电化学方法用于酸性红B模拟废水脱色试验研究

本文研究了两种电极材料（SnO2-Ti和RuO2-Ti和RuO2-Ti）对酸性红B模拟废水的脱色效果，考察了不同pH、电流密度（j）及外加电解质(NaSO4/NaCl）对处理过程的影响。结果表明，两种电极材料都能对酸性红B染料废水进行有色脱色，主要是Cl^-顺电解过程中的间接氧化作用，同时也包括电极表面的直接氧化作用。     

酸性橙7在PbO2/Ti和IrO2-Ta2O5/Ti电极上的电催化氧化

采用PbO2/Ti和IrO2-Ta2O5/Ti电极对酸性橙7(AO7)模拟废水进行了电解处理实验研究。考察了2种电极上不同电流密度条件下AO7的去除率、反应动力学、COD去除效果及瞬时电流效率,结果表明,在相同条件下,PbO2/Ti电极表现出更好的处理效率、更适合用于AO7的矿化。循环伏安(CV)曲线表明,PbO2/Ti电极具有更高的析氧电位且在AO7电解液中出现了氧化峰,说明PbO2/Ti电极对AO7具有更好的催化活性和直接氧化能力。紫外可见光谱对比分析表明,IrO2-Ta2O5/Ti电极对AO7的结构破坏速度缓慢且伴随苯胺等中间产物产生,对AO7的矿化程度弱。对比结果说明PbO2/Ti电极更适合于偶氮类染料废水的电催化氧化处理。     

TiO2/Ti转盘液膜反应器光电催化处理罗丹明B

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了TiO2/Ti电极,X射线衍射(XRD)分析表明,TiO2主要为锐钛矿,晶粒尺寸约为46 nm.以TiO2/Ti电极作阳极,Cu电极作阴极,组装成转盘液膜反应器,考察了其光电催化处理染料罗丹明B(RhB)的影响因素(转盘转速、偏压、溶液初始pH、RhB初始浓度和电解质浓度).得到最佳处理条件为:转盘转速90 r/min,偏压0.4V,溶液初始pH2.5,电解质(硫酸钠)质量浓度0.5 g/L.在最佳处理条件下,处理20 mg/L RhB染料废水90 min的脱色率和总有机碳(TOC)去除率分别达到97.2％和72.7％.结果表明,由于同时强化了激发光源的利用率和溶液的传质效率,TiO2/Ti转盘液膜反应器可高效光电催化处理染料废水.     

高压电晕与臭氧联用对不同结构染料脱色效果的比较研究

比较研究了高压电晕与臭氧联用对活性艳红X-3B(单偶氮)、活性艳蓝X-BR(蒽醌)、活性黑KN-GRRC(双偶氮)、酸性红ARL(单偶氮)、酸性蓝BRL(蒽醌)、酸性橙AGT(双偶氮)和分散蓝2BLN(蒽醌)7种染料模拟废水的脱色效果.结果显示,酸性橙AGT模拟废水的脱色速度较慢,而其他6种染料在15 min内都能完全脱色,这表明染料结构本身的差异决定了脱色效果;活性染料模拟废水的脱色效果优于酸性染料;蒽醌染料和单偶氮染料模拟废水的脱色效果明显好于双偶氮染料.     

双转盘反应器光催化处理罗丹明B

采用溶胶—凝胶法制备的TiO2/Ti电极为光阳极,Cu、Fe、Zn或C为阴极,组成双转盘反应器,以罗丹明B(RhB)为目标污染物,考察了反应条件对光催化效率的影响.结果表明,最佳反应条件:阴极材料为Cu;转盘转速为70 r/min;初始pH为2.5;Na2SO4质量浓度为1.0 g/L; RhB初始质量浓度为20 mg/L.在最佳反应条件下,处理RhB模拟废水30 min的脱色率可达到99.9％.双转盘反应器处理不同浓度的RhB时,其脱色率是单转盘的1.12～2.33倍,且倍数随着RhB浓度增大而增加,表明双转盘反应器可高效地光催化处理高浓度染料废水.     

二氧化铅电极的制备、表征及其电催化性能研究

以电沉积法制备了Ti/PbO2和Ti/MnO2/PbO22种电极.采用SEM、XRD和XPS等分析方法表征了电极的形貌、元素组成及元素化学态,并以罗丹明B为目标有机物,考察了所制备电极的析氧极化曲线和电催化活性以及Ti/MnO2/PbO2电极的循环伏安曲线.研究结果表明,Ti/MnO2/PbO2电极的稳定性、使用寿命、析氧电位和电催化活性较Ti/PbO2电极都有所提高,并且罗丹明B在Ti/MnO2/PbO2电极上的反应主要发生在析氧反应区,且反应不可逆.     

