Subtropical urban turfs: Carbon and nitrogen pools and the role of enzyme activity

Urban grasslands not only provide a recreational venue for urban residents, but also sequester organic carbon in vegetation and soils through photosynthesis, and release carbon dioxide through respiration, which largely contribute to carbon storage and fluxes at regional and global scales. We investigated organic carbon and nitrogen pools in subtropical turfs and found that dissolved organic carbon(DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen(DON)were regulated by several factors including microbial activity which is indicated by soil enzymatic activity. We observed a vertical variation and different temporal patterns in both soil DOC, DON and enzyme activities, which decreased significantly with increasing soil depths. We further found that concentration of soil DON was linked with turf age. There were correlations between grass biomass and soil properties, and soil enzyme activities. In particular, soil bulk density was significantly correlated with soil moisture and soil organic carbon(SOC). In addition, DOC correlated significantly with DON. Significant negative correlations were also observed between soil total dissolved nitrogen(TDN) and grass biomass of Axonopus compressus and Zoysia matrella. Specifically, grass biomass was significantly correlated with the soil activity of urease and β-glucosidase. Soil NO3-N concentration also showed negative correlations with the activity of both β-glucosidase and protease but there were no significant correlations between cellulase and soil properties or grass biomass. Our study demonstrated a relationship between soil C and N dynamics and soil enzymes that could be modulated to enhance SOC pools through management and maintenance practices.     

三江平原湿地土壤活性有机碳组分特征及其与土壤酶活性的关系

对三江平原3种主要类型天然湿地(毛苔草湿地、小叶章湿地、岛状林湿地)O-20cm土壤活性有机碳(土壤微生物量碳、土壤可溶性有机碳)特征进行了研究,分析了不同湿地的土壤活性有机碳与土壤总有机碳及酶活性间的关系.结果表明:不同类型湿地的土壤活性有机碳组分含量存在较大的差异,土壤活性有机碳、土壤总有机碳及土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、淀粉酶、过氧化氢酶的变化趋势具有基本近似的特征.表现为毛苔草湿地>小叶章湿地>岛状林湿地;土壤微生物量碳、可溶性有机碳与土壤总有机碳和酶活性存在显著正相关关系,其中,酶活性与土壤微生物量碳相关性最为显著.另外.毛苔草湿地土壤MBC/SOC、DOC/SOC的比值低于其它2种类型湿地,表明毛苔草湿地生物活性有机碳库的周转速率低.淹水抑制了微生物和酶的分解作用,有利于土壤有机碳的累积.因此,沼泽湿地水文条件的变化将会对土壤碳累积与分解过程产生较大的影响.     

人为干扰对小兴安岭森林湿地土壤碳组分和酶活性的影响

以小兴安岭落叶林沼泽湿地为研究对象,对比研究皆伐地、火烧地和落叶松湿地土壤碳组分和酶活性.结果表明:(1)3种湿地类型土壤SOC含量表现为对照地显著高于皆伐地和火烧地(p0.05),在0~10 cm土层中皆伐地与对照地相比降低了58.38%,火烧地与对照地相比降低了61.96%.皆伐地与火烧地在不同土层的土壤中SOC含量差异不显著(p0.05);DOC含量对照地显著高于皆伐地和火烧地(p0.05).在0~10cm土层中火烧地DOC含量是皆伐地的1.99倍,两者差异不显著(p0.05);不同干扰方式对土壤MBC含量影响的差异主要表现在0~10 cm的土层土壤,对照地分别比皆伐地和火烧地高23.13%和95.79%(p0.05).在不同的土层中皆伐地MBC含量均大于火烧地,与SOC含量的变化趋势一致.(2)与对照地相比,皆伐地与火烧地0~10 cm土层的土壤蔗糖酶活性分别降低了45.59%和36.76%,脲酶活性显著降低了18.22%和55.69%(p0.05),蛋白酶活性降低了19.65%和17.34%,淀粉酶活性降低了6.29%和10.69%.土壤碳组分和酶活性在垂直方向上均表现为随着土层深度增加而减小.皆伐和火烧造成森林湿地土壤碳组分和酶活性降低.     

超声波-缺氧/好氧消化过程污泥EPS、酶活性及菌落数的变化研究

为研究超声波促进污泥缺氧/好氧消化的机理,采用最佳超声波参数（超声频率28kHz,超声密度0.1W.mL-1,超声时间15min,超声间隔时间12h）与缺氧/好氧消化衔接进行间歇试验,研究了消化过程中污泥胞外聚合物（EPS）组分（蛋白质、多糖、DNA）和相应溶出物占总量的比例,以及酶活性（蛋白酶,脱氢酶）和菌落数的变化...     

