高分子树脂与介孔分子筛吸附-脱附VOCs性能对比

采用溶剂热法制备介孔聚二乙烯基苯(PDVB)树脂,并以介孔分子筛MCM-41、SBA-15为参照,从吸附-脱附甲苯、邻二甲苯、均三甲苯性能和高湿度下的疏水性能方面对其进行对比研究.结果表明,PDVB具有最大的比表面积1219.1m2/g,其对低浓度甲苯吸附量约为介孔分子筛的2倍,同时吸附性能几乎不受水汽影响.随着VOCs分子尺寸增加,3种吸附剂对VOCs的饱和吸附量均有所增加,但PDVB的穿透吸附量明显高于分子筛.热重分析表明,在200℃以下3种吸附剂上吸附的有机分子均能脱附完全,具有优良的脱附再生性能.     

两种介孔分子筛动态吸附VOCs的研究

采用模板剂法制备了孔道规整、大比表面积的2种介孔分子筛MCM-41和SBA-15,并以甲苯、二甲苯、三甲苯为吸附对象,考察了介孔分子筛动态吸附VOCs的性能.结果表明,增加VOCs分子尺寸和浓度,降低床层温度可大幅提高介孔分子筛吸附性能.SBA-15由于介孔壁上的微孔结构适合吸附低浓度、小分子VOCs;MCM-41更适合吸附高浓度、大分子VOCs.TPD脱附试验表明,VOCs在介孔材料表面150℃下就能基本脱附完全.     

纳米片层状ZSM-5分子筛制备及其对室内环境VOCs吸附性能

合成了1种新型分子结构的bola型表面活性剂,并以其为模板,以正硅酸乙酯、偏铝酸钠为硅源和铝源,按n（NaOH）∶n（NaAlO₂）∶n（SiO₂）∶n（SDA）∶n（H₂O）为30∶2.5∶120∶5∶4800进行配比,采用水热法制备出具有纳米片层结构的ZSM-5分子筛（H-ZSM-5）。采用扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线和N₂吸脱附等技术表征所制备的片层ZSM-5分子筛。对传统ZSM-5、H-ZSM-5进行了甲醛分子静态吸附实验,发现H-ZSM-5分子筛静态吸附量显著高于传统微孔ZSM-5。采用较大分子直径的甲苯蒸汽分子评价吸附性能发现,纳米片层状H-ZSM-5分子筛具备吸附较大分子直径VOCs的能力,可以用于室内较大分子VOCs的净化去除。     

蜂窝活性炭与沸石分子筛对涂装VOCs废气的吸脱附性能对比

选取工业涂装VOCs废气作为试验对象,以蜂窝活性炭和沸石分子筛为吸附剂,设计固定床小试装置进行VOCs吸脱附试验。结果表明：蜂窝活性炭的碘值、比表面积、总孔容及微孔孔容均大于沸石分子筛,分别是沸石分子筛的1.79,2.93,1.55,2.02倍;相同脱附温度、进气风速条件下,VOCs从蜂窝活性炭表面脱附更容易,其脱附时间远低于沸石分子筛;相同反应条件下,蜂窝活性炭对VOCs的饱和吸附量明显高于沸石分子筛,但沸石分子筛的饱和吸附量受反应温度和VOCs浓度的影响相对较小;循环吸脱附10次后,蜂窝活性炭和沸石分子筛对VOCs的吸附率分别下降为第1次时的71.35%和81.15%,沸石分子筛的吸脱附性能更为稳定;蜂窝活性炭饱和吸附量大、脱附时间快,适用于宽负荷、低风量、中高浓度VOCs废气处理;沸石分子筛空气动力学及循环吸脱附性能较好,适用于处理初始温度相对较高、中低浓度VOCs废气。     

ZSM-5分子筛疏水改性及催化H_2O_2氧化苯酚的性能研究

以甲苯为溶剂、三甲基氯硅烷(TMCS)为表面改性剂,采用液相接枝的方法对ZSM-5分子筛进行疏水化改性,通过XRD、FTIR、N2吸附-脱附、TG、水静态吸附试验等手段对改性前后的ZSM-5分子筛进行了表征,并将其应用于苯酚的吸附及催化氧化研究。结果表明:改性后ZSM-5分子筛仍保持原有的孔道结构,-Si(CH3)3基团接枝到孔道表面,使比表面积和孔容、孔径均有下降;改性后ZSM-5分子筛水静态吸附率由3.82%降至1.12%,疏水性得到明显提高;改性后ZSM-5分子筛对苯酚的吸附机理符合Langmuir模型,吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型,且对水中苯酚的饱和吸附量由30.7mg/g增加到36.9mg/g;疏水改性后的分子筛负载MnO2催化H2O2氧化降解苯酚的效率可达86.2%,且其吸附过程与催化氧化过程具有协同效应。     

