current theories may not fully explain why latitudinal patterns of plant diversity differ between terrestrial and flooded ecosystems. Moreover, the co-occurrence of hyper diverse stands in lowland tierra firma (not inundated) forests and almost monospecific stands in mangroves and gallery riparian vegetation within the tropics remains enigmatic. Building on evidence from ecology and agriculture, we present a new model investigating the hypothesis that, besides the general positive feedback of plant growth by nutrients release, litter decomposition builds up an intra-specific negative feedback functionally linked with tree diversity. The model results were compared with extensive published data sets both across and within latitudinal zones. The model predicts correctly the biomass production and decomposition process, as well as the number of tree species, their relative abundance in all environmental conditions providing a novel, putative explanation also for the diversity variations observed within the tropics. The model demonstrates a possible mechanistic link between the carbon cycle and biodiversity patterns, which is interesting in the debate about advancing in the direction of a unifying ecosystem theory.     

森林枯枝落叶分解及其影响因素

枯枝落叶在森林生态系统中占有极其重要的地位,枯枝落叶的分解是一个以生物为主要参与者的过程,土壤动物使粗枯落叶实现物理性分解,土壤微生物则使枯落物碎片进一步分解为简单无机分子或转化为腐殖物质。土壤微生物的分解受枯落物自身成份的影响,粗脂肪与可溶性糖等在前期分解,木质素与纤维素等在后期分解,低w(C)/w(N)比枯落物易于分解,枯落物内的有机氮最终将降解为NH 4和NO-3,用于描述枯落物分解的最常用模型是指数方程x/x0=e-kt。自然因素与人为因素引起的火烧也是引起地面枯落物消失的重要因素,它有很强的负面效应,造成有机氮的损失。影响枯落物分解的因素很多,它们主要是通过影响分解生物而起作用,这些因素有树种、温度、湿度、酸碱度、污染等。阔叶树枯落物通常比针叶的分解快,温度与有机氮的矿化有线性关系,硝化作用可在大幅度的温度范围内发生,但最适温度通常在25℃。碳矿化的最适含水量约60%,在过于淹水条件下易于出现反硝化作用而造成氮损失。森林枯落物分解以真菌为主,适于在较高pH条件下进行,但与枯落物种类有关,云杉最适分解酸度为pH5～7,多种阔叶树最适分解酸度在pH3.5,土壤变酸时通常造成细菌数量显著下降,而以真菌占主导。枯落物的处理方式影响森林土地的生产力,移除地面枯落物或采伐剩余的枝叶可造成土地肥力的显著下降,相反,则有利于维持土地肥力。     

丛枝菌根真菌对羊草凋落物降解作用的研究

丛枝菌根真菌（Abuscular mycorrhizal fungi）能够影响植物生长及养分含量,从而影响凋落物的降解。采用根袋的方法研究了接种两种丛枝真菌Glomus mosseae和Glomus claroideum对羊草（Leymus chinensis）地上部及根系凋落物降解的影响。结果表明,随时间的延长,凋落物的重量逐渐减少,凋落物氮、磷含量均表现出先下降后逐渐升高的趋势。接种对地上部凋落物的养分含量及降解速度未产生显著性影响,但显著降低了根系氮磷含量及降解系数。接种Glomus mosseae和Glomus claroideum羊草根系氮、磷含量均显著低于CK;接种与未接种相比羊草根系k值显著降低;根系C：N未接种处理显著低于接种处理。说明丛枝菌根真菌可能间接影响草原生态系统中有机物质的分解和养分释放。     

