反渗透膜系统污染物的形貌及组成分析

采用SEM、能谱分析(EDS)、FTIR以及GC-ICP-MS等方法对被污染反渗透膜表面的无机污染物、有机污染物和微生物进行了识别和分析。研究结果表明:反渗透膜表面的无机污染物主要为CaCO3、CaSO4、MgSO4、Ca3(PO4)2、SiO2胶体和Al(OH)3胶体物质;有机污染物主要为石油类和环烷类有机物(如亚甲基环戊烷)等;被污染反渗透膜表面的微生物含量为5.3×109CFU/m2。     

超滤膜处理油田采出水及污染膜的微观分析

采用纳米Al2O3改性聚偏氟乙烯超滤膜处理油田采出水,分析了污染膜的结构和污染膜上的主要污染物.实验结果表明,超滤膜具有很好的通透性,稳定运行时膜通量达150 L/(m2·h).超滤出水中COD去除率大于90%,其他各项指标去除率均大于98%,超滤出水达到了低渗透油田回注水水质标准(SY/T 5329-94<碎屑岩油藏注水水质推荐指标及分析方法>).污染膜因污染物的存在而使其孔径和孔深度都比新膜减小.污染膜上的主要污染物为含有一定长碳链的烃类衍生物,主要是油田采出水中的油类物质.污染膜上的主要无机元素为Ca、Mg和Al,还有少量的Si、S及Fe.     

国内简讯

有机氟工业废水处理工艺　　同济大学污染控制与资源化研究国家重点实验室开展了用物化—生化工艺处理有机氟工业废水的研究 ,其中生化阶段采用水解酸化—生物接触氧化法。试验废水为氟橡胶、树脂工业的排放水和生活污水的混合 ,主要污染物为氟溶剂(CHF2 CF2 CH2 OH)、氟系表面活性剂 (C7F15COONH4 )等卤代有机物和SO2 - 4、Cl- 、Al3+ 等无机盐类 ,COD为 15 0～ 2 2 0mg/L ,pH为 7.0～ 8.5 ,水温为 2 2～2 6℃ ,BOD5/COD为 0 .0 7,可生化性差 ,无机盐浓度高 ,毒性大。试验结果表明 ,水解酸化可将含氟废水的BOD5/COD由 0 .2 …     

有机-无机离子型杂化高效絮凝剂

该发明涉及一种有机-无机离子型杂化高效絮凝剂。其原料组成质量分数为：氢氧化物胶体0．5％～15％；丙烯酰胺50％～95％；阳离子型单体0～45％。所述氢氧化物胶体包括：氢氧化铝、氢氧化铁、氢氧化镁、氢氧化锌，其胶体粒径为10～200nm。所述阳离子型单体包括：N，N-二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)或(甲基)丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DMC)。通过无机、有机间的离子键合在带电荷的无机胶体微粒表面原位聚合形成丙烯酰胺／阳离子单体的共聚物制备的有机-无机杂化高效絮凝剂，充分发挥无机絮凝剂的电中和及有机高分子的架桥作用，使其药效能协同发挥，形成的絮体大而密实，絮体抗剪切性好，沉降速度快，其絮凝效率显著提高，可减小药剂的投放量，大幅度降低废水处理的成本，出水达到国家排放标准。／CN1554592，2004—12—15     

专利文摘

可见光催化下过硫酸盐强化铁酸钴的有机污染物去除方法该发明公开了一种可见光催化下过硫酸盐强化铁酸钴的有机污染物去除方法。该发明包括如下步骤:1)取有机物污染水样进行有机污染物含量分析;2)将有机物污染水注入到水池中,按池水中有机污染物、铁酸钴和过硫酸盐的摩尔比为     

炼油废水体系中超滤膜表面污染物的剖析

分别采用扫描电子显微镜和能量色散谱仪对炼油废水体系中超滤膜表面污染物进行了形貌观测和元素组分含量分析,并研究了炼油废水中Fe、Si和Al含量对超滤膜表面形态和污染物组成的影响.实验结果表明:超滤膜表面的主要污染物为Ca,Fe,Si,Al,Mg的化合物形成的凝胶,元素含量大小顺序为Fe＞ Ca＞ Si＞ Mg＞ Al;随...     

