大孔吸附树脂对烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚的吸附行为

烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚(APEOn)是一类重要的非离子表面活性剂,由于其生物代谢产物被证实具有较大的毒性,因此引起人们广泛关注.本文使用两种不同的大孔吸附树脂XAD-4、NDA-804对APEOn类物质NP10进行吸附,该技术可为使用大孔吸附树脂去除此类污染物提供理论依据.研究结果表明:XAD-4、NDA-804对NP10都有较好的吸附效果,温度对吸附有较大的影响,升高温度吸附量增大.NDA-804对NP10的吸附效果要好于XAD-4,这与它的化学特性以及孔结构有关.NP1O在两种树脂上的吸附都能用Langmuir吸附等温线方程很好的拟合,表明属于单层分子吸附.吸附热力学参数计算结果表明,XAD-4、NDA-804对NP10的吸附过程是吸热和自发的.吸附动力学拟合结果表明,NP10在XAD-4、NDA-804上的吸附都符合假二级反应动力学.     

阴离子交换树脂回收土壤淋洗液中的EDTA-Cd

以湖南株洲污染土壤作为研究对象,研究了Na-EDTA、NH_4-EDTA、Ca-EDTA在不同浓度下对土壤中Cd的去除效果,确定出适合的浓度与淋洗剂;并采用氯型717阴离子交换树脂对土壤淋洗液中的EDTA-Cd络合物进行吸附与回收试验,主要方法流程如下:采用静态法考察了固液比、pH值、时间、温度对树脂吸附EDTA-Cd络合物的影响,确定最佳吸附条件;采用上柱吸附法研究了在不同流速下穿透曲线的变化,确定树脂的穿透点;选取Fe_2(SO_4)_3多价金属盐溶液作为再生剂,对树脂中的EDTA-Cd络合物进行动态洗脱回收,测定出洗脱曲线与体积.随后进行连续5次吸附洗脱试验,探究树脂的再生性与树脂中EDTA-Cd络合物的回收效果.结果表明,在浓度为2.5 mmol·L~(-1)时,Na-EDTA、NH_4-EDTA、Ca-EDTA溶液对土壤中的Cd具有较好的去除效果,其去除率分别为64.75%、66.11%、68.29%.另外,在静态吸附过程中,随着固液比增加,树脂对EDTACd的吸附效率减少,在pH值为5.6时,对EDTA-Cd络合物吸附效率达到93.53%,树脂达到吸附平衡所需的时间为30—45 min,最佳反应温度区间为25—35℃;在动态吸附回收过程中,当上柱流速为4 m L·min~(-1)时,树脂达穿透点所需EDTA-Cd络合溶液为650 m L;再生剂Fe_2(SO_4)_3的洗脱体积为60 m L,洗脱溶液与吸附EDTA-Cd络合物溶液的体积比例达到1∶10.经过连续5次吸附洗脱试验后,树脂对EDTA-Cd络合物的去除率和再生率分别达到76.64%—93.43%、75.65%—84.19%.利用氯型717阴离子交换树脂提取以及回收土壤淋洗液中EDTA-Cd络合物是可行的.     

2种无机洗脱剂对矿区污染土壤中铅、镉的洗脱研究

选用HCl和CaCl2 2种无机洗脱剂对矿区重金属污染土壤进行化学洗脱试验,分析比较了2种洗脱剂对土壤中Pb、Cd的洗脱效果,并探讨了洗脱剂浓度、洗脱时间、温度、固液比、洗脱次数对土壤中Pb、Cd洗脱效果的影响.结果表明,对于土壤中Pb的洗脱,HCl的效果优于CaCl2,其洗脱率分别为26.0% ～68.2%和14.6% ～48.7%;而对于土壤中Cd的洗脱,CaCl2优于HCl,其洗脱率分别为30.7% ～54.6%和24.2% ～42.6%.在各影响因素中,洗脱剂浓度对土壤中Pb的洗脱有显著影响,而洗脱次数对土壤中Cd的洗脱有显著影响,其他因素对Pb、Cd的洗脱均无显著影响.洗脱土壤中Pb的最佳操作条件为:HCl 200 mmol·L-1、时间240 min、温度20 ℃、m(固)∶V(液)=1∶15、洗脱2次;洗脱土壤中Cd的最佳操作条件为:CaCl2 50 mmol·L-1、时间240 min、温度35 ℃、m(固)∶V(液)=1∶20、洗脱4次.     

