污泥吸附剂的制备及其对含Pb2+模拟废水的吸附特性研究

以污水处理站脱水污泥和煤为原料,通过共热解法制备污泥吸附剂,并将其用于吸附含Pb2+的模拟废水.同时,考察了污泥吸附剂制备过程中热解温度、配比、热解时间、粒径对碘吸附值及产率的影响,以及吸附时间、温度、pH值、污泥吸附剂投加量对吸附效果的影响,并对其吸附动力学和热力学特性进行了探讨.结果表明,制备污泥吸附剂的最佳条件为...     

虾蟹壳对水中刚果红吸附性能的研究

以虾蟹壳为原料,采用酸化一步法制备出具有强吸附能力的虾蟹壳生物吸附剂,通过模拟试验研究了该吸附剂对废水中刚果红的去除特性,分析了吸附剂用量、吸附时间、pH值、吸附温度、刚果红初始浓度对吸附效果的影响。结果表明,最佳的吸附条件为吸附剂用量0.1 g、pH=7、吸附温度65℃、吸附时间2 h,最佳条件下的刚果红去除率达到92.96%。吸附剂对刚果红的吸附过程与拟二级动力学模型相符,吸附反应涵盖了外部液膜扩散、表面吸附和颗粒内扩散,其吸附速率与驱动力的平方成正比。     

制备条件对硅胶负载氧化锆吸附除氟的影响

应用浸渍法制备了硅胶负载氧化锆除氟吸附剂,研究了焙烧温度、硅胶粒度、浸渍时间、浸渍温度、浸渍液浓度、浸渍固液比和浸渍次数等制备参数对吸附剂吸附容量的影响.实验发现焙烧温度有较大影响,450℃焙烧有最大的吸附量,再升高温度吸附量迅速下降.浸渍可在2h内达到平衡.浸渍温度越高,浸渍液浓度越高,则吸附容量越大.采用较高浓度一次浸渍优于低浓度多次浸渍.硅胶粒度和浸渍固液比也影响吸附量,粒度越大吸附量越小,粒度小于0.25mm后吸附量趋于稳定.     

剩余污泥吸附剂的制备及其吸附性能研究

利用城市污水处理厂剩余活性污泥,采用先干燥再浸渍于不同浓度活化剂,再于不同温度、时间下热解的流程,对有机剩余污泥进行改性吸附剂研究。采用正交设计以确定最佳制备条件,并对吸附剂的有机组成和比表面积等参数进行了测定。研究结果表明,有机污泥制备吸附剂的最佳条件是,污泥与活化剂质量比为5∶3,在550℃下恒温热解60min,所得改性污泥吸附剂具有最大比表面积;并利用制备的改性污泥对直接深棕M和酸性媒介棕RH染料进行吸附试验,动力学吸附速率符合Lagergren模型,吸附等温线与Freundlich和Langmuir模型有较好的拟合。同时与商品活性炭吸附性能进行对比,结果显示改性吸附剂吸附容量小于活性炭。     

污泥含炭吸附剂对Cu^2＋的吸附实验研究

研究了采用ZnCl2化学活化法制备的污泥含炭吸附刺去除水溶液中Cu^2＋的效果,考察了溶液pH值、吸附时间、吸附剂用量和Cu^2＋浓度等对去除率的影响。实验结果表明,污泥含炭吸附剂对Cu^2＋具有较强的吸附性能,吸附平衡时间约为1h;pH值是影响吸附的主要因素,实际应用中一般控制在pH=5．0;Cu^2＋的浓度不宜过高,为了达到较好的去除效果,实际应用中吸附剂用量一般不能低于2g／100mL溶液。     