湿地挺水植物凋落物立枯分解研究进展

在许多湿地生态系统中,挺水植物立枯常组成凋落物总量的主要部分,其分解过程研究对于正确评价湿地生态系统的碳收支状况具有重要意义。对立枯分解过程与传统研究中凋落物分解过程的差异,分解过程中的 CO2排放,立枯分解的研究方法,以及分解过程的影响因素进行了综述。一般认为,湿地挺水植物立枯与传统研究中凋落物所处环境的差异造成了分解过程的差异,其分解过程中产生 CO2是湿地温室气体排放的重要途径;凋落袋和红外气体分析仪是湿地挺水植物立枯分解研究的主要方法;真菌组成了立枯体上微生物的大部分,对于立枯分解具有重要作用;环境因子（温度、水分等）和“基质质量”是影响挺水植物立枯分解过程的重要因素。在全球变化背景下,气候变化因子会直接或间接影响凋落物立枯分解过程,引起对气候变化的反馈,因此,在全球范围内开展气候变化对于湿地生态系统挺水植物立枯分解影响的研究具有重要的意义,必将成为凋落物研究的一个重要方向。     

Lignin and its effects on litter decomposition in forest ecosystems

Lignin is a major component of plant litter. In this review, we found lignin comprises a complex class of organic compounds whose concentration differs greatly both between and within plant species. There are many analytical methods for detecting the composition and structure of lignins. As lignins are enormously complex compounds, chemical assay is difficult and different methods vary with the results. Lignin plays a significant role in the carbon cycle, sequestering atmospheric carbon into the living tissues of woody perennial vegetation. It has also great effects on nitrogen dynamics of forest ecosystems as well as other ecological processes. Lignin is one of the most slowly decomposing components of dead vegetation, contributing a major fraction of the material that becomes humus as it decomposes. Lignin is highly correlated with decomposition of litter. Thus, there is evidence that the lignin concentration is a more influential factor than the other chemical concentrations, in determining the rate of leaf litter decomposition of different forest ecosystems. Although a great number of researchers have addressed lignin's role in litter decomposition, still there are many aspects of lignin biogeochemistry that are not known. This lack of information hinders complete amalgam of lignin effects on litter decomposition processes and dynamics of nutrient cycling.     

Earthworms and legumes control litter decomposition in a plant diversity gradient

The role of species and functional group diversity of primary producers for decomposers and decomposition processes is little understood. We made use of the "Jena Biodiversity Experiment" and tested the hypothesis that increasing plant species (1, 4, and 16 species) and functional group diversity (1, 2, 3, and 4 groups) beneficially affects decomposer density and activity and therefore the decomposition of plant litter material. Furthermore, by manipulating the densities of decomposers (earthworms and springtails) within the plant diversity gradient we investigated how the interactions between plant diversity and decomposer densities affect the decomposition of litter belonging to different plant functional groups (grasses, herbs, and legumes). Positive effects of increasing plant species or functional group diversity on earthworms (biomass and density) and microbial biomass were mainly due to the increased incidence of legumes with increasing diversity. Neither plant species diversity nor functional group diversity affected litter decomposition, However, litter decomposition varied with decomposer and plant functional group identity (of both living plants and plant litter). While springtail removal generally had little effect on decomposition, increased earthworm density accelerated the decomposition of nitrogen-rich legume litter, and this was more pronounced at higher plant diversity. The results suggest that earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris L.) and legumes function as keystone organisms for grassland decomposition processes and presumably contribute to the recorded increase in primary productivity with increasing plant diversity.     

模拟氮沉降对兴安落叶松林凋落物分解的影响

试验施加NH4NO3、KNO3和NH4Cl3种氮肥,设置对照（N0,0 kg·hm-2·a-1）、低氮（N1,10 kg·hm-2·a-1）、中氮（N2,20kg·hm-2·a-1）、高氮（N3,40 kg·hm-2·a-1）4个施氮水平,通过交互试验,研究模拟N沉降对大兴安岭兴安落叶松（Larix gmelinii）林凋落物分解的影响。结果表明,在兴安落叶松林凋落物分解过程中,叶分解最快,其次是枝,分解最慢的为果,在分解16个月后,枝、叶、果的质量残留率分别为76.68%、47.98%和80.43%,3者异极其显著（p〈0.01）。凋落物叶分解95%所需时间为6.71 a,而枝和果所需时间分别为18.07和18.10 a。在模拟大气氮沉降下凋落物分解过程中,施加KNO3,N2处理下的枝、叶、果的质量残留率极显著低于N3处理（p〈0.01）,显著低于N0和N1处理。施加NH4Cl下,N1处理显著低于N0处理（p〈0.05）。在施加NH4NO3下,N1水平处理下的枝、叶、果的分解速率显著增加（p〈0.05）,但是随着施氮量的增加,分解速率就会减慢,N3处理下,有着明显的抑制作用（p〈0.05）,说明氮沉降对于凋落物分解有着促进作用,但是随着时间和氮沉降量的增加,促进作用延缓甚至是抑制作用。     

