对化工园区标准化管理体系应用实践的认识

随着全球经济一体化步伐的加快,中国的化工企业已呈现各种化工园区集聚发展的态势。化工园区作为地区化工行业集聚区域,也是一个地区工业经济发展的重要载体,已逐渐成为推动区域经济快速增长的重要支撑。本文分析了国内外先进化工园区管理模式及经验,总结了目前国内化工园区管理中存在的问题,通过借鉴国内外先进化工园区管理模式及成功经验,分析提出解决化工园区环境管理问题的建议,以期为改善园区管理现状、促进化工园区科学发展提供理论依据。     

化工园区废气管理问题及对策

近年来,化工园区面临绿色转型升级,废气管理提升重要程度日益突显。本文分析了化工园区废气管理存在的主要问题,并提出了化工园区废气管理对策,以期提升化工园区废气综合管理水平,改善化工园区空气环境质量。     

贵州省环境战略研究

本文根据环境现状调查和环境预测资料,从五个方面研究了贵州省的环境战略.首先概述了贵州省自然环境的基本特征.其次指出了贵州区域性人为活动的四种类型:即矿产开发区.工业集中区.城市建设区和农林牧区。第三,阐明了当前贵州同时存在着城市和工业集中区的严重环境污染及农村自然生态破坏两类环境问题.第四,预测了公元二○○○年贵州环境发展变化趋势,指出按贵州经济发展速度和规模,若保持目前的环境条件和水平,到本世纪末,全省因环境污染和自然生态破坏所造成的经济损失约占当年全省工农业总产值的9％,可能发生以牺牲环境换取经济发展,而又制约经济发展的严重情况。第五,提出了维护贵州环境质量的五条战略途径:即明确符合贵州省情的环境保护战略发展方向;实施宏观控制的战略对策;把环境保护纳入国民经济计划,并有适当比例投资比例;完善管理体制,强化环境管理.搞好宣传教育工作.提高全民族的环境意识.     

环境资源市场配置在浙江省的实践与探索

全面总结了浙江省污染物排放总量管理和市场配置环境资源试点的主要实践措施(包括创新构建总量管理和激励制度、全面构建市场配置环境资源制度、探索建立协同管理和交易机制和深入推进监管执法机制建设)和实施成效(包括市场倒逼污染减排、促进经济转型升级、市场拓宽融资渠道、提升环境管理水平和增强生态环境保护意识),提出了完善环境资源市场配置模式总体设想,为全面推进中国环境资源市场配置实践提供借鉴。     

略论我国控制污染物排放的新对策

众所周知 ,在全面环境管理时期 ,世界各国在环境管理中采用了一系列新的制度和方法 ,“主要是通过制定适当的经济社会发展计划 ,使环境保护与经济发展相协调的办法来进行 ,从此国家对环境的管理进入了一个更加科学、深化、全面、有效的新时期”〔1〕。而我国现行的环境管理是以计划经济模式为基础的 ,在市场经济条件下的环境管理 ,应由单一的直接控制模式转变为直接控制为主、经济手段为辅的模式 ,并逐步强化经济手段。现在有些地方试行“三同时”保证金、资源补偿费、环境税、排污权交易等新对策 ,都是有益的探索 ,应当总结经验 ,不失时机…     

某化工园区污水处理厂Fenton处理方案的比较研究

利用GC-MS分析了某化工园区污水厂一期(化工)进水中的有机物组分,并通过活性污泥呼吸抑制实验评估其微生物毒性及对现有生化处理系统的影响。在此基础上,对Fenton试剂后置深度处理和前置预处理2个方案开展比较研究。结果表明,一期进水含多种难降解有机物,对生活污泥表现出微生物毒性,但对园区污水厂污泥无明显呼吸抑制作用。Fenton试剂后置处理生化出水,当进水COD125 mg·L-1,在p H为3.5左右,H_2O_2投加量为5 mmol·L-1,Fe~(2+)/H_2O_2摩尔比为1∶2的条件下,出水COD可稳定低于60 mg·L-1,处理成本不含污泥处置费低于1.8元·t-1水,难降解组分从18种减少为4种。而Fenton试剂前置预处理化工废水时,废水B/C在几种Fenton药剂组合下均未能达到0.3以上,无法得到理想的可生化性提高效果。因此推荐该化工园区污水厂采用Fenton试剂后置处理工艺为主的提标改造方案。     

太湖上游流域地表水及污水处理厂尾水氮、磷污染特征分析

抽样分析了太湖上游流域地表水、以生活污水为主的污水处理厂尾水以及工业园区(印染、化工)集中污水处理厂尾水水样,重点表征了地表水和污水处理厂尾水氮、磷污染物的组成及污染特征。结果表明,污水处理厂尾水及地表水中的氮污染类别主要为亚硝态氮、硝态氮,高浓度有机氮主要存在于化工园区集中污水处理厂尾水中,而磷污染的主要类别为有机磷,其浓度平均占总磷浓度的50%以上。建议污水处理厂进一步强化生物脱氮效率,提高混凝沉淀效果,并针对有机氮实施有针对性的预处理手段以提高总氮去除率。     

基于产业集聚的化工行业绿色供应链管理模式研究

化工行业对环境的严重影响引起了政府、学术界和公众的共同关注,实施绿色供应链管理是解决环境问题的系统方法。尝试性地将产业集群理论与绿色供应链管理理论进行耦合,结合化工行业的特点,提出基于产业集聚的化工行业绿色供应链管理模式。通过培育集群内上下游企业的互动创新机制,发挥集群内上下游企业资源利用和废物处置的规模效应,通过因地制宜地发展化工生产型服务产业以及相关支撑机构的建设等措施,使化工行业能够可持续发展。     

宝应县乡镇工业集中区环境影响评价

通过对宝应县乡镇工业集中区的具体情况分析，论述了对该区进行环境影响评价的特殊意义，并阐明环境影响评价应重视的要点，主要就乡镇工业集中区环境影响评价的特点、意义、评价要点及相应技术方法的选用，作一些探讨。     

中央环境保护专项资金项目绩效评估指标体系研究

中央环境保护专项资金项目的绩效评估是提高专项资金利用效率,贯彻国家环境保护宏观政策,解决相关区域突出环境问题的关键.在遵循客观公正、全面系统性、定性与定量相结合、数据的可得性等原则的基础上,从经济、效果、效率3个角度考虑构建了中央环境保护专项资金项目组织管理、社会经济、环境等绩效评估分级指标体系,以期能够通过该体系有效地分析项目结果与预定环境目标之间的差距,评估项目对环境改善的效果,发现项目管理与执行过程中存在的不足,为建立规范化和制度化的中央环境保护专项资金项目评估制度提供技术支持,并为中央环境保护专项资金项目分配监督办法的改革提供依据.     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.