贵州高原草海湿地土壤有机碳分布特征及其与酶活性的关系

基于时空替代的研究方法,对贵州草海湿地土壤有机碳和氧化还原酶活性分布进行了研究,分析了土壤总有机碳(TOC)和可溶性有机碳(DOC)与土壤酶活性、环境因子之间的关系.结果表明,不同退化梯度湿地土壤中有机碳存在较大的差异,沿着退化梯度表层土壤TOC、DOC含量和脱氢酶(DHA)活性逐渐降低(p0.05),而多酚酶(PPO)活性逐渐升高(p0.05);在垂直剖面上,原生湿地(CH1)和轻度退化湿地(CH_2)土壤TOC先增加后减少,而沼泽化湿地(CH3)和草甸湿地(CH_4)土壤TOC无明显的分层和富聚现象;相关性分析表明,TOC、DOC与PPO显著负相关(p0.01),而PPO与土壤含水率(WHC)、总氮(TN)和硝酸盐(NO-3-N)含量等显著负相关(p0.01),与pH显著正相关(p0.01).以上结果表明,土壤有机碳和酶活性的变化是对湿地退化的响应,湿地退化碳库的损失与PPO活性增加有关,而WHC、TN、NO-3-N和pH是影响PPO活性分布的重要因子.     

基于土地利用变化的陕西省植被碳汇提质增效优先区识别

在“双碳”目标背景下,陆地植被生态系统碳汇是实现碳中和目标的重要方式。为有效识别植被碳汇服务功能提质增效的优先区,利用InVEST模型定量评估陕西省植被碳储量时空演变特征及分布格局,分析土地利用/覆被类型变化对碳储量变化的影响,研究林草生态建设碳汇增长空间差异,确定林草生态建设提质增效对象区域。结果表明：（1）陕西省土地利用类型主要以耕地、林地、草地为主,土地利用类型转移变化也主要发生在三者之间;（2）1980― 2020年陕西省生态系统碳储量总体增加91.88×10⁶ t,增幅3.16%,呈现出“总体上南高北低、局部地区明显过高或过低”的地带性分布特征;（3）退耕还林（草）工程对碳汇能力提升效果明显,存在全局空间相关性,表现为一定的空间趋同集聚现象;（4）陕北地区为生态保护修复工程极优先区和优先区,陕南地区为中等优先区,关中地区为一般优先区。研究基于不同区县生态系统碳汇年均增长率的差异,确定生态治理优先区域,可为实现生态修复工程主导模式的分区管理以及碳汇能力提质增效提供参考。     

Pseudomonas flava WD-3固定化技术及其强化SBR污水处理的应用研究

由南四湖底泥中分离纯化出一株低温菌Pseudomonas flava WD-3,为提高其处理污水的效率并实现重复利用,本试验选取在低温(6~8℃)条件下,采用天然材料海藻酸钠(SA)和人工合成材料聚乙烯醇(PVA)共同作用的复合材料为包埋载体,利用正交试验探索其最优的固定化条件;并将最优的Pseudomonas flava WD-3固定化小球投入到SBR污水处理工艺中,探究其投加量和水力停留时间对生活污水处理效果的影响.结果发现,当SA质量分数为4%,PVA质量分数为6%,Ca Cl_2质量分数为5%,交联时间为24 h时,Pseudomonas flava WD-3固定化小球的物理性能最好,且对污水的处理效果最佳,分别是游离菌对COD、TP和NH+4-N去除效率的1.11、1.17、1.14倍.在SBR工艺中,通过连续3个月的监测数据发现,Pseudomonas flava WD-3的固定化小球对污水NH+4-N、TP、COD和TN的去除率分别介于72.78%~77.48%、62.04%~69.26%、89.08%~92.72%和85.08%~89.08%,且平均去除效率分别为未投加该菌的1.13、1.91、1.25、1.56倍,最终采取的最佳水力停留时间为8 h.并且,Pseudomonas flava WD-3在不同投加量及不同水力停留时间条件下,对污水中各污染物的降解过程符合一级动力学模型.     