五爪金龙凋落叶腐解物的化感潜力研究

采用莴苣种子为受体,测试了五爪金龙凋落叶早期腐解物的化感作用,并与其鲜叶及凋落叶的化感潜力进行了比较分析。结果如下:凋落叶40d的腐解物、鲜叶及凋落叶的水提取液均具有较强的化感潜力,并表现出低促高抑的浓度效应,在FW0.1g﹒mL-1高质量浓度下的综合化感抑制强度为凋落叶未能加土壤的腐解物>鲜叶>凋落叶加土壤的腐解物>凋落叶,而在FW0.005g﹒mL-1低质量浓度下的综合化感促进作用是凋落叶>鲜叶>凋落叶加土壤的腐解物>凋落叶未加土壤的腐解物。鲜叶的抑制强度较凋落叶的大,表明叶片在衰老过程中抑制作用减弱。凋落叶未加土壤仅在空气微生物作用下的腐解物抑制作用最强,促进作用最小,而加入土壤后在土壤微生物作用下的腐解物的抑制作用却有所减弱,抑制强度介于鲜叶和凋落叶的之间,促进作用却小于鲜叶和凋落叶,说明凋落叶腐解过程中微生物的参与对化感作用产生了复杂的影响。     

红树植物凋落叶分解对土壤可溶性有机质的影响

研究红树林湿地土壤可溶性有机质（DOM）的来源、性质及其归宿对于揭示 DOM 在红树林湿地生物地球化学循环中的作用具有重要意义。采集了木榄（Bruguiera gymnoihiza）、秋茄（Kandelia candel）和桐花树（Aegiceras corniculatum）3种红树植物的新近落叶进行室内48 d分解实验,探讨了凋落叶分解过程对土壤可溶性有机碳（DOC）和可溶性总氮（TDN）含量、C/N比（DOC/TDN）及紫外-可见（UV-Vis）光谱特征（A280、A240/A420和A250/A365比值）的影响。在48 d分解期间,3种红树植物凋落叶的输入均明显增加了土壤DOC的含量,其变化在分解第6 d最为显著,各凋落叶添加组比对照组平均增加了149%（秋茄）~196%（桐花树）,随后各凋落叶添加组土壤DOC含量呈下降趋势。与土壤DOC的变化不同,凋落叶输入后土壤TDN的变化与对照组的差异不明显,但木榄和桐花树添加组的C/N比在分解初期（第6天）显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。凋落叶的输入亦在不同程度上增大了土壤DOM的A280值,降低了DOM的A240/A420和A250/A365比值。与土壤DOC的变化相似,凋落叶输入使DOM的UV-Vis光谱特征在分解初期（第6天）的变化最明显,其中桐花树凋落叶的影响最大,秋茄凋落叶的影响最小。结果表明：凋落叶输入使培养初期土壤DOM的含量和性质发生明显改变,DOM中大分子及芳香类组分增多、团聚化程度增加,DOM 的生物可降解性变小。然而,随着分解的进行,不同凋落叶处理组之间土壤DOM的变化差异性逐渐缩小,并在分解后期与对照组趋近。     