水热合成silicalite-2分子筛及对对硝基苯酚的吸附与脱附性能

以硅溶胶为硅源、四丁基氢氧化铵(TBAOH)为模板剂,按1SiO2∶0.35TBAOH∶25H2O的物质的量之比,170℃下水热晶化48 h合成silicalite-2分子筛,并用XRD、SEM等方法对其进行了表征.考察了pH、温度、投加量、NaCl浓度对模拟的对硝基苯酚废水吸附效果的影响.结果表明,在对硝基苯酚废水浓度为20 mg·L-1,pH=4,投加量为0.3g·L-1,温度25℃,NaCl浓度580 mg·L-1时,吸附量为98.4 mg·g-1.采用1.44%氢氧化钠脱附剂对吸附饱和的silicalite-2分子筛进行脱附110 min,脱附率达到85%以上.     

D201树脂对双组分萘系化合物的吸附分离

用D201强碱性阴离子交换树脂自双组分水溶液中选择吸附分离1-氨基-2-萘酚-4-磺酸(1,2,4-酸)和2-萘酚,考察了溶液pH值、浓度、温度、树脂床高及流速等因素对吸附和分离系数的影响.结果表明,在pH 3—6时,树脂对1,2,4-酸有较高的吸附量及吸附选择性,利于1,2,4-酸与2-萘酚的选择性吸附分离.温度对吸附的影响较小,等温吸附规律符合Freundlich模型.动态吸附表明,至1,2,4-酸的泄漏点时,吸附流出液中几乎只含2-萘酚,1,2,4-酸被吸附于树脂上.随着树脂床层的增长或初始浓度和流速的减小,都使泄漏点推迟及分离系数提高.载酚酸的树脂柱可用15%质量比的NH4Cl和20%体积比的乙醇混合液定量洗脱1,2,4-酸.     

含水层介质对氯酚类污染物的吸附-解吸特性

为探讨含水层介质对氯酚类污染物的吸附规律,以吉林市含水层介质--砂土为实验材料,采用批量吸附实验方法分别研究了2,4-二氯酚、2,4,6-三氯酚及五氯酚单独存在和共存条件下在砂土上的吸附-解吸行为,并对pH、离子强度对吸附过程的影响进行了探讨.结果表明,砂土对三种氯酚的吸附-解吸符合Freundlieh等温模型,吸附常数Kd分别为5.659、2.507和2.104,解吸常数分别为22.642、8.222和4.488;吸附反应符合二级吸附速率动力学方程,吸附速率常数K分别为0.4851 kg·mg-1·h-1、0.0299 kg·mg-1·h-1和0.1225 kg·mg-1·h-1.氯酚在砂土上的吸附机理以疏水分配和配位体交换为主.在实验范围值内,吸附量随pH增加而减小,增加离子强度可以明显加强氯酚在砂土上的吸附.     

粘土矿物对烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚的吸附行为

烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚(APEOn)是一类重要的非离子表面活性剂,广泛地应用于工业、农业和日常生活中.近年来,由于其生物代谢产物被证实具有较大的毒性,因此引起人们广泛关注.文章使用自然界广泛存在的天然蒙脱土对APEOn类物质NP9、NP10、TX-100进行吸附,该技术可为使用粘土矿物去除此类污染物提供理论依据.研究结果表明:APEOn在蒙脱土上有较高的吸附量,吸附等温线为S型,符合Langmuir-Freundlich吸附模型,吸附量大小为NP9>NP10>TX-100.温度对吸附的影响较大,在小于40 ℃时,升高温度吸附量减小,而当温度超过40 ℃时,升高温度则有利于吸附的进行.pH值对吸附的影响较小.吸附动力学拟合结果表明,APEOn在蒙脱土上的吸附符合假二级反应动力学,在初始质量浓度为300 mg·L-1时,NP9、NP10、TX-100的吸附速率常数分别为0.377、0.126、0.085 g·mg-1·min-1.解吸实验表明,在纯水中APEOn从蒙脱土上的解吸率并不大,但在乙醇溶液中,解吸率大大提高.     