铁活化过硫酸盐修复石油烃污染土壤的研究进展

分析了Fe~0、Fe~(2+)和Fe~(3+)活化过硫酸盐氧化石油烃的机理,介绍了土壤中石油烃污染物降解的影响因素以及总结了铁活化过硫酸盐修复石油烃污染土壤技术的不足。指出应以铁活化过硫酸盐原位修复作为土壤中高浓度有机污染物的前处置方法,再结合微生物或植物修复等技术,以减少对土壤理化性质的影响;另外,检测仪器的发展有利于土壤修复技术的应用。     

淋洗修复重金属和多环芳烃复合污染土壤的研究进展

重金属和多环芳烃（PAHs）常共存于土壤中形成复合污染。作为典型无机污染物和有机污染物的代表,淋洗法可同时有效去除这两类污染物,具有良好的发展前景。本文结合国内外的研究成果,从重金属和PAHs在环境中的行为着手,重点论述了常用淋洗剂的种类、去除机理和优缺点,分析了影响复合污染物去除效果的主要因素,并对今后该技术的发展方向进行了展望。     

外置式超滤膜生物反应器处理油田废水

采用外置式超滤膜生物反应器处理油田废水,废水中的有机物被生物接触氧化池填料上形成生物膜的微生物降解,然后通过中空纤维超滤膜进行过滤,出水中油的质量浓度在1m g/L以下,悬浮物的质量浓度在3m g/L以下。考察了细菌的筛选、生物膜的培养驯化及压力、温度等对膜通量的影响。实验结果表明,筛选出的3株高效原油降解菌有很好的除油效果;生物膜经培养驯化成熟后,生物接触氧化池内细菌浓度为1×106个/mL;膜通量随压力和温度的适当提高而增加,适宜的操作压力为0.08M Pa,温度为20~28℃。分别用超滤水反冲洗、稀碱、稀酸、杀菌剂(如N aC lO溶液)和清水冲洗被污染的超滤膜,可使膜通量恢复到新膜的98%以上;在生物除油工序后增加沉淀池,膜污染可减少约7.77%。     

一种用于废水处理的节能生物反应器

<正>Chem Eng,2014,121(10):12美国Honeywell公司及其子公司UOP LLC公司开发了一种用于去除工业废水中有机及无机污染物的生物反应器,并已实现商业化生产。该项目是UOP LLC公司为了满足客户需求而进入工业废水处理领域的众多举措中的一部分。该项称为XCeed的生物反应器技术的独特性在于使用了一种混合介质的微生物固定载体。与包括使用搅拌釜分散微生物的膜生物反应器在内的其他废水生物处理系统相比,XCeed反应器采用固定的     

Balance of NH3 and behavior of polychlorinated dioxins and furans in the course of the selective non-catalytic reduction of nitric oxide at the TAMARA waste incineration plant

Investigations were performed on the selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) of nitric oxide (NO) at TAMARA, the pilot-scale waste incineration plant of the Karlsruhe Research Center. Aqueous ammonia (NH₃) was injected into the combustion chamber as reductant. The influence of NH₃ on various inorganic and organic compounds in the flue gas was investigated. The concentrations of NO were reduced by up to about 90% by NH₃ injection. The concentrations of most of the other inorganic and organic compounds, including in particular PCDD and PCDF, did not change significantly.     

纳滤处理炼化污水反渗透浓水

分别采用4种纳滤膜处理某炼化公司的反渗透浓水。在初始COD为57.8 mg/L、TOC为23.94 mg/L、ρ(Ca2+)为289.0 mg/L、ρ(Mg2+)为54.6 mg/L、ρ(SO42-)为327.7 mg/L、ρ(Cl-)为1 106.8 mg/L的条件下,经纳滤处理后COD去除率达60%以上,污水COD降至30 mg/L以下,TOC去除率为31.9%~85.5%,阳离子的去除率为33.9%~97.0%,SO42-的去除率为63.3%~97.6%,Cl-的去除率较低。膜A的膜孔分布密集,具有很高的通量,对有机物和无机盐的截留效果较差;膜B和膜C对有机物和二价离子的截留效果较好;膜D的膜孔分布稀松,膜通量最低,对有机物和无机盐的截留能力均较强,但随出水体积的增加,对无机盐的截留能力下降较为明显。4种纳滤膜的性能各异,可满足不同企业的需求,具有良好的应用前景。     

Influences of chlorine content on emission of HCl and organic compounds in waste incineration using fluidized beds

