不同堆沤处理对玉米秸秆厌氧发酵的影响

研究利用纤维素分解菌F2对玉米秸秆进行堆沤预处理,将经不同堆沤预处理时间后的秸秆与猪粪混合进行厌氧发酵产沼气试验。结果发现,堆沤15 d后秸秆的总有机碳含量降低了10.06%,VS去除率和纤维素降解率比未加菌堆沤预处理分别提高了10.74%、10.60%;加菌堆沤预处理后的秸秆厌氧发酵甲烷产气率、干物质产气率、发酵前后VS去除率均高于未加菌堆沤预处理后的秸秆,且产气效率也有明显的提高;加菌堆沤预处理10 d的秸秆比未加菌堆沤预处理15 d的秸秆提前了2 d达到产气高峰,累计产气量达到21 957 mL,比未加菌堆沤预处理15 d的秸秆增加了1 629 mL。实验结果表明:该纤维素分解菌对玉米秸秆纤维素有较强的降解能力,并在一定程度上促进了有机碳的矿化;有效地提高了秸秆的生物降解性能,缩短了预处理所需时间;同时提高了玉米秸秆的利用率和产气潜力。     

温和水热预处理促进秸秆产沼气的条件优化研究

以水稻秸秆为原料,在前期单因素试验基础上,通过正交试验研究不同水热预处理条件对稻秸理化特性及产沼气效果的影响.结果表明,预浸时间、初始含水率和热处理时间3个因素对稻秸厌氧发酵20d累积TS产气率的影响程度各不相同,各因素对厌氧发酵累积TS产气率的影响大小顺序为初始含水率 >预浸时间 >热处理时间;得出的最佳水热预处理条件为：初始含水率为55%,预浸时间为2h,热处理时间为6h;与处理CK相比,最佳预处理条件下稻秸20d容积产气率提高29.79%,产气量达总产气量60%和80%时间可提前5d;结合预处理前后稻秸理化特性变化规律分析,表明温和水热预处理促进了纤维素和半纤维素的降解溶出,并促使其更多转化为挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）,从而有利于稻秸快速产沼气.     

NaOH预处理对香蕉秸秆厌氧发酵产沼气的影响

以农村废弃资源香蕉秸秆为原料,采用试验室自制的厌氧发酵装置,在恒温35℃和发酵料液总固体质量分数为6%的条件下进行沼气发酵试验,研究不同质量分数(2%、4%、6%、8%) NaOH的预处理对香蕉秸秆厌氧发酵产气效果的影响。研究结果表明:香蕉秸秆经过NaOH预处理后与对照组(未经NaOH预处理)相比产气量明显增加,其中,NaOH预处理浓度为6%的处理组,发酵58 d时的总产沼气量、总产甲烷量、总固体(TS)产气量、总固体(TS)产甲烷量均最高,分别为21581. 00 mL、11878. 30 mL、548. 87 mL/g、302. 10 mL/g。经过NaOH预处理后的香蕉秸秆发酵过程中pH值在适宜的范围内波动,发酵前后发酵液中COD的降解率均达到60%以上。故综合来看,NaOH预处理能缩短香蕉秸秆厌氧发酵的启动时间,增加发酵体系的缓冲性和稳定性,提高产气效果,且NaOH预处理浓度为6%时,香蕉秸秆厌氧发酵效果最优。     

预处理对打捆麦秸贮存和厌氧生物产沼气的影响

秸秆的长期贮存是秸秆沼气工程长期运行的重要保障,预处理是提高秸秆产气性能的常用方法.为此研究了打捆麦秸贮存与预处理一体化的可行性,分析了麦秸预处理后打捆贮存前后麦秸理化特性、物质结构以及厌氧发酵产气特性的变化.结果表明,将麦秸直接打捆后贮存120 d,对麦秸理化特性、物质结构及产气性能的影响均不明显,影响最大的是堆体上层的麦秸,产气量也仅下降了7.40%;将麦秸用NaOH处理后打捆贮存对提高麦秸干物质(total solid,TS)产气量有一定促进作用,麦秸TS产气量较未贮存麦秸和直接打捆贮存后的麦秸(CK)分别提高了7.02%～8.31%和5.68%～16.96%,对麦秸理化特性的影响不明显;麦秸经尿素处理后打捆贮存,不利于麦秸后续产沼气,麦秸TS产气量较CK下降了2.8%～7.71%;麦秸贮存过程中,将麦秸直接暴露于空气中对麦秸有机物的保存及后续产沼气利用均不利,但影响并不显著,CK和尿素处理堆体上层麦秸TS产气量分别下降了7.40%和4.25%.     