四川盆地亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤动物对几种典型凋落物分解的影响

亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤动物对植物生长不同关键时期凋落物分解的贡献可能具有显著差异,但一直缺乏必要关注。以四川盆地亚热带常绿阔叶林典型人工林树种马尾松(Pinus massoniana)和柳杉(Cryptomeria fortunei),次生林树种香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)和麻栎(Quercus acutissima)凋落物为研究对象,采用凋落物分解袋试验,根据植物叶片物候规律在非生长季节(秋末落叶期、萌动期和展叶期)和生长季节(叶片成熟期、盛叶期和叶衰期)不同关键时期动态研究土壤动物对凋落物失重率的影响。土壤动物对4种典型物种凋落物分解均表现出明显贡献,其作用的凋落物失重率分别为：17.78%(麻栎)>14.23%(柳杉)>9.61%(香樟)>8.21%(马尾松)。相对于其他时期,四个树种的土壤动物贡献率均在秋末落叶期最小,除马尾松在叶衰期土壤动物贡献率最大以外,其余3个物种均在盛叶期土壤动物的贡献率最大,且土壤动物对阔叶分解的贡献率大于针叶。相关分析表明,除温度显著影响各关键时期土壤动物对凋落物的贡献外,整个第一年土壤动物作用的凋落物失重率及贡献率与纤维素含量和C/N显著相关,但在非生长季节主要与N含量、C/N和木质素/纤维素密切相关,而生长季节主要相关于木质素/N。这些结果为深入理解亚热带常绿阔叶林物质循环及其与植物生长过程的关系提供了一定的基础数据。     

Interrelationships among shrub encroachment, land management, and litter decomposition in a semidesert grassland.

Encroachment of woody plants into grasslands, and subsequent brush management, are among the most prominent changes to occur in arid and semiarid systems over the past century. Despite the resulting widespread changes in landcover, substantial uncertainty about the biogeochemical impacts of woody proliferation and brush management exists. We explored the role of shrub encroachment and brush management on leaf litter decomposition in a semidesert grassland where velvet mesquite (Prosopis velutina) abundance has increased over the past 100 years. This change in physiognomy may affect decomposition directly, through altered litter quality or quantity, and indirectly through altered canopy structure. To assess the direct and indirect impacts of shrubs on decomposition, we quantified changes in mass, nitrogen, and carbon in litterbags deployed under mesquite canopies and in intercanopy zones. Litterbags contained foliage from mesquite and Lehmann lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana), a widespread, nonnative grass in southern Arizona. To explore short- and long-term influences of brush management on the initial stages of decomposition, litterbags were deployed at sites where mesquite canopies were removed three weeks, 45 years, or 70 years prior to study initiation. Mesquite litter decomposed more rapidly than lovegrass, but negative indirect influences of mesquite canopies counteracted positive direct effects. Decomposition was positively correlated with soil infiltration into litterbags, which varied with microsite placement, and was lowest under canopies. Low under-canopy decomposition was ostensibly due to decreased soil movement associated with high under-canopy herbaceous biomass. Decomposition rates where canopies were removed three weeks prior to study initiation were comparable to those beneath intact canopies, suggesting that decomposition was driven by mesquite legacy effects on herbaceous cover-soil movement linkages. Decomposition rates where shrubs were removed 45 and 70 years prior to study initiation were comparable to intercanopy rates, suggesting that legacy effects persist less than 45 years. Accurate decomposition modeling has proved challenging in arid and semiarid systems but is critical to understanding biogeochemical responses to woody encroachment and brush management. Predicting brush-management effects on decomposition will require information on shrub-grass interactions and herbaceous biomass influences on soil movement at decadal timescales. Inclusion of microsite factors controlling soil accumulation on litter would improve the predictive capability of decomposition models.     