KOH活化-微波热解制备污泥炭及其结构演化

伴随着国内水处理行业的迅速发展,产量巨大的污泥亟需找到高效的资源化方式。以污泥吸附剂的表面结构及吸附性能参数为考察指标,利用正交实验方法对制备污泥吸附剂的几项影响因素进行考察和分析。结果表明,吸附剂属于中孔吸附剂,表面碱性能团占主导。微波功率、时间、KOH浓度及碱泥比均会显著影响吸附剂的表面官能团、孔结构以及吸附性能,但影响程度各不相同。吸附质以及吸附剂的结构特性均会影响吸附性能,污泥炭吸附剂对碘、亚甲基蓝以及酸性品红均有着较好的吸附效果,污泥吸附剂的最优制备工艺条件为功率420 W,处理时间8 min,KOH浓度20%,碱泥比为0.5∶1。     

3种微生物吸附剂对低浓度Cd2+的吸附特性研究

从铬鞣污泥和活性污泥中筛选到3种微生物TP、MY和TQ,将其制备成微生物吸附剂对低浓度Cd2+的吸附特性进行研究.结果表明:在Cd2+初始浓度为5.0 mg/L的溶液中,吸附剂TP和MY最佳投加量和pH值为1.0 mg/L和7.0;TQ为2.0 mg/L和4.0 mg/L.TP、MY和TQ的最佳吸附温度是20℃.等温方...     

牡蛎壳负载壳聚糖去除水中活性红152

以牡蛎壳(OS)为原料制备一种新型牡蛎壳负载壳聚糖(CCOS)吸附剂,并利用电镜扫描(SEM)、红外(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)及热重(TG)分析等方法对吸附剂样品进行表征.同时,研究了吸附剂对活性红152(RR152)的吸附性能,考察了壳聚糖与牡蛎壳质量比、溶液pH值、吸附剂用量、活性红152起始浓度、吸附时间和温度对吸附的影响.结果表明,壳聚糖与牡蛎壳质量比为0.08,pH值为2时,活性红152的去除率达最大值;活性红152的去除率随着吸附剂用量的增加而增大,当吸附剂用量为0.3g时,活性红152的去除率达83.3%.吸附容量也随着起始浓度的增加而增大,并在150min达到吸附平衡.运用3种动力学模型对吸附过程进行拟合,结果表明,吸附过程可以很好地用准二级动力学方程描述.吸附等温线用Langmuir方程的拟合效果优于Freundlich和Tempkin方程,最大吸附容量在298.15、303.15、308.15和318.15K下分别为135.14、142.86、144.92、149.25mg·g-1.在热力学研究中,ΔG0<0、ΔH0>0、ΔS0>0,表明此吸附过程是自发、吸热和熵增加的过程.解吸实验表明,吸附剂用碱液处理再生后,可循环使用4次.     

交联改性壳聚糖的制备及其对Ni2+的吸附性能

以壳聚糖为原料,甲醛为预交联剂,戊二醛为交联剂,通过反相乳液聚合法制备了改性壳聚糖吸附剂.通过正交试验考察了交联反应条件对改性壳聚糖吸附Ni2+性能的影响,得出的最佳交联条件为:甲醛用量1 mL,反应温度70℃,戊二醛用量2 mL,反应时间2h.在最佳条件下制备的交联壳聚糖对Ni2+的吸附量达1.98 mmol/g.对吸附Ni2+后的交联壳聚糖分别用0.1 mol/L盐酸和0.1 mol/L氢氧化钠溶液进行脱附,结果表明用0.1 mol/L氢氧化钠溶液脱附效果较好.     

城市污泥制备水中重金属吸附剂及其吸附特性研究

本实验利用城市污水厂的脱水污泥,通过化学活化法制备活性炭。研究活化温度、活化时间、固液比和活化剂浓度等因素对制备污泥活性炭的影响,确定氯化锌法制备污泥活性炭的最佳工艺为活化温度550℃、活化时间30 min、固液比1∶2、氯化剂浓度45%。将制备的污泥活性炭吸附Cu2+,Cr6+,Cd2+3种重金属离子模拟废水,研究pH值、吸附时间、污泥投加量、温度等因素对吸附过程的影响。实验结果表明,剩余污泥对Cu2+,Cr6+,Cd2+3种重金属离子都具有良好的吸附效果,在优化条件下,3种重金属离子去除率分别达到94%,76%,81%,吸附能力大小顺序为Cu2+Cd2+Cr6+。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.