与碳氮循环相关的土壤酶活性对施用氮磷肥的响应

通过测定土壤酶活性和微生物量来评估施化肥对冬小麦土壤中参与碳(C)、氮(N)循环酶活性的影响.实验设氮(N)、磷(P)两个影响因子,4个处理分别是仅施P(SP)、仅施N(SN)、施N和P(P+N)、对照(CK,无施肥),测定冬小麦开花期和成熟期土壤纤维素酶、脱氢酶、脲酶和蛋白酶活性和开花期土壤微生物量.结果表明:纤维素酶活性在冬小麦两个生育期都是P+N处理中最高,分别为0.056μg·g-1·h-1(以葡萄糖计)和0.041μg·g-1·h-1(以葡萄糖计),显著高于CK.脱氢酶活性在冬小麦两个生育期都是P+N处理中最高,分别为0.46μg·g-1·h-1(以TPF计)和0.31μg·g-1·h-1(以TPF计),显著高于CK,SP和SN处理与CK有显著差异.脲酶活性在冬小麦两个生育期都是SN处理中最高,分别为54.2μg·g-1·h-1(以NH3-N计)和63.9μg·g-1·h-1(以NH3-N计),显著高于CK.蛋白酶活性在开花期SP处理中最大,成熟期CK处理中最大,分别为0.61μg·g-1·h-1(以酪氨酸计)和0.31μg·g-1·h-1(以酪氨酸计).除脲酶外,成熟期酶活性低于开花期.N和P交互作用通过增加土壤放线菌、菌根真菌生物量和作物地下生物量显著增加了纤维素酶和脱氢酶活性,通过降低土壤pH和增加铵态氮量显著降低了土壤蛋白酶活性,通过提高N利用率,降低了脲酶活性.     

固定化细胞在废水处理中的应用及前景

综述了固定化微生物在水处理中的应用发展过程和固定化细胞技术在废水生物中的应用,包括去除ＢＯＤ物质,硝化－脱氮,酚,氰的降解,重金属离子的去除或回收以及印染废水的脱色处理等。最后,对固定化细胞应用于废水生物处理的前景及存在的问题进行评述。     

不同污泥处理与处置工艺的碳排放

针对目前主流的污泥处理处置工艺,总结了各工艺碳排放情景及其影响因素.好氧堆肥、干化、土地利用、焚烧的碳主要以CO2的形式排放;而厌氧消化和填埋的碳排放以CH4为主.好氧堆肥的CO2排放当量较低,填埋的CO2排放当量较高.好氧堆肥、厌氧消化、填埋工艺分别可以通过改善通风状况、前处理和不同类型污泥联合处理、覆盖有机材料等方...     

城市污泥与园林废弃物混合堆肥施用对林地土壤微生物量碳、氮及酶活性的影响

研究城市污泥和园林废弃物混合堆肥施用对土壤微生物量碳(SMBC)、微生物量氮(SMBN)及酶活性的影响,可为林地施用混合堆肥产品的安全及功效性评价提供科学依据.本研究采用大田试验,选取紫穗槐为研究对象,将污泥和园林废弃物以3种比例(GF(纯园林废弃物)、SGA(V(污泥)∶V(园林废弃物)=1∶3)、SGB(V(污泥)∶V(园林废弃物)=1∶1))进行混合堆肥,每种堆肥产品分别按0、5、10、50 kg·株-1(分别记作CK、T5、T10、T50)均匀施入样地.施肥1年后,于田间采样测定土壤生物活性指标及理化性质,采用主成分分析及单、双因素方差分析法研究混合堆肥产品施用后对土壤酶活性及微生物量碳、氮含量的影响.结果表明:施入GF、SGA和SGB时,SMBC和SMBN均在施用量50 kg·株-1时达到最大.随着施用量的增加,土壤酶指数(SEI)总体上呈现逐步递增的趋势,施入GF、SGA、SGB时,各个施肥梯度处理的土壤酶指数较CK分别增加93.33%~186.67%、14.58%~54.17%、119.05%~204.76%.通过主成分分析,依据各处理综合得分情况,不同堆肥产品总体上表现为:SGBGFSGA.施入GF、SGA和SGB,不同处理综合得分均为T50T10T5CK.说明施用堆肥产品能够提高土壤微生物量,增加土壤酶活性,改善土壤的生物环境.     

全国碳市场引入配额拍卖机制的经济影响 ——基于CGE模型的分析

基于电力部门细分的CGE模型,针对碳配额分配中有偿拍卖的引入、是否配套实施碳税政策以及碳减排目标设定等关键机制问题,设置了差异化的政策情景,模拟分析了不同机制设计对碳市场及宏观经济带来的影响.研究发现:全国碳市场引入配额拍卖机制有助于降低碳交易价格、促进我国碳市场总体规模扩大并激发碳市场活力,高碳行业将成为碳配额拍卖市...     