Ce-PbO_2/C电极的制备及其去除水中酸性红B

采用电沉积法制备铈修饰的PbO2/C电极,通过SEM、XRD、XPS及循环伏安对PbO2/C、Ce-PbO2/C电极进行表征,结果表明,Ce-PbO2/C电极比PbO2/C颗粒细小,表面均匀致密,电化学氧化能力较强,修饰电极中Ce以CeO2的形态存在。以Ce-PbO2/C为工作电极,电解浓度为1 000 mg/L的高盐酸性红B模拟活性染料废水,考察了电压、pH、电解质浓度、极间距对脱色率、氨氮去除率及COD去除率的影响。确定适宜工艺条件为：初始酸性红B溶液浓度为1 000 mg/L,pH值为6,电压10 V,电解时间1 h,电极间距1.5 cm,该条件下脱色率、氨氮去除率和COD去除率分别为99.98%、97.23%和90.17%。通过UV-Vis及GC-MS初步分析了降解过程可能存在的中间产物及降解途径。     

Ce-PbO2/C电极的制备及其去除水中酸性红B

采用电沉积法制备铈修饰的PbO2/C电极,通过SEM、XRD、XPS及循环伏安对PbO2/C、Ce-PbO2/C电极进行表征,结果表明,Ce-PbO2/C电极比PbO2/C颗粒细小,表面均匀致密,电化学氧化能力较强,修饰电极中Ce以CeO2的形态存在。以Ce-PbO2/C为工作电极,电解浓度为1 000 mg/L的高盐酸性红B模拟活性染料废水,考察了电压、pH、电解质浓度、极间距对脱色率、氨氮去除率及COD去除率的影响。确定适宜工艺条件为:初始酸性红B溶液浓度为1 000 mg/L,pH值为6,电压10 V,电解时间1 h,电极间距1.5 cm,该条件下脱色率、氨氮去除率和COD去除率分别为99.98%、97.23%和90.17%。通过UV-Vis及GC-MS初步分析了降解过程可能存在的中间产物及降解途径。     

电化学氧化法处理模拟黄连素制药废水的研究

以RuO2/Ti为阳极,研究了电化学氧化法对黄连素制药废水的处理效果.通过比较在KCI与K2SO42种支持电解质体系中的处理效果,同时考察了电流强度、初始pH、电解质浓度和电极间距等因素对废水中黄连素及COD去除率的影响,明确了电化学原位生成活性氯是黄连素降解的主要原因;确定了电流强度、pH、电解质浓度和电极间距等最优...     

热氧化法制备Ti/RuO_2-TiO_2-IrO_2电极及处理亚甲基蓝废水

采用热氧化法制备Ti/RuO_2-TiO_2-IrO_2钛基氧化物材料,通过SEM、XRD、XRF等方法对制备物形貌和结构进行表征分析,用该涂层材料为阳极,不锈钢为阴极,活性炭颗粒为粒子电极构成电解系统处理亚甲基蓝模拟废水。结果表明,电解时间60 min时,该装置对亚甲基蓝脱色率达到87.83%,COD去除率达到74.45%,脱色率符合表观一级反应动力学规律。将Ti/RuO_2-TiO_2-IrO_2电极与其他常用电极对MB废水的降解效果进行比较分析,该电极对废水脱色率高于其他电极。     

电化学脱硝过程参数的响应曲面优化研究

以Ti/IrO2-TiO2-RuO2为阳极,Cu/Zn合金电极为阴极,在无隔膜电解池中对这一新构造电极对的脱硝氮性能进行了研究。为了有效结合阴极硝氮还原能力和阳极氧化能力,采用响应曲面法中的Box-Behnken设计优化了对电化学脱硝过程有显著影响的4个重要因素:氯化钠含量、电流密度、pH和初始硝氮浓度。优化结果表明,相对于pH和初始硝氮浓度,氯化钠含量和电流密度对脱硝性能影响更大,而阴极硝氮还原性能主要受初始硝氮浓度、pH的影响。以6 h内电极对脱氮百分率为响应量,优化得最佳电化学脱硝过程参数为:氯化钠含量,1 g/L;电流密度,24.99 mA/cm2;pH,1.81;初始硝氮浓度100 mg/L。在此实验条件下,6 h内电极对脱氮百分率预测值为99.84%。通过3次重复验证实验,确认实际6 h内电极对脱氮百分率为91.34%。预测值与实测值两者相差不大,由此可知,Box-Behnken设计是一种优化电化学脱氮实验参数的有效方法,经过优化后的电极对具有较佳的脱氮效率。     