HCl and some organic compounds are the precursors of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) in municipal solid waste incinerators. In this work, a lab-scale fluidized bed incinerator is adopted to study the relationship between the organic and the inorganic chlorine contents of artificial wastes and the emissions of HCl and organic compounds. The lower threshold limit (LTL) of chlorine content below which HCl and organic compounds are not generated is studied. Experimental results showed that organic chlorides had a greater potential to release chlorine than inorganic chlorides. The generation of organic pollutants fell, but the emissions of HCl increased with the temperature. The concentrations of chlorophenols (CPs)/chlorobenzenes (CBs) increased with chlorine contents. No LTL existed for HCl regardless of whether CaO was added. The LTL for CPs was between 0.1 and 0.3wt% of inorganic chloride, but there was none for organic sources. For CBs, the LTL was between 0.5 and 1.0wt% for inorganics at 700 and 800 degrees C, but 0.1-0.3 wt% at 700 degrees C and 0.3-0.5 wt% at 800 degrees C for organics. The production of PAHs and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) was related to the surplus hydrogen ions that were not reacted with the chlorine. Adding CaO inhibited the production of HCl, CBs and CPs, but did not seriously affect PAHs and BTEX.     

Treatment of organic-contaminated industrial wastes using cement-based stabilization/solidification—I. Microstructural analysis of cement-organic interactions

The major deficiencies in cement-based stabilization/solidification (S/S) processes are their inability to treat inorganic wastes contaminated with organic material or organic wastes. In general, organic compounds are poorly retained in a cement matrix and frequently have a detrimental, poorly understood, effect upon cement hydration and strength development. These interactions need to be understood as fully as possible, however, if S/S processes are to be developed in ways which will assure the long-term integrity of the resultant products.The work presented in this paper investigates some fundamental aspects of the interactions of two organic compounds, 3-chlorophenol and chloronaphthalene, with a cement matrix. Phenolic compounds have previously been shown to have a detrimental effect upon the macrostructural properties of ordinary Portland cement (OPC), for example, the strength, setting rate and leachability (Montgomery et al. 1988). Microstructural studies in this work have shown that 3-chlorophenol inhibits the hydration of tricalcium silicate (C₃S in cement chemists' notation), with up to 90% of the C₃S remaining after 28 days for highly dosed 3-chlorophenol/OPC samples. The formation of ettringite was found to be increased by the presence of 3-chlorophenol and its conversion to monosulphate inhibited. Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) analysis of the samples showed that 3-chlorophenol crystallized in the cement matrix to form discrete crystals containing calcium and phenol. In contrast, chloronaphthalene had no observable effect on hydration reactions. In a subsequent paper, detailed studies will be presented showing how these deleterious effects can be minimized by the use of organophilic clays as a pre-solidification adsorbent.     

Effect of Metal Compounds and Experimental Conditions on Distribution of Products from PVC Pyrolysis

Effects of heating rate, gas flow rate, and type of metal compounds on the amount of hydrogen chloride, liquid, gas, and solid pyrolyzate obtained from the pyrolysis of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) were investigated. The pyrolysis experiments were carried out in both a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) instrument and a fixed-bed reactor. Products from the fixed-bed reactor were collected and analyzed by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), titration technique, and gravimetry. It was found that heating rate in the TGA experiments did not affect the amount of released hydrogen chloride. However, the TGA profiles significantly changed with the rate. The onset of dehydrochlorination increased with the rate. In addition, as the heating rate was increased from 10 to 20°C/min, there was no solid residue left. The amount of liquid pyrolyzate obtained from the fixed-bed reactor can be either increased or decreased with the heating rate, depending on the gas flow rate and the actual residence time in the reactor. FTIR and GC-MS analysis indicated that the liquid pyrolyzates were mainly benzene, toluene, and styrene. By comparing the efficiency of various metal compounds in trapping the HCl, it was found that Ca(OH)₂ was more efficient than Mg(OH)₂, and that CaO was more efficient than MgO. These results are discussed in light of the reaction mechanism between HCl and the metal compounds.     

模拟氯化钠盐渣的高温处理

采用高温处理法对模拟氯化钠盐渣（简称盐渣）进行处理,研究了加热过程中气体有机物产生量随加热时间的变化规律以及加热温度对气体有机物产生量的影响,并分析了盐渣的高温处理效果。实验结果表明：含苯盐渣、含异丁醇盐渣、含氯苯盐渣、含二甲苯盐渣和混合盐渣在高于盐渣中所含有机物沸点30 ℃的条件下加热120 min,盐渣中的有机物去除率均大于99.99%;混合盐渣的加热温度越高,气体有机物的产生速率越快,相同时间内有机物的去除率也越大;盐渣中有机物的气化分离可分为3个阶段,初始阶段有机物气化速率较小,中间阶段气体有机物产生量迅速增加,最后阶段大部分有机物从盐渣中气化分离;盐渣中的有机物在高温气化时,会发生一定的化学反应,有微量的新物质生成。     