碳磷添加对黄土区农田土壤呼吸及温度敏感性的影响

黄土区耕地面积占全国耕地面积的15%以上,该区域降水资源贫乏,是我国土壤生产力和土壤有机碳储量最低的区域之一。营养的大量投入可以极大地提高土壤生产力,但对于营养添加下土壤CO_2排放有何变化以及是如何改变黄土区土壤环境,进而影响土壤呼吸及温度敏感性还尚不清楚。本文以长武实验田的黑垆土作为研究对象,分别对N12(施氮量120 kg?hm~(-2))土样设置不添加、添加磷源以及CK(长期连作不施肥)土样设置不添加、添加磷源、碳源、碳磷源(共计6个处理),比较分析在15℃和25℃培养下土壤呼吸速率的变化,以及培养周期内土壤温度敏感性Q_(10)(即温度每升高10℃,温室气体排放速率变化的倍数)的变化趋势。通过对呼吸前后土壤pH值、全碳全磷、有机碳、速效磷、硝态氮、铵态氮以及微生物生物量碳磷(MBC、MBP)的测定,分析其影响因素。碳磷添加在一定程度上提高了土壤的呼吸速率,其中碳源的添加明显增强了土壤呼吸速率以及土壤Q_(10)值。碳磷添加大幅度提高了土壤全碳、速效磷含量以及微生物活性,15℃条件培养后,土壤微生物生物量最高。碳磷添加后,土壤呼吸速率与土壤pH、全碳、铵态氮、MBC呈极显著相关关系。该研究为黄土区土壤生产力的提高以及降低温室气体的排放、恢复和改善生态环境提供理论依据。     

Performance and recent improvement in microbial fuel cells for simultaneous carbon and nitrogen removal: A review

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have become a promising technology for wastewater treatment accompanying electricity generation. Carbon and nitrogen removal can be achieved by utilizing the electron transfer between the anode and cathode in an MFC. However, large-scale power production and high removal efficiency must be achieved at a low cost to make MFCs practical and economically competitive in the future. This article reviews the principles, feasibility and bottlenecks of MFCs for simultaneous carbon and nitrogen removal, the recent advances and prospective strategies for performance improvement, as well as the involved microbes and electron transfer mechanisms.     

中国森林碳汇潜力与增汇成本评估——基于Meta分析方法

准确评估中国森林碳汇潜力与增汇成本的经济可行性,是科学制定碳中和林业行动方案的基础。然而针对中国森林碳汇潜力与增汇成本的不同结果差异明显,可靠性需要进一步验证。为此,基于相关文献,采用Meta分析方法,对中国森林碳汇潜力与增汇成本及其导致差异的原因展开评估。研究表明：(1)中国森林碳汇量呈现不断增长的态势,但不同研究对森林碳汇潜力测度结果存在较大差异。(2)中国森林增汇的平均成本为220.45元/t CO_2e(区间值为3.9～1457.02元/t CO_2e),与工业减排成本相比,中国森林增汇更具有经济可行性,但波动幅度较大。(3)评估方法采用、碳库数量选择等因素是导致已有森林碳汇潜力文献估计结果差异的关键因素;森林增汇成本差异则主要受碳汇成本测度研究方法、成本收益数据来源等因素影响。(4)中国森林增汇对碳中和的贡献将会持续增加。基于研究结果,提出进一步深化森林碳汇潜力与成本测算相关研究等方面的政策建议。     

Screening hydroxyapatite for cadmium and lead immobilization in aqueous solution and contaminated soil: The role of surface area

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) has been widely used to immobilize many cationic metals in water and soils. The specific reason why an increase in the surface area of HAP enhances cadmium (Cd) uptake, but has no effect on lead (Pb) uptake, is not clear. The aim of this study was to determine the factors causing the differences in sorption behavior between Cd and Pb by evaluating HAPs with different surface areas. We synthesized HAPs with two different surface areas, which were characterized by X-ray diffraction, N₂ adsorption, and scanning electron microscopy, and then evaluated them as sorbents for Cd and Pb removal by testing in single and binary systems. The sorption capacity of large surface area HAP (1.85 mmol/g) for Cd in the single-metal system was higher than that of small surface area HAP (0.64 mmol/g), but there were no differences between single- and binary-metal solutions containing Pb. After the Cd experiments, the HAP retained a stable structure and intact morphology, which promotes the accessibility of reactive sites for Cd. However, a newly formed precipitate covered the surface and blocked the channels in the presence of Pb, which reduced the number of potential adsorption sites on HAP for Cd and Pb. Remediation experiments using Cd- and Pb-contaminated soil produced similar results to the solution tests. These results indicate that alterations of the structure and morphology during the reaction is an important factor influencing metal sorption to HAP.     

Degradation of benzene derivatives in the CuMgFe-LDO/persulfate system: The role of the interaction between the catalyst and target pollutants

A novel insight on the role of interactions between target pollutants and the catalyst in the copper-containing layered double oxide(LDO)-catalyzed persulfate(PS) system was elucidated in the present study.4-Chlorophenol(4-CP),as a representative benzene derivative with a hydroxyl group,was completely removed within 5 min,which was much faster than the reaction of monochlorobenzene(MCB) without a hydroxyl group,with the degradation efficiency of 31.7% in 240 min.Through the use of radical quench...     

高级氧化联合生物活性炭工艺深度净化污水中PPCPs研究进展

污水处理厂传统的二级生化处理对药品及个人护理用品(Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products, PPCPs)等新兴污染物的去除率较低, PPCPs随出水排放会给生态环境带来较大的风险,并会经过生物富集最终危害到人体健康,因此需要通过进一步的深度净化以削减其风险.本文综述了常见PPCPs在污水处理系统的分布特征及生态风险,阐述了高级氧化工艺(Advanced oxidation processes, AOPs)、生物活性炭工艺(Biological activated carbon, BAC)以及高级氧化联合生物活性炭工艺(AOPs-BAC)深度净化PPCPs的净化原理,在此基础上,综述了AOPs-BAC工艺对污水中PPCPs的深度净化效果及主要影响因素,并探讨了AOPs-BAC工艺对污水中PPCPs的风险削减能力,为污水中PPCPs深度净化工艺的研发及PPCPs的生态风险控制提供了参考.     

模拟酸雨对亚热带三个树种凋落叶分解速率及分解酶活性的影响

利用凋落物袋法研究了模拟酸雨对中国亚热带地区3个典型树种杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)、银杏(Ginkgo biloba)凋落叶分解速率及酶活性的影响.酸雨分别设置为重度酸雨(pH=2.5)、中度酸雨(pH=4.0)、对照处理(pH =5.6)3个梯度.试验结果表明:酸雨胁迫会抑制凋落叶的分解,且随着酸雨强度的增强,抑制作用更明显.杉木、香樟、银杏3个树种对照处理下周转期分别比中度酸雨短33％、43％、14％,比重度酸雨短44％、52％、17％.3种分解酶对酸雨胁迫的表现不同,脲酶和纤维素酶表现为一定的抑制作用,基本呈现为对照处理(pH=5.6)＞中度酸雨(pH=4.0)＞重度酸雨(pH=2.5),与凋落物的分解速率排列情况一致,蔗糖酶在酸雨胁迫下反而有激活的趋势,表现为重度酸雨(pH=2.5)＞中度酸雨(pH =4.0)＞对照处理(pH=5.6).不同树种对酸雨胁迫的影响有一定的差异性,针叶树种杉木受影响最大,阔叶树种香樟和银杏受影响较小,银杏的抗酸性较强,且针叶树种的分解速率比阔叶树种慢.脲酶和纤维素酶对凋落叶的分解贡献较大,而蔗糖酶的影响相对较小.酶活性与季节有较大的关系,夏季活性相对偏高,冬季活性相对偏低.     

Soil carbon sequestration and associated economic costs for farming systems of the Indo-Gangetic Plain: A meta-analysis

Soil organic carbon sequestration rates over 20 years based on the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) methodology were combined with local economic data to determine the potential for soil C sequestration in wheat-based production systems on the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP). The C sequestration potential of rice-wheat systems of India on conversion to no-tillage is estimated to be 44.1 Mt C over 20 years. Implementing no-tillage practices in maize-wheat and cotton-wheat production systems would yield an additional 6.6 Mt C. This offset is equivalent to 9.6% of India's annual greenhouse gas emissions (519 Mt C) from all sectors (excluding land use change and forestry), or less than one percent per annum. The economic analysis was summarized as carbon supply curves expressing the total additional C accumulated over 20 year for a price per tonne of carbon sequestered ranging from zero to USD 200. At a carbon price of USD 25 Mg C⁻¹, 3 Mt C (7% of the soil C sequestration potential) could be sequestered over 20 years through the implementation of no-till cropping practices in rice-wheat systems of the Indian States of the IGP, increasing to 7.3 Mt C (17% of the soil C sequestration potential) at USD 50 Mg C⁻¹. Maximum levels of sequestration could be attained with carbon prices approaching USD 200 Mg C⁻¹ for the States of Bihar and Punjab. At this carbon price, a total of 34.7 Mt C (79% of the estimated C sequestration potential) could be sequestered over 20 years across the rice-wheat region of India, with Uttar Pradesh contributing 13.9 Mt C.