电极材料对电解法处理循环式准好氧垃圾填埋场渗滤液效果的影响研究

分别用3种不同材料电极(不锈钢、Ti/Pt和Ti/RuO2-IrO2)作阳极、石墨电极作阴极在同一条件下分别对循环式准好氧填埋垃圾场渗滤液进行电解处理对比研究.研究结果表明,随着电解时间的变化,渗滤液中的COD、BOD5、BOD5/COD、重金属离子浓度、色度和pH值均会发生改变.当电解时间为10～20 min时,用上述3种电极作阳极电解均会出现渗滤液COD、BOD5、BOD5/COD增大的现象;当电解时间为30～40 min时,用Ti/RuO2-IrO2或Ti/Pt电极作阳极电解均可使渗滤液的色度降为0;当电解时间为120 min时,分别用3种电极作阳极电解都可使渗滤液中的COD、BOD5和重金属得到有效的去除,其中用Ti/RuO2-IrO2电极作阳极电解对COD、BOD5的去除效果最好:用Ti/Pt电极作阳极电解对Pb2 的去除效果最好.     

Ti/BDD/PbO2复合电极在化学需氧量测定中的应用

以钛基掺硼金刚石为基体,采用电沉积的方法制备了Ti/BDD/PbO2复合电极,并将其用于化学需氧量(COD)的测定。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射谱图(XRD)表征了电极的微观形貌及结构,采用电化学工作站考察了电极对有机物响应特性。实验结果表明,在1.45 V的低电位条件下,线性范围为0.5～175 mg/L,检测限为0.3 mg/L(S/N=3)。采用Ti/BDD/PbO2复合电极测定法和重铬酸钾标准方法对市政污水、食品废水及印染废水的对比结果表明,2种方法的相对误差小于10%,具有良好的一致性。     

Performance comparison of tin oxide anodes to commercially available dimensionally stable anodes

Dimensionally stable anodes (DSAs) demonstrate potential for the electrochemical treatment of industrial waste streams and disinfection of effluent. Oxidation by laboratory-prepared tin oxide DSAs was compared with that of commercially available ruthenium oxide, iridium oxide, and mixed metal oxide DSAs, using hexanol as a probe molecule. The performance of the four anodes was similar in two-chamber reactors, in which the anode cell was separated from the cathode cell by a Nafion membrane, which allows transmission of current between the chambers, but not passage of chemical constituents. The anodes were then evaluated in single-cell reactors, which are more representative of potential treatment and disinfection applications. However, in the single-cell reactors, the tin oxide anodes were significantly more effective at oxidation and generated higher quality cyclic voltammograms than the other DSAs. These results suggest that tin oxide anodes have greater potential than the three commercially available DSAs tested for industrial waste stream treatment and effluent disinfection.     

组合阳极联合气体扩散阴极电催化降解苯胺

采用气体扩散电极为阴极,钛基氧化物（Ti／SnO2-Sb2O5-IrO2）和金属铁构成组合阳极,构建了新型电化学氧化体系用于降解有机污染物。利用该氧化体系,在不同实验条件下考察了苯胺降解的效果与降解过程的相关规律。结果表明,阴极电位、铁阳极通电时间以及苯胺初始浓度均显著影响苯胺的降解效果。当阴极电位为-0．7V,pH3．0,铁阳极通电时间20min时,电化学处理200mg／L苯胺480min,TOC的去除效率达到80．4％,矿化电流效率（MCE）为8．6％,显示了该氧化体系具有良好的有机物降解能力。此外,苯胺降解过程中氨氮和硝态氮浓度的变化表明,苯胺分子中的氮主要转化为NH4和NO3^-。     

A comparative study of the electrochemical oxidation of the herbicide tebuthiuron using boron-doped diamond electrodes

The thiadiazolylurea derivative tebuthiuron (TBH) is commonly used as an herbicide even though it is highly toxic to humans. While various processes have been proposed for the removal of organic contaminants of this type from wastewater, electrochemical degradation has shown particular promise. The aim of the present study was to investigate the electrochemical degradation of TBH using anodes comprising boron-doped (5000 and 30 000 ppm) diamond (BDD) films deposited onto Ti substrates operated at current densities in the range 10-200 mA cm⁻². Both anodes removed TBH following a similar pseudo first-order reaction kinetics with k_app close to 3.2 × 10⁻² min⁻¹. The maximum mineralization efficiency obtained was 80%. High-pressure liquid chromatography with UV-VIS detection established that both anodes degraded TBH via similar intermediates. Ion chromatography revealed that increasing concentrations of nitrate ions (up to 0.9 ppm) were formed with increasing current density, while the formation of nitrite ions was observed with both anodes at current densities ?150 mA cm⁻². The BDD film prepared at the lower doping level (5000 ppm) was more efficient in degrading TBH than its more highly doped counterpart. This unexpected finding may be explained in terms of the quantity of impurities incorporated into the diamond lattice during chemical vapor deposition.     