城市污水二级硝化出水的离子交换脱氮除磷

以城市污水二级硝化出水为原水,对比研究了3种强碱性阴离子交换树脂(201×4、D296、D301T)动态脱氮除磷情况,并以201×4树脂为模式树脂考察了树脂活化方式(常规酸碱交替活化与NaCl再生液活化)、腐殖酸(HA)浓度(1.1,2.8和9.4 mg·l~(-1))对树脂动态脱氮除磷的影响.结果表明,3种树脂都具有较好的脱氮除磷效果,达到TP穿透点(0.1 mg·l~(-1),去除率92%)时,201×4树脂具有最大的穿透体积(418 BV),但其对NO_3~--N的去除率(69%)明显低于其它树脂(97%-98%);3种树脂对SO_4~(2-)和HA的去除率分别为97%-99%,71%-80%;常规酸碱活化使树脂穿透体积较再生液活化仅提高了12%;超滤膜法和臭氧氧化法预处理对原水HA的去除率分别为27%和68%;原水HA浓度增加使树脂穿透体积从28lBV降至239BV,同时NO_3~-去除率从80%上升至92%.     

锰氧化物-阳离子交换树脂复合材料的制备及其对水中重金属的吸附性能

采用原位沉淀-空气氧化法将锰氧化物负载于大孔强酸性阳离子交换树脂D001上,制备出一种新型锰氧化物-阳离子交换树脂复合材料Mn-D001,并对该材料吸附水中Pb2+、Cd2+、Cu2+的性能进行了深入研究.TEM、XRD以及XPS的分析结果表明,负载的锰氧化物以MnO2的形态存在.基于单一金属离子静态吸附的一元体系实验表明,Mn-D001比D001对Pb2+、Cd2+、Cu2+具有更高的吸附选择性,在高浓度竞争离子Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+共存的情况下,仍能保持较高的重金属去除率;Mn-D001对Pb2+、Cd2+、Cu2+的吸附行为符合准一级动力学模型(R2>0.99)和Langmuir吸附等温线模型(R2>0.99).在温度为303 K时,Mn-D001对3种重金属的饱和吸附容量可分别达到476.19 mg.g-1、243.90 mg.g-1及196.08 mg.g-1,优于原有树脂D001.基于复合重金属离子竞争吸附的二元、三元体系的实验表明,Mn-D001对3种重金属的吸附能力顺序为Pb2+>Cu2+>Cd2+,吸附能力由原有树脂D001以及负载的锰氧化物的性质共同决定.     

壳聚糖的化学改性及其吸附性能的研究

以脱乙酰度90%的壳聚糖(CTS)与硫氰酸铵和氯乙酸反应,合成了一种带有硫脲基和羧基双官能团的水溶性中间产物,再经戊二醛交联,制备了水不溶性的可用于处理含重金属废水的颗粒状树脂.用FTIR,SEM及比表面法对中间产物及颗粒状树脂进行了表征,表明—HN—C(S)—NH—CH2—COOH基团接枝到CTS链上并进行了交联.吸附实验表明,该化合物对Cu2 的吸附量(248mmol·g-1)比Ni2 (135mmol·g-1)高得多,这可能与离子的核电荷数和螯合体的配位相关.在两种金属离子的混合液中,该化合物对Cu2 的初始吸附选择性更强.吸附金属离子的树脂经3次盐酸洗脱再生后,吸附性能几乎没有下降.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture