电化学处理黄姜生化尾水研究

黄姜提取皂素过程中会产生大量废水,传统的生化方法难以去除这些废水中的难降解有机污染物.因此,本文以黄姜皂素生化尾水为研究对象,分别采用DSA+铁电极组合、不锈钢+铁电极组合、单独钛钌网电极(DSA)对其进行深度处理.结果表明,在原水CODCr为150mg.L-1,色度为200度,Cl-浓度为3338mg.L-1的情况下,不锈钢+铁电极组合、单独DSA电极处理后CODCr去除率分别为35%和43%,色度去除率分别为78.7%和84.6%.相较而言,DSA+铁电极组合在电流密度为95A.m-2、初始pH=7.28时处理30min后,CODCr和色度的去除率分别达到62%和99.5%.采用紫外光谱、三维荧光光谱和凝胶色谱对水质变化进行了详细分析.结果表明,水中难降解有机组分被降解矿化,生成分子量较小的脂肪酸.     

响应面法优化Fenton预处理精细化工废水

甘肃省某精细化工企业实际生产废水成分复杂、有机物含量高、可生化性差,为满足后续生化工艺需求,急需开展适宜的预处理技术研究.采用Fenton氧化工艺对该企业废水进行预处理,在单因素试验基础上,以初始pH、H₂O₂投加量、n（H₂O₂）:n（Fe2+）、反应时间为考察因素,COD_Cr去除效果为响应值,构建响应曲面模型,分析4个独立因素及各因素之间的交互作用对COD_Cr去除效果的影响;同时,对反应过程进行表观反应动力学分析,采用紫外光谱及傅立叶变换红外光谱分析废水有机物结构变化,探究该反应过程机理.结果表明:①废水预处理的最佳工艺条件为初始pH 4、H₂O₂投加量8 mL/L、n（H₂O₂）:n（Fe2+）12、反应时间88 min,废水COD_Cr去除率达30.15%;模型的实际运行结果与预测值接近,模型可靠.②Fenton氧化降解该精细化工废水中有机物途径复杂,难以通过单一的底物模型进行拟合.③Fenton氧化能有效降解废水中不饱和有机物,但出水中仍含有酰胺类、不饱和醛类和芳香类化合物.研究显示,Fenton预处理能有效降解废水中难降解有机物,但出水仍未达到后续生化处理要求,还需进一步优化或与其他预处理工艺组合.      

优势菌种与三重环流三相流化床耦合处理油制气厂废水

从若干种菌源中分离出降解芳香烃类和长链烷烃类化合物的高效菌种 ,将此菌种与自行设计的新型结构内循环三相流化床相结合应用于处理油制气厂排出的难降解毒性有机废水 ,分别进行了废水处理动态试验及抗冲击负荷试验 ,讨论了气水比、pH与COD去除率的关系 ,分析了酚、氨氮及各类毒性有机物的生物降解情况 .结果表明 ,反应器容积负荷为 7 16kg(CODCr) (m3·d) ,CODCr平均去除率为 79 5 % ,芳烃类化合物的去除率为 79 8% ,酚类化合物的去除率达 94 8%以上 .反应器表现出优良的抗冲击能力与高效的处理能力     

超声辐照-活性污泥联合处理焦化废水

选取昆明焦化制气厂的实际焦化废水为处理对象,用水质模型对超声辐照-活性污泥法处理焦化废水中有机物的降解进行了研究.实验结果表明,焦化废水初始浓度、曝气方式和声能密度对焦化废水中COD_Cr的降解效果影响显著.对初始浓度为807mg/L的实际焦化废水,选择空气作为曝气气体,向废水中曝气而不超声时,废水中COD_Cr降解率仅为4.5%;在声能强度为119.4kW/m²条件下,超声时其降解率可达65%;采用超声辐照-活性污泥法联合处理焦化废水COD_Cr,与单独采用活性污泥法相比,废水的COD_Cr降解率可由单独采用活性污泥法的45%提高至81%;经超声波预处理后的废水,加活性污泥后,其耗氧速率有明显的降低,说明经超声波预处理后的焦化废水对生物无毒性.     

脉冲电絮凝法处理黄连素制药废水

采用脉冲电絮凝方法对黄连素制药废水进行处理,比较了其与传统电絮凝的能耗差距,考察了占空比、电流密度、脉冲频率、电极间距及反应时间对处理效果的影响. 结果表明:与传统电絮凝相比,脉冲电絮凝法节能优势明显,其能耗仅为传统电絮凝法的20%;在最优反应条件(占空比为0.3,脉冲频率为1.0 kHz, 电流密度为19.44 mA/cm2,电极间距为2.0 cm,反应时间210 min)下,模拟废水中COD_Cr和黄连素的去除率分别达到69.6%和72.8%;采用最优条件处理实际废水,其COD_Cr与黄连素的去除率分别为62.6%和92.1%.      