Scale-up of electrochemical oxidation system for treatment of produced water generated by Brazilian petrochemical industry

Scale-up of anodic oxidation system is critical to the practical application of electrochemical treatment in bio-refractory organic wastewater treatment. In this study, the scale-up of electrochemical flow system was investigated by treating petrochemical wastewater using platinized titanium (Ti/Pt) and boron-doped diamond (BDD) anodes. It was demonstrated that flow cell was successfully scaled-up because when it was compared with batch mode (Rocha et al. 2012b), higher performances on organic matter removal were achieved. Under the suitable operating conditions and better anode material, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of petrochemical wastewater was reduced from 2,746 to 200 mg L^?1 within 5 h with an energy consumption of only 56.2 kWh m^?3 in the scaled-up BDD anode system. These results demonstrate that anode flow system is very promising in practical bio-refractory organic wastewater treatment.     

Sequential electrochemical treatment of dairy wastewater using aluminum and DSA-type anodes

Dairy wastewater is characterized by a high content of hardly biodegradable dissolved, colloidal, and suspended organic matter. This work firstly investigates the performance of two individual electrochemical treatments, namely electrocoagulation (EC) and electro-oxidation (EO), in order to finally assess the mineralization ability of a sequential EC/EO process. EC with an Al anode was employed as a primary pretreatment for the conditioning of 800 mL of wastewater. A complete reduction of turbidity, as well as 90 and 81 % of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) removal, respectively, were achieved after 120 min of EC at 9.09 mA cm^?2. For EO, two kinds of dimensionally stable anodes (DSA) electrodes (Ti/IrO₂-Ta₂O₅ and Ti/IrO₂-SnO₂–Sb₂O₅) were prepared by the Pechini method, obtaining homogeneous coatings with uniform composition and high roughness. The ^·OH formed at the DSA surface from H₂O oxidation were not detected by electron spin resonance. However, their indirect determination by means of H₂O₂ measurements revealed that Ti/IrO₂-SnO₂–Sb₂O₅ is able to produce partially physisorbed radicals. Since the characterization of the wastewater revealed the presence of indole derivatives, preliminary bulk electrolyses were done in ultrapure water containing 1 mM indole in sulfate and/or chloride media. The performance of EO with the Ti/IrO₂-Ta₂O₅ anode was evaluated from the TOC removal and the UV/Vis absorbance decay. The mineralization was very poor in 0.05 M Na₂SO₄, whereas it increased considerably at a greater Cl^? content, meaning that the oxidation mediated by electrogenerated species such as Cl₂, HClO, and/or ClO^? competes and even predominates over the ^·OH-mediated oxidation. The EO treatment of EC-pretreated dairy wastewater allowed obtaining a global 98 % TOC removal, decreasing from 1,062 to <30 mg L^?1.     

Ti/BDD/PbO_2复合电极在化学需氧量测定中的应用

以钛基掺硼金刚石为基体,采用电沉积的方法制备了Ti/BDD/PbO2复合电极,并将其用于化学需氧量（COD）的测定。采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和X射线衍射谱图（XRD）表征了电极的微观形貌及结构,采用电化学工作站考察了电极对有机物响应特性。实验结果表明,在1.45 V的低电位条件下,线性范围为0.5～175 mg/L,检测限为0.3 mg/L（S/N=3）。采用Ti/BDD/PbO2复合电极测定法和重铬酸钾标准方法对市政污水、食品废水及印染废水的对比结果表明,2种方法的相对误差小于10%,具有良好的一致性。     

基于Ti/SnO_2阳极氧化法的典型染料废水电化学氧化规律

采用Ti/SnO2电极间接阳极氧化法处理直接深棕M和活性艳蓝KNR模拟染料废水,研究电解质种类、pH、电压、NaCl投加量及电解时间对其降解效果的影响;在最佳组合条件下,通过分析UV-Vis光谱以及降解过程中氮元素的存在形式,研究上述2种染料的降解规律。结果表明,在pH为3,电压20 V,NaCl投加量为2.5 g/L的条件下,电解30 min后,直接深棕M和活性艳蓝KNR的脱色率分别达到80%和95%,60 min后直接深棕M的COD去除率可达75%,活性艳蓝KNR的COD去除率达到90%;电解60 min后,直接深棕M的偶氮双键完全破坏,萘环和苯环结构被逐步降解,活性艳蓝KNR溶液电解2 min,其分子结构中的蒽醌共轭体系被破坏,随反应的进行,蒽醌结构逐渐被破坏,染料逐步降解。