荒漠草原4种典型植物群落夏季土壤呼吸及枯枝落叶分解释放CO2贡献量

采用动态密闭气室分析法测定了沙蒿（Artemisia desertorum）群落、赖草（Leymus secalinus）群落、甘草（Glycyrrhizauralensis）群落和冰草（Agropyron crisatum）群落4种典型荒漠草原植物群落土壤呼吸和枯落物分解的CO2释放速率（RS＋L）、土壤呼吸CO2释放速率（RS）,利用推导法估算得到了枯落物分解的CO2释放速率（RL）及其对总释放的贡献。得到了如下结论：（1）4种群落的RS＋L差异较大,其平均值大小排序分别为冰草群落〉赖草群落〉甘草群落〉沙蒿群落,且各群落的RS＋L在1 d中是不稳定的,均表现为不对称的单峰曲线形式;土壤基础呼吸大小排序分别为冰草群落〉甘草群落〉赖草群落〉沙蒿群落,且土壤基础呼吸高的土壤,其土壤养分状况较好。（2）RS相对于气温具有时滞性,4个群落的平均值大小为冰草群落〉赖草群落〉沙蒿群落〉甘草群落。（3）RL平均值大小排序分别为冰草群落〉甘草群落〉赖草群落〉沙蒿群落;对RS＋L的贡献率大小排序为甘草群落〉冰草群落〉沙蒿群落〉赖草群落,表明RL值大的,其对RS＋L的贡献率不一定大,两者之间不存在正相关关系。不同植物群落枯落物对土壤呼吸的贡献与枯落物量、温度因子的相关关系并未表现出一致性,但与15 cm处的地温相关性最高。夏季RL对RS＋L的平均贡献量（以CO2计）在0.05~0.16 g.m-2.h-1之间,平均贡献率在12.88%~35.33%,是大气CO2的一个重要的排放源。     

Effects of tidally mediated litter moisture content on decomposition of Spartina alterniflora and S. patens

Relationships between flooding frequency, flooding duration, litter moisture levels, and litter decay rates were investigated across the natural hydrologic gradient common to intertidal salt marshes. The effects on litter decay of natural and experimental alterations of litter moisture content were assessed in both field litterbag experiments (conducted in a southern New Jersey salt marsh from 1989 to 1990) and laboratory incubations (1990). Overall, tidally mediated litter moisture content was the dominant factor controlling litter decay throughout the vegetated marsh. Rates of carbon loss were most closely related to litter moisture levels (r=0.84), which were directly related to flooding frequency (r=0.66) and duration (r=0.63). Litter moisture levels were related to elevation within the tidal range due to increasing surface levation from creekbank to high marsh (ca. 54 cm) and height of litter above the sediment surface. Carbon losses from litter of short and tall form Spartina alterniflora Loisel. and S. patens (Aiton) Muhl. along the marsh elevation gradient indicate that while some of the variations in decay rates may be due to litter type, litter moisture accounted for most of the observed variation between marsh zones and within each litter type. Mousture levels are also affected by the water retention capacity of each litter type, which may also secondarily influence decay rates. Short-term incubations of litter indicated that CO₂ evolution was positively related to moisture content with negligible respiration at moisture levels below 15% (fresh mass), increasing to a maximum between 65 and 75% depending upon litter type. Since most Spartina spp. litter remains above the marsh surface where it maintains a lower moisture content than surface litter, the use of surface litterbags may overestimate rates of carbon loss in some systems. In addition, since changes in elevation of only a few centimeters had significant effects on both litter moisture levels and decay rates, slight changes in tidal regime may have important consequences for organic matter cycling in salt marshes by affecting litter decomposition processes.     

Indirect effects of soil invertebrates on litter decomposition: Elaboration via analysis of a tundra model

Indirect effects of soil invertebrates on litter decomposition in arctic coastal tundra were examined by means of a cross control option in a linear carbon flow model. Systems analysis and simulated field experiments generated predictions about soil systems containing invertebrate effects as modeled. Fauna were found to be several times more important per gram than microflora in causing higher cycling efficiency and more even resource distribution within the model. Detritus enrichment decreased evennes of resource distribution without affecting cycling efficiency. Hypotheses were generated which, if supported by field data, would help confirm the rationale used in model construction.     