Petro-chemical wastewater treatment by biological process

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光合细菌接触氧化工艺的研究

一、前言 光合细菌法(简称PSB法)具有负荷高、效果好、占地省等优点,菌体污泥又有很高的营养价值,可以回收利用。因此这是近年来引人注目的一种废水资源化及综合利用的新技术。有不少排出高浓度有机废水的工厂,     

膜生物反应器(MBR)处理干法腈纶废水

针对干法腈纶废水污染物种类多且难以生物降解的特点,以及抚顺石油化工公司腈纶化工厂废水处理工艺脱氮效果差、出水ρ(COD_Cr)高的现状,采用填料式缺氧-好氧膜生物反应器(MBR)工艺处理干法腈纶废水,考察该技术对干法腈纶废水COD_Cr,NH₄+-N和TN的去除率,以及处理效果的稳定性. 结果表明:MBR处理干法腈纶废水的出水水质稳定,对进水水质、水量的变化有较强的耐冲击性;采用缺氧-好氧工艺不仅可去除97%以上的NH₄+-N,还可去除60%以上的TN;但是由于干法腈纶废水可生化性差,且ρ(NH₄+-N)高,缺氧段反硝化作用及好氧段硝化作用存在缺少碳源和碱度的现象.      

厌氧水解-SBR工艺处理高浓度有机废水运行工序的优化

将ASBR反应器和SBR反应器结合组成厌氧水解-SBR工艺用于养猪场废水的处理,ASBR反应器作为厌氧水解反应器,主要完成对有机物的水解,达到初步降解有机物的目的,在反应器每次进水量和排水量不大于其有效容积70%的前提下,研究了ASBR反应器厌氧搅拌段的时间对污水可生化性和对后续SBR脱氮处理效果的影响.结果表明,厌氧搅拌36h的污水既保持了较高的可生化性,出水BOD/COD保持在0.4左右,又能在后续SBR处理中取得较好的脱氮效果,经SBR反应器处理后出水NH₄⁺-N<10mg/L.通过实验分析进一步确定了好氧SBR反应器运行的最佳工序,厌氧水解-SBR运行工序优化后,BOD5的总去除率达到98%以上,NH₄⁺-N去除率达到99%以上,但出水COD_Cr达不到排放标准,经混凝沉淀处理后方能达标排放.     

Effect of artificial aeration on the performance of vertical-flow constructed wetland treating heavily polluted river water

Three lab-scale vertical-flow constructed wetlands (VFCWs), including the non-aerated (NA), intermittently aerated (IA) and continuously aerated (CA) ones, were operated at different hydraulic loading rates (HLRs) to evaluate the effect of artificial aeration on the treatment efficiency of heavily polluted river water. Results indicated that artificial aeration increased the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in IA and CA, which significantly favored the removal of organic matter and NH₄⁺-N. The DO grads caused by intermittent aeration formed aerobic and anoxic regions in IA and thus promoted the removal of total nitrogen (TN). Although the removal efficiencies of COD_Cr, NH₄⁺-N and TN in the three VFCWs all decreased with an increase in HLR, artificial aeration enhanced the reactor resistance to the fluctuation of pollutant loadings. The maximal removal efficiencies of COD_Cr, NH₄⁺-N and total phosphorus (TP) (i.e., 81%, 87% and 37%, respectively) were observed in CA at 19 cm/day HLR, while the maximal TN removal (i.e., 57%) was achieved in IA. Although the improvement of artificial aeration on TP removal was limited, this study has demonstrated the feasibility of applying artificial aeration to VFCWs treating polluted river water, particularly at a high HLR.     

用高效染料脱色菌和PVA降解菌混合培养液处理印染废水

在厌气－好气－活性碳三级串联工艺系统中，用７株高效染料脱色降解菌在厌气池中接种，在好气池中用聚乙烯醇降解菌富集培养液接种挂膜处理含ＰＶＡ和ＢＯＤ５／ＣＯＤｃｒ＜０．２的印染废水，经日处理１７ｔ废水的中试表明，当进水ＣＯＤｃｒ，ＢＯＤ５，ＰＶＡ，洗涤剂和色度含量分别为６８０ｐｐｍ，１１０ｐｐｍ，１３４ｐｐｍ，２．９４ｐｐｍ和６５倍时，在厌气池，好气池和活性碳池中的水力负荷分别为３．１７，３．０，１４     