Considerations for the design of organic mulch permeable reactive barriers

Organic mulch consists of insoluble carbon biopolymers that are enzymatically hydrolyzed during decomposition to release aqueous total organic carbon (TOC). The released TOC is utilized by microorganisms as an electron donor to transform electrophilic contaminants via reductive pathways. Over the last decade, organic mulch permeable reactive barriers (PRBs), or biowalls, have received increased interest as a relatively inexpensive slow‐release electron donor technology for addressing contaminated groundwater. To date, biowalls have been installed to enhance the passive bioremediation of groundwater contaminated with a variety of electrophilic compounds, including chlorinated solvents, explosives, and perchlorate. In addition, several mulch biowall projects are currently under way at several U.S. Department of Defense facilities. However, at the present time, the guidelines available for the design of mulch PRBs are limited to a few case studies published in the technical literature. A biowall design, construction, and operation protocol document is expected to be issued by the Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence in 2007. In this publication, three technical considerations that can have a significant impact on the design and performance of mulch PRBs are presented and discussed. These technical considerations are: (1) hydraulic characteristics of the mulch bed; (2) biochemical characteristics of different types of organic amendments used as mulch PRB fill materials; and (3) a transport model that can be used to estimate the required PRB thickness to attain cleanup standards. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Use of Fourier transform infrared spectrometry as a continuous emission monitor

This paper describes the use of a Fourier transfer infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, integrated with a sampling system and a control software, as a continuous emission monitor (CEM) for on-line measurement of most volatile organic and some inorganic compounds from various gas emissions. The time response of the system was tested experimentally, and can be approximated by a complete mixing model. In order to validate the measurement accuracy of the system, spiking tests are suggested. This paper discusses considerations in designing the spiking test and analyzing the spiking results. Field test results show that the FTIR-CEM has a stable performance and can be applied to stack emission monitoring, process monitoring, and unknown HAPs identification in many thermal treatment processes.     

Chemical characterization of landfill leachates--400 parameters and compounds

A large number of hazardous compounds can be expected to be present in landfill leachates, many of which have not yet been identified. Thus this study screened samples from 12 Swedish municipal landfill sites for 400 parameters and compounds. More than 90 organic and metal organic compounds and 50 inorganic elements were detected, some of which seem to have not been detected before. Compounds detected include halogenated aliphatic compounds, benzene and alkylated benzenes, phenol and alkylated phenols, ethoxylates, polycyclic aromatic compounds, phthalic esters, chlorinated benzenes, chlorinated phenols, PCB, chlorinated dioxins and chlorinated furans, bromated flame-retardants, pesticides, organic tin, methyl mercury and heavy metals. The presence of this large number of hazardous compounds in landfill leachates should have a significant impact on future landfill risk assessments and the development of leachate treatment methods. We propose that future research should pay more attention to the metal-organic and organic compounds detected in this study. We also suggest using leachate sediments as a matrix for detecting hydrophobic compounds, and reflecting on the degradation phase when evaluating results from monitoring studies. The extensive compilation of compounds in this paper can be used to select compounds to search for in future studies.     

Biomass Carbon Ratio of Polymer Composites Measured by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry

The evaluation method of biomass carbon ratio of polymer composite samples including organic and inorganic carbons individually was investigated. Biodegradable plastics and biobased plastics can have their mechanical properties improved by combining with inorganic fillers. Polymer composites consisting of biodegradable plastics and carbonate were prepared by two different methods. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composite was prepared by synthesis from l-lactide with catalyst and calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) powders from lime. Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) composite was prepared by hot-pressing the mixture of PBS powder and CaCO₃ powders from oyster shells. The mechanical properties of composite samples were investigated by a tensile test and a compression test using an Instron type mechanical tester. Tensile test with a dumbbell shape specimen was performed for PBS composite samples and compression test with a column shape specimen for PLA composite samples. Strength, elastic modulus and fracture strain were obtained from the above tests. Biomass carbon ratio is regulated in the American Standards for Testing and Materials (ASTM). In ASTM standards on biomass carbon ratio, it is required that carbon atoms from carbonates, such as CaCO₃, are omitted. Biomass carbon ratio was evaluated by ratio of ¹⁴C to ¹²C in the samples using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS). The effect of pretreatment, such as oxidation temperature and reaction by acid, on results of biomass carbon ratio was investigated. Mechanical properties decrease with increasing CaCO₃ content. The possibility of an evaluation method of biomass carbon ratio of materials including organic and inorganic carbons was shown.