南京1月不同气象条件对大气环境影响比对研究

随着经济的快速发展和城市群的迅速增加,长三角地区大气污染愈发严重。该研究利用大气污染和卫星观测资料,并结合气象资料,对长三角西部典型城市南京两年1月份的大气污染特征和典型污染日进行比对分析。结果表明,风向、风速、相对湿度等气象条件是影响2 a重污染日频次不同的重要原因;除了冷空气南下型,冷锋前型、冷高压后部型、冷高压控制型、均压场型和倒槽暖区型均有利于重污染天气的形成。相对于2014年1月,2013年受冷高压影响更加深入,在冷高压控制下达到的严重污染日更多。高空大气环流形势、地面风场、近地面垂直速度ω、逆温层高度与厚度的不同,以及近地面是否有湿层出现,均是造成不同污染过程程度差异的主要原因;冬季1月污染爆发时,混合层高度与PM_(2.5)的质量浓度呈现负相关关系。     

环境污染对室外运动推广的影响研究

大气环境污染加剧使得室外运动不能有效进行,为此,以健美操有氧运动为例,研究大气环境污染对室外运动推广的影响.依据大气污染指数,分析室外健美操有氧运动心肺生理指标参数变化情况.以氧通气当量、氧脉搏、激活剂浓度及最大摄氧量为参数指标,定量分析大气污染与室外运动推广危害程度和消极影响,测试不同污染程度对健美操有氧运动产生影响的量化指标.测试结果得知,大气污染对室外运动具有消极影响,在空气质量指数(AQI)为151~200的中度污染条件下应该减少室外运动.     

从秸秆焚烧致空气污染看秸秆综合利用

岁末年初,一场突袭的雾霾天让"北京咳"成为公众无奈戏谑的话题,饱受雾霾侵害的不只是北京,中东部各地也陆续出现大范围和长时间雾霾天气.跟随大雾笼罩的范围,从华北到中部乃至黄淮、江南地区,都出现了不同程度的污染和严重污染."既然同呼吸那就共责任"的防治大气污染话题备受热议.农业秸秆焚烧是导致空气污染的一大肇事者,做好秸秆综合利用工作于未来的农业发展和环境保护都是大有裨益的.     

实践

<正>黑龙江、吉林两省共议大气污染治理联防联控近日,吉林省与黑龙江省生态环境部门就两省大气污染联防联控合作框架协议实施方案展开研讨。会议提出,采取"联合举办、轮流承办"的方式,每年召开会商会议,研究解决两省大气污染防治工作中的问题;建立日常联系制度,互通空气质量数据;同时,要互通工作开展及突发事件处置情况。当遇到突发跨区域大气污染事件,三天内向对方通报预警信息和应急响应情况。建立两省大气污染防治专家库;开展大气污染成因、溯源和防治对策研究,共享相关技术资源和成果。此外,针对燃煤供热锅炉污染、"散乱污"企业污染等区域性污染问题,两省将协同开展治理。     

哈尔滨市雾霾天气成因及防控对策研究

近两年哈尔滨连续出现重度污染或严重污染天气,大气污染已经明显引起了公共健康效应和经济损失,大气环境治理工作已到了刻不容缓的地步.本文对哈尔滨市大气环境质量概况、大气污染主要成因分析得出,大气细颗粒物主要来源于民用秸秆燃烧、工业、露天焚烧、道路交通、供暖、火电和非道路交通.其中,工业、民用秸秆燃烧、露天焚烧和供暖为最大污染来源.通过运用哈尔滨市大气环境容量的测算,计算得到现状污染源布局下的最大环境容量,燃煤、机动车尾气排放、扬尘这三种因素加重了哈尔滨市的大气污染,进而提出哈尔滨市大气污染防治对策,达到控制大气污染进一步加剧的可能性.     

山西省火电和大气环境污染宏观控制预警研究

采用能源弹性系数分析法,利用统计年鉴和环境影响评价报告书提供的数据,对山西省火电行业产生的大气污染状况进行了研究.结果表明:在现阶段的常规模式发展下,山西省火电行业污染严峻,将在很大程度上加剧当前山西省大气污染严重的态势;定义火电生产弹性系数为0.8时的发展方式为预警模式,在该模式下污染可得到一定控制;只有当进入火电生产弹性系数为0.5的和谐模式发展时,才能大幅减少SO₂和NO_x的排放.建议通过采取强化宏观调控、严格审批以及加强技术改造,将山西省火电行业的火电生产弹性系数控制在0.8以下.      

福建省大气致酸污染物变化趋势分析

以1991- 2 0 0 2年环境监测数据为基础,采用秩相关系数检验方法,对福建省大气中致酸污染物的时间和空间变化趋势进行了综合分析,结果表明,二氧化硫和总悬浮颗粒物的浓度呈显著下降趋势,氮氧化物浓度总体呈上升趋势;城市规模与大气污染特征相关,城市所处的区位不同,大气污染程度仍有较大差别;大气污染程度与酸雨污染并不成正比。     

呼和浩特市大气降尘磁学特征及其环境意义

应用环境磁学方法研究了呼和浩特市及其对照点大气降尘样品的环境磁学特征,同时与西北地区两大典型污染城市—乌鲁木齐、兰州进行对比,探讨了环境磁学在大气污染监测和来源解析方面的应用.结果表明,两地样品磁学特征均受磁铁矿控制,磁性矿物为假单畴和多畴颗粒;与对照点相比,呼和浩特样品磁性矿物的含量较高,颗粒较细.通过降尘污染的季节变化对比可知,呼和浩特大气污染受到自然因素和人类活动的共同影响.相对于磁化率(χlf)而言,饱和等温剩磁(SIRM)能更好地反映呼和浩特大气污染状况,可作为大气降尘磁性特征的有效指示器.与乌鲁木齐和兰州相比,呼和浩特逆温强度较大,但大气污染程度相对较低,暗示人类活动对大气污染起到主导作用.     

关于大气污染的环境监测及治理的分析

城市化与工业化的发展导致很多物探现象的出现。大气污染对社会发展和环境等造成的后果比较严重,导致空气质量下降,阻碍城市化进程。大气污染产生的因素有很多,如工业生产、人为因素、交通等。通过环境监测,找到污染来源,并发现有害气体会产生的负面作用。本研究通过对大气污染产生的原因加以了解,分析但其物探的环境监测方式和重要性,制定相关的治理措施,以有效地减缓大气污染的出现,降低其对环境和社会的危害,提高空气质量,促进社会和经济的健康发展。     

大气污染对运动员室外高强度训练时段体能影响研究

大气污染对运动员室外高强度训练时段体能的影响显著,长期污染环境下进行室外高强度训练会导致运动员体能下降,为了缓解大气污染对运动员体能的影响,进行相关性统计分析评估;对室外训练环境中大气污染的来源进行分析,探讨大气污染对运动员高强度训练时段体能的影响。不同大气污染程度对运动员体能有梯度影响效能,导致运动员的体育训练水平下降,影响运动员的体能指标。通过大气污染防治,制定科学的训练计划,缓解大气污染对运动员室外高强度训练时段体能的影响。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.