东北土著白腐真菌处理玉米秸秆纤维素乙醇废水的可行性探讨

青顶拟多孔菌是一种可以降解木质素的白腐真菌,也是具有较高的产漆酶能力的生产者.选择青顶拟多孔菌处理玉米秸秆纤维素乙醇废水,于液体培养青顶拟多孔菌中的锥形瓶中添加不同体积的废水,考察其对不同稀释比玉米秸秆纤维素乙醇废水的处理效果,并通过研究废水投加时间的调控,获得具有高木质素降解率且相对最短降解时间的工艺条件.结果表明:青顶拟多孔菌可从废水中去除50%以上的COD_Cr和23.8%的木质素.对不同稀释比例（1%~20%）玉米秸秆纤维素乙醇废水中木质素具有较好的去除效果,其中稀释6%废水的体系中降解木质素效果最好,在第10天木质素降解率达到73.5%.不同废水投加时间对青顶拟多孔菌处理稀释20%废水体系中木质素的降解效果影响较大,第5天投加废水可获得理想的木质素降解效果,在试验进行的第19天降解率达到68.4%;在投加废水时间不同的情况下,经青顶拟多孔菌处理后的各体系中BOD₅/COD_Cr均有所提升,并且都提升至0.58以上,其中第9天投加废水体系经处理后BOD₅/COD_Cr最大,达到0.64.研究结果可为青顶拟多孔菌处理玉米秸秆纤维素乙醇废水的实际应用提供参考.      

表面流人工湿地中水生植被的净化效应与组合系统净化效果

以无植物空白系统为对照,通过批量盆栽试验探讨了表面流人工湿地中不同类型水生植被(苦草(沉水植物)、水葫芦(浮水植物)、芦苇(挺水植物))的引人对富营养化水体不同污染物净化效果的影响;根据不同污染物去除的阶段性特征设计了分段式表面流人工湿地(好氧塘-水葫芦湿地一苦草湿地),并通过示范工程探讨了富营养河流的原位净化效果.研究表明,批量盆栽试验中,与无植物空白系统相比,芦苇的引入显著增加了表面流人工湿地的蒸发蒸腾量(为无植物空白系统的1.5倍),而水葫芦和苦草的引入则显著降低了表面流人工湿地的蒸发蒸腾量(分别为无植物空白系统的80%和30%);3种水生植物的引入均显著促进了CODcr、TN、NH 4-N的去除(与无植物空白系统相比),其中水葫芦系统具有最好的CODcr和TN去除效果(起始CODcr和TN水平分别为35.8 mg·L-1和6.86 mg˙L-1时,去除率分别为58.91%、76.67%),而苦草的引入则显著地促进了水体中氧化态氮的形成与积累.分段式表面流人工湿地的原位净化研究表明,水力负荷为6.2cm.d-1时,分段式表面流人工湿地对CODcr的净化效果较好,水力负荷过高会影响分段式表面流人工湿地的净化效果.     

A comprehensive evaluation of re-circulated bio-filter as a pretreatment process for petroleum refinery wastewater

Conventional biological treatment process is not very efficient for the treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater (PRW) that contains high-concentration of organic contaminants. Prior to biological treatment, an additional pretreatment process for PRW is required for the effluent to meet the discharge standards. While re-circulated bio-filter (RBF) has been applied as a pretreatment process in several PRW treatment plants, its effects have not been comprehensively evaluated. In this study, the parameters of operation, the changes in pollution indexes and contaminant composition in an engineered RBF have been investigated. We found that mainly highly active de-carbonization bacteria were present in the RBF, while no nitrification bacteria were found in the RBF. This indicated the absence of nitrification in this process. The biodegradable organic contaminants were susceptible to degradation by RBF, which decreased the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD₅) by 83.64% and the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD_Cr) by 54.63%. Consequently, the alkalinity and pH value of RBF effluent significantly increased, which was unfavorable for the control of operating parameters in subsequent biological treatment. Along with the decrease of COD_Cr, the RBF effluent exhibited a reduction in biodegradability. 834 kinds of recalcitrant polar organic contaminants remained in the effluent; most of the contaminant molecules having complex structures of aromatic, polycyclic and heterocyclic rings. The results of this study showed that RBF could efficiently treat PRW for biodegradable organic contaminants removal; however, it is difficult to treat bio-refractory organic contaminants, which was unfavorable for the subsequent biological treatment process operation. An improved process might provide overall guarantees for the PRW treatment.     

Advanced treatment of wet-spun acrylic fiber manufacturing wastewater using three-dimensional electrochemical oxidation

A three-dimensional electrochemical oxidation(3D-EC) reactor with introduction of activated carbon(AC) as particle micro-electrodes was applied for the advanced treatment of secondary wastewater effluent of a wet-spun acrylic fiber manufacturing plant. Under the optimized conditions(current density of 500 A/m~2, circulation rate of 5 mL/min, AC dosage of 50 g, and chloride concentration of 1.0 g/L), the average removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand(COD_(cr)), NH3–N, total organic carbon(TOC), and ultraviolet absorption at 254 nm(UV_(254)) of the 3D-EC reactor were 64.5%, 60.8%, 46.4%, and 64.8%, respectively; while the corresponding effluent concentrations of COD_(cr), NH_3–N, TOC, and UV_(254) were 76.6, 20.1, and42.5 mg/L, and 0.08 Abs/cm, respectively. The effluent concentration of COD_(cr) was less than 100 mg/L, which showed that the treated wastewater satisfied the demand of the integrated wastewater discharge standard(GB 8978-1996). The 3D-EC process remarkably improved the treatment efficiencies with synergistic effects for COD_(cr), NH_3–N, TOC, and UV_(254) during the stable stage of 44.5%, 38.8%, 27.2%, and 10.9%, respectively, as compared with the sum of the efficiencies of a two-dimensional electrochemical oxidation(2D-EC) reactor and an AC adsorption process, which was ascribed to the numerous micro-electrodes of AC in the 3D-EC reactor. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry(GC–MS) analysis revealed that electrochemical treatment did not generate more toxic organics, and it was proved that the increase in acute biotoxicity was caused primarily by the production of free chlorine.     

电-Fenton法降解低含盐量反渗透浓缩液中腐植酸

为研究采用碳毡-Pt电-Fenton体系处理模拟低含盐量反渗透浓缩液中的腐植酸的影响因素和降解机制,通过单因素试验,以COD_Cr去除率为评价指标,以Fe2+添加量、通氧量、电流密度、pH为考察因素,探讨了不同条件对电-Fenton体系ρ（H₂O₂）和COD_Cr去除率的影响.结果表明:采用电-Fenton法降解模拟反渗透浓缩液,较低的含盐量有助于COD_Cr的去除,与高含盐量（1 000~2 000 mg/L）相比,在低含盐量（500~1 000 mg/L）条件下COD_Cr去除率提高10%~20%;并且最佳条件下实际电流效率（GCE）达到15.6%,电化学能耗为32 kW·h/kg.最佳反应条件:通氧量为0.3 m3/L,Fe2+添加量为0.1 mmol/L,电流密度为3.5 mA/cm2,pH=3,在该条件下反应180 min时,电-Fenton体系产生的ρ（H₂O₂）为105 mg/L,可使ρ（COD_Cr）由150 mg/L降至16 mg/L,COD_Cr去除率达到90%.研究显示,较宽的pH范围（3~7）内碳毡-Pt电-Fenton体系对腐植酸的降解表现稳定,COD_Cr去除率均达到60%以上.      

UV/TiO2-Fenton试剂系统处理制药废水的研究

以TiO     

不同类型LDHs覆膜改性人工湿地生物陶粒基质脱氮效果研究

在碱性条件下采用水热-共沉淀法,对二价金属化合物CaCl2、MgCl2、ZnCl2与三价金属化合物FeCl3、AlCl3、CoCl3按两两组合方式生成9种不同类型的LDHs,并分别对人工湿地常用的生物陶粒基质进行覆膜改性;构建模拟基质试验柱,对改性前后的生物陶粒基质进行城市污水的脱氮净化效果研究.结果表明,相对于原始生物陶粒基质,大多数改性基质对CODCr、总氮和氨氮的去除效果均有不同程度的提高,经所有基质处理后的出水中硝态氮浓度均呈上升趋势;Zn2+参与合成的LDHs改性基质对总氮、氨氮有较好的处理效果,其中ZnFe-LDHs和ZnCoLDHs对TN的去除率接近60%,对氨氮的去除率超过92%,这两种改性基质对污水中的氨氮转化为硝态氮具有促进作用.     

升流式曝气生物滤池深度处理城市污水的工艺特性

用升流式曝气生物滤池(UBAF)处理城市污水.经二级生化处理后,城市污水可生化性很差,但UBAF对其中的COD、BOD₅、SS、氨氮以及浊度分别有22.2%, 55%, 84.4%, 49%,75.6% 的去除效率.进水的有机负荷,水力负荷对BAF的运行效果均有一定的影响.     

两相厌氧处理有机废水快速启动试验研究

针对试验设计的两相厌氧反应器(TPAD)进行启动研究,寻求快速启动的方法. 试验采用人工配水,以淀粉、葡萄糖作为主要碳源. 采用低负荷启动方式,快速提高进水ρ(COD_Cr),缩短水力停留时间(HRT),使产酸相尽快维持在酸性最佳条件下. 间歇投加粉末状CaO调节产酸相出水pH在7.0±0.3,从而保证产甲烷相在最佳条件下. 经过36 d的启动过程,在产酸反应器和产甲烷反应器中均出现了性能良好的厌氧颗粒污泥. 启动后第36天,当两相厌氧反应器的水力停留时间(HRT)为17.03 h,COD_Cr负荷(VLR)为8.46 kg/(m3·d),水力负荷为0.059 m3/(m2·h)时,系统整体COD_Cr去除率达到最优,为96.66%.