磷输入对沼泽湿地小叶章枯落物分解过程酶活性的影响

在三江平原沼泽湿地布置外源磷输入小区,选取典型湿地植物小叶章Calamagrostis angustifolia枯落物为研究对象,采用分解袋法,研究了不同梯度外源磷输入(CK:0;P1:1.2 g·m-2·a-1;P2:4.8 g·m-2·a-1;P3:9.6 g·m-2·a-1)对小叶章枯落物分解过程中酶活性的影响.结果表明,在小叶章枯落物分解前期,低磷输入(P1)抑制了蔗糖酶和脲酶活性,继续分解的过程中则极显著促进了二者的酶活性(P<0.01),而低磷输入对淀粉酶活性的影响则与之相反;中磷输入(P2)在小叶章枯落物分解的整个过程都促进了蔗糖酶和淀粉酶的活性,对脲酶活性除在分解65 d时有抑制,其他时期均提高了其酶活性;高磷输入(P3)均提高了枯落物分解后期的蔗糖酶和脲酶活性,其对淀粉酶活性的影响无明显规律;3种磷输入均显著抑制了酸性磷酸酶活性(P<0.01).     

The effect of temperature on leaching and subsequent decomposition of dissolved carbon from inundated floodplain litter: implications for the generation of hypoxic blackwater in lowland floodplain rivers

Dissolved organic carbon export from floodplain litter during flood events is an important energy subsidy for lowland rivers. Temperature affects both the release and decomposition of dissolved organic carbon from floodplain plant litter. Unseasonally warm flood conditions have resulted in the release and consumption of carbon at a rate so rapid that water column oxygen has been depleted, causing the death of aquatic organisms upon exposure to this ‘hypoxic blackwater’. To date, there has not been a systematic investigation of the role of temperature on hypoxic blackwater dynamics. In a series of laboratory experiments, we investigated the temperature dependence of both leaching and decomposition of carbon from a common floodplain litter component in south-eastern Australia – the leaves of the river red gum Eucalyptus camaldulensis. The leaching rate increased with temperature and approximated Arrhenius kinetics. Additionally, the solubility of the leaf carbon increased substantially at temperatures above ～25°C. The rate of organic carbon respiration also increased with temperature, and the relationship with temperature was approximately linear. These data can be used to improve models for the prediction of hypoxic blackwater risk.     

荒漠草原4种典型植物群落夏季土壤呼吸及枯枝落叶分解释放CO2贡献量

采用动态密闭气室分析法测定了沙蒿(Artemisia desertorum)群落、赖草(Leymus secalinus)群落、甘草(Glycyrrhizauralensis)群落和冰草(Agropyron crisatum)群落4种典型荒漠草原植物群落土壤呼吸和枯落物分解的CO2释放速率(RS+L)、土壤呼吸CO2释放速率(RS),利用推导法估算得到了枯落物分解的CO2释放速率(RL)及其对总释放的贡献。得到了如下结论:(1)4种群落的RS+L差异较大,其平均值大小排序分别为冰草群落>赖草群落>甘草群落>沙蒿群落,且各群落的RS+L在1 d中是不稳定的,均表现为不对称的单峰曲线形式;土壤基础呼吸大小排序分别为冰草群落>甘草群落>赖草群落>沙蒿群落,且土壤基础呼吸高的土壤,其土壤养分状况较好。(2)RS相对于气温具有时滞性,4个群落的平均值大小为冰草群落>赖草群落>沙蒿群落>甘草群落。(3)RL平均值大小排序分别为冰草群落>甘草群落>赖草群落>沙蒿群落;对RS+L的贡献率大小排序为甘草群落>冰草群落>沙蒿群落>赖草群落,表明RL值大的,其对RS+L的贡献率不一定大,两者之间不存在正相关关系。不同植物群落枯落物对土壤呼吸的贡献与枯落物量、温度因子的相关关系并未表现出一致性,但与15 cm处的地温相关性最高。夏季RL对RS+L的平均贡献量(以CO2计)在0.05~0.16 g.m-2.h-1之间,平均贡献率在12.88%~35.33%,是大气CO2的一个重要的排放源。     

The fungal microcosm of the internodes of Spartina alterniflora

The internodal area of growing cord grass (Spartina alterniflora Loisel) is a microcosm colonized by the mycelium and heretofore unreported hyphopodial appendages of the fungus Sphaerulina pedicellata. As the plant matures and this area senesces during the late summer and fall, sexual stages of this and other fungi develop. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that this biomass supports bacterial growth and is grazed by nematodes and mites.