电镀污泥微波干燥预处理试验研究

研究了电镀污泥质量、微波功率、干燥时间及料层厚度对电镀污泥脱水率的影响,试验结果表明:在电镀污泥质量为50 ～ 150 9,微波干燥时间为2～6 min,微波功率为120～ 700W,电镀污泥料层厚度为5～25 mm的试验条件下,微波干燥时间、微波功率、料层厚度对电镀污泥脱水效果的影响是显著的,电镀污泥质量对电镀污泥脱水效果的影响不明显.     

市政污泥脱水性能实验研究与形态学分析

本研究将运用微波技术与离心脱水相结合的方法来达到促进污泥中结合水释放及改善脱水特性的目的.通过测定毛细吸水时间、黏度、含水率,采集污泥图像、提取形态学特征进行污泥脱水改性的效果分析及分形维数的分析.离心脱水实验结果表明,适当增加离心转速和温度时,污泥的含水率降低;正交实验结果表明微波功率1000W、微波温度50℃、离心转速2000r/min、离心时间15min的条件下含水率最低达到83.75%,且适当的微波预处理条件有利于污泥的脱水;微波预处理后污泥分形维数在2.4~2.8之间,污泥结构改变.对污泥脱水性能的表征参数与污泥含水率进行拟合,建立污泥脱水性能的模型,为预测和改善污泥脱水性能提供基础性研究.     

核电站废离子交换树脂微波干燥可行性研究

目前,核电站产生的废树脂,大多数采用暂存或水泥固化方法,但水泥固化增容比达4.8～5.2。桶内干燥工艺以其工艺简单,减容比大等优点,已在国外核电站得到应用。微波干燥具有由内向外的干燥特点。据报道,微波干燥废树脂的减容比可达5。用微波作为热源,在桶内干燥条件下对核电厂产生的废树脂开展了可行性研究。研究表明,在试验条件下,初始含水率50%左右的树脂,干燥后的含水率均小于10%,减容比为1.5～2。试验结果表明微波干燥废树脂是可行的。     

Cu-Mn-Ce/分子筛催化剂吸附甲苯后的微波原位再生及床层温度分布探究

实验考察了Cu-Mn-Ce/分子筛催化剂吸附甲苯后的微波原位再生效果,分析了固定床温度场分布及催化剂多次再生后的吸附穿透曲线,并对Cu-Mn-Ce/分子筛催化剂进行了比表面积和表面形貌的表征测试.研究表明,微波功率117 W、空气流速0.5 m3·h-1和催化剂用量800 g下,吸附催化剂的微波再生效果良好,脱附甲苯在催化剂表面被氧化降解并使催化剂恢复吸附能力.再生时床层温度水平截面上由内向外缓慢降低,垂直方向从下而上逐渐升高,并在床层中上部达到最高的250~350℃.6次吸附穿透曲线和催化剂表征证实,微波原位再生时催化剂表面存在烧结与团聚现象,催化剂的比表面积和微孔体积有所减少,从而缩短了催化剂的穿透时间;微波再生2次后,催化剂结构趋于稳定,吸附穿透时间维持在70 min左右.研究发现,催化剂表面形貌和孔径的变化与床层温度场的分布呈正相关关系.     

微波耦合超声波技术处理柴油污染土壤

采用微波耦合超声波技术处理柴油污染土壤,考察其可行性,并研究不同条件对污染土壤的处理效果。结果表明,此技术可行且在微波功率700 W,微波辐照时间13 min,超声功率400 W,超声时间5 min,含水率20%等条件下,实验装置运行稳定,柴油污染土壤中油类去除率可达86.4%,明显高于单独微波辐照时的去除率。     