硅铝比和NiO对ZSM-5协同低温等离子体降解甲苯的影响

研究了不同硅铝比的ZSM-5与Ni/ZSM-5分子筛协同低温等离子体技术对甲苯降解性能的影响.以Ni O(Nickel Oxide)为活性组分,采用浸渍法对ZSM-5分子筛进行改性,利用氮气吸附脱附(BET)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)、H_2程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)、NH_3程序升温脱附(NH_3-TPD)、Toluene程序升温脱附(Toluene-TPD)等技术表征样品的物理化学性质.考察了硅铝比对ZSM-5与Ni/ZSM-5分子筛体系中甲苯的吸附性能,研究了不同放电电压下硅铝比对甲苯降解率、碳平衡及二氧化碳选择性的影响,并采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析了催化剂表面的有机产物.结果表明:硅铝比不但影响分子筛本身的物理化学特性(比表面积、氧化还原性能、表面酸性、疏水性等),还会影响Ni的负载形态和方式,更高的硅铝比与Ni O的负载能促进甲苯深度氧化,减少副产物,提高碳平衡和二氧化碳选择性.     

疏水改性ZSM-5的优化制备及其在高湿度下的VOCs吸附性能研究

针对分子筛在高湿度条件下VOCs吸附容量急剧下降的问题,通过优化液相沉积法合成了疏水改性的ZSM-5分子筛.实验选用更加经济环保的乙醇替代甲苯作为改性溶剂,并对两种溶剂的改性效果进行比较,优选出最佳改性条件制备疏水改性ZSM-5,考察了该吸附剂对模拟高湿度有机废气的吸附性能,并采用了 SEM、XRD、FTIR、氮气吸脱...     

钴铜改性的ZSM-5对低浓度NO吸附性能的研究

利用固定吸附床研究了不同金属离子改性的ZSM-5分子筛对一氧化氮的吸附性能。实验发现:在过渡金属同钴离子一起改性的ZSM-5中,钴铜金属离子共同改性的ZSM-5分子筛对一氧化氮的吸附性能最好;当铜钴离子共同浸渍、铜钴离子浸渍量比(n(Cu) n(Co))为0 8和Al2O3(粘合剂)用量w(Al2O3)为23%时,改性的ZSM-5分子筛既具有良好的吸附性能又有良好的机械强度。另外,实验还发现改性分子筛吸附一氧化氮的穿透时间随吸附温度的升高而缩短,并利用热重技术,分析了吸附剂的热再生问题。      

HZSM-5分子筛固定床分离水体中硝基氯苯异构体

以Al₂O₃为粘结剂对粉末状HZSM-5分子筛成型,并通过HZSM-5分子筛固定床分离水体中硝基氯苯异构体.研究流量对分子筛固定床动态吸附与温度、流量对固定床动态脱附的影响,得出其动态吸附-脱附最优化条件:吸附流量25 mL/h;处理量1.35 L/批次;脱附温度40 ℃;脱附流量10 mL/h.设计了双柱串联吸附实验,以直接高效分离水体中的对硝基氯苯与邻硝基氯苯.结果表明,采用双柱串联吸附-脱附工艺,可从硝基氯苯混合液中同时回收纯度高于95%的对硝基氯苯和邻硝基氯苯,且动态吸附-脱附实验具有较好的重现性.      

挥发性有机物在活性炭纤维上的吸附和电致热脱附

采用3种不同的活性炭纤维,考察了VOCs种类、VOCs浓度以及床层温度对活性炭纤维吸附VOCs性能的影响,并采用电致热脱附技术进行再生研究.结果表明,甲苯浓度对吸附推动力影响较大,在高浓度下,可使吸附容量达到434.8mg/g.活性炭纤维吸附甲苯受温度影响较小,在60℃下仍然具有288.6mg/g的吸附容量.电致热脱附电压越大,活性炭纤维升温速率越快,脱附效率越高,经过100min即可完全脱附.经过4次吸脱附循环,活性炭纤维仍有较好的吸附效果,饱和吸附量能达到原有吸附量的80%以上.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.