基于电磁场模拟微波对土壤苯系污染物的脱附研究

微波热脱附土壤中的有机污染物凭借高效、清洁等优点受到广泛关注。近年来,多数微波土壤热脱附研究装置均由家用微波炉改造而来,无法满足微波热脱附实际应用所需的高功率、高精度温度控制等条件。因此,选用苯系物中的邻二甲苯作为目标污染物,以自配污染土壤为样品,采用自制微波热脱附装置为平台进行实验,针对微波功率、微波加热时长、土壤含水率等工艺条件进行单因素影响实验。同时,构建微波加热土壤模型,设置相同条件,并得到相符的结果。并利用该模型推测其他单因素影响实验的假设。实验与模拟结果表明：微波对土壤热脱附的最佳功率为1600 W,热脱附时间为27 min,含水率为17%,推测样品放置于临近加热腔中心位置时对邻二甲苯去除率最佳。     

冷热联用对市政脱水污泥低温干燥的影响

为探究冷热联用干燥市政脱水污泥的可行性,明确冷冻对市政脱水污泥低温干燥的影响,以市政脱水污泥为试验材料,利用扫描电镜（SEM）及流式细胞仪研究了冷冻对污泥的作用.考察了不同冷冻温度和冷冻时间对脱水污泥干燥特性的影响,并对不同含水率和厚度的脱水污泥冷热联用低温干燥效果进行了分析.结果表明：冷冻使污泥的内部微小孔隙增多.当冷冻温度降到-30℃时,细胞死亡率达到15.5%,是未冷冻时的9.7倍.当干燥温度为60℃,冷冻温度分别为-10℃、-20℃和-30℃时,脱水污泥完成干燥的时间分别缩短了25.0%、33.3%和29.2%.质量为5g±0.1g,厚度为3mm,直径为50mm的污泥样品冷冻6h后达到最大强化效果.污泥含水率的下降会导致强化效果减弱,当含水率降至45%时强化效果消失.增加泥饼厚度使强化效果小幅下降,5mm、10mm和15mm厚的泥饼强化效果分别为33.3%、31.3%和30.4%.     

微波催化氧化法预处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

采用微波-活性炭-Fenton催化氧化预处理垃圾渗滤液,研究了不同因素对垃圾渗滤液处理效果的影响.结果表明,COD和氨氮去除率随活性炭用量、微波辐射时间和微波功率增加而增加;随Fe2+用量和H2O2用量增加,COD和氨氮去除率先增加而后下降;随pH值增加,氨氮去除率显著增加,COD去除率变化不明显.在微波功率为300W,pH值为8,活性炭9g/L,Fe2+用量为0.02mol/L,H2O2用量为7mL/L,辐射时间6min条件下,垃圾渗滤液中COD和氨氮去除率分别达到68.22%和78.08%,SS去除率达到78.55%,浑浊度去除率达到99.02%,颜色由黑褐色去除为接近无色,BOD5/COD由0.21提高到0.45;研究比较了不同处理对垃圾渗滤液的处理效果.结果显示,微波催化氧化对垃圾渗滤液中COD和氨氮去除率明显高于其他处理.     

载甲苯活性炭微波辐照升温行为研究

实验研究了不同质量的载甲苯活性炭在不同微波功率,不同载气线速下的微波辐照升温行为.结果表明:活性炭微波加热升温迅速,当微波功率分别为100,200,400 W时,活性炭最高温度可达350,590,800℃左右;不同质量的活性炭升温速率及所能达到的最高温度相差不大;载气线速较小时,活性炭升温受影响较小,随着线速增加,升温速率及所达到的最高温度均下降.经过对升温曲线的数学拟合,研究认为采用改进的负指数函数对升温过程进行描述是可行的.     

微波辐照解毒铬渣影响因素的研究

对含铬废渣微波辐照解毒新方法进行了基础性研究,主要包括铬渣和还原剂--煤在微波场中的升温行为,操作条件(微波功率、辐照时间、配比、煤渣质量)对铬渣中Cr6+转化率的影响.应用正交试验法对影响因素进行了分析.研究结果表明:铬渣和煤均能吸收微波能,且煤是很好的碳质还原剂;微波功率、辐照时间、配比的提高有助于转化率的提高;初始w(C)达20%后,反应速率基本不受含碳量的影响;煤渣质量的增加对转化率有一定影响,但不显著.      

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.