玉米秸秆厌氧消化性能评价

为提高农作物秸秆产沼气的效率,突破季节性限制问题。探讨了新鲜、青贮、干黄3种玉米秸秆,在30℃的恒温条件下,以牛粪液为氮源的厌氧消化产沼气潜力。通过p H、产气量、化学需氧量(COD)、甲烷含量、挥发性有机酸(VFA)、主成分(PCA)分析和修正Gompertz模型等综合评价玉米秸秆的厌氧消化性能。结果表明:新鲜秸秆的产沼气效率比青贮秸秆和干黄秸秆的产沼气效率分别高46.55和68.75 mg/L;新鲜秸秆的最大沼气速率和甲烷生产速率最高分别是537.8和57.05 m L/(g·d),其次是青贮秸秆和干黄秸秆;发酵时间与甲烷含量、产气量、有机酸、累积产气量等因子均呈正相关关系。为合理利用农作物秸秆为原料生产生物天然气具有重要经济意义。     

温和湿热预处理对稻秸理化特性及生物产沼气的影响

为考察温和湿热预处理提高秸秆产气速率的可行性,以水稻秸秆为原料,在湿热预处理温度80℃、物料含水率60%条件下,通过分析湿热处理前后稻秸理化特性及厌氧生物产气特性的变化,研究不同湿热预处理时间对秸秆预处理及产沼气效果的影响.结果表明,温和湿热预处理促进了稻秸有机物的溶出,预处理后稻秸水浸提液pH值有较大幅度下降,而COD、TVFA和乙酸含量均大幅度增加,与对照组相比,T1、T2和T3处理秸秆水浸提液COD浓度分别增加了47.19%、55.18%和60.62%,TVFA浓度分别增加了22.34%、33.98%和50.12%,乙酸浓度分别增加了19.52%、34.02%和49.37%,并且乙酸占TVFA百分比均超过85%以上,差异显著性分析表明,处理T1水浸提液各理化特性指标与对照组相比呈极显著差异,而不同温和湿热预处理之间无显著差异;对稻秸纤维素组分破坏效果明显,但不同预处理时间对秸秆木质纤维组分破坏效果影响不大;厌氧发酵产气的结果表明,温和湿热预处理可明显提高稻秸厌氧生物产沼气,发酵20 d平均容积产气率可提高12.53%以上,累积TS产气率可提高36.17%以上.可见,温和湿热预处理提高秸秆厌氧生物产沼气效果是可行的,考虑到工程应用中预处理能耗成本因素,湿热预处理时间以T1处理(即6 h)为宜.     

堆肥预处理对麦秸与奶牛废水混合物厌氧产沼气的影响

为深入探讨堆肥预处理对秸秆厌氧发酵产沼气的影响,分别以堆肥0d(T1)、3d(T2)、6d(T3)和9d(T4)的麦秸与奶牛废水混合物(质量比1:2)为原料进行厌氧消化实验.结果表明,堆肥造成麦秸干物质(TS)大量损失,堆肥3,6,9d麦秸TS损失率分别为2.63％、11.46％和20.00％,各处理间差异显著,堆肥后麦秸纤维素结晶程度增强;厌氧发酵后,T1、T2、T3和T4的TS产气量分别为377.50,388.85,354.71353.65mL/g,考虑到堆肥过程中麦秸TS的损失,T2、T3和T4的TS产气量仅为T1的100.30％、83.19％和77.59％;各处理麦秸产气中甲烷含量差异不显著(P=0.3681);堆肥后麦秸产气速率和气峰值均增加,T2、T3累积产气量达到总产气量80％的时间较对照提前了8d和2d,T2产气峰值较对照增加了2.65mL/d,但堆肥9d麦秸产气速率和产气峰值反而降低;厌氧发酵后麦秸TS和挥发性固体损失率均随着堆肥时间的延长而降低.从提高麦秸产沼气量的角度看,堆肥预处理并不合适,但对加快反应器启动,提高麦秸产气速率有一定促进作用,以堆肥3d的效果最好.     

不同菌群对黄姜废渣厌氧消化产沼气的性质研究

该研究以探索不同菌群对黄姜废渣厌氧消化产沼气的性质为目的,分别以酵母废水活性污泥和实验室驯化的秸秆分解产甲烷菌群为产沼气菌源进行发酵,通过监测厌氧发酵过程中的甲烷生产效率、纤维素酶活性等指标,评价黄姜废渣厌氧发酵产甲烷的能力,同时考察纤维素分解菌群WDC2的加入对黄姜废渣产沼气的影响。该研究对有效处理黄姜皂素生产废渣、促进区域环境安全具有重要意义。结果表明:黄姜废渣在产甲烷菌群的作用下均能生成大量沼气,最高日产气量为可达到2 701 m L/d,最大产气效率为855 m L/g。酵母废水活性污泥产气效率明显优于秸秆分解产甲烷菌群。加入WDC2菌群能显著提高厌氧消化的前期纤维素酶活力,最高酶活分别为达到1.22 U/m L和9.42 U/m L,但WDC2的加入并没有对发酵体系的产甲烷效率产生明显的促进作用。     

有机负荷对秸秆床反应器厌氧生物产沼气的影响

在实验室条件下,以打捆麦秸为固定相,以猪场废水为流动相,采用半连续进料方式,考察了不同猪场废水容积负荷对秸秆床反应器产沼气的影响.结果表明:发酵前25d,较高的猪场废水有机负荷对反应器产气有一定抑制,之后日产气量和容积产气量迅速增加,并明显高于低猪场废水有机负荷的处理,当猪场废水容积负荷为7.2kgCOD/(m3×d)时,厌氧反应器最大容积产气量达2.29m3/(m3×d),产气稳定后维持在1.52~1.76m3/(m3×d),较猪场废水容积负荷为2.4,1.44kgCOD/(m3×d)的处理分别提高了50%和130%以上,对产气中甲烷含量无明显影响;较高的猪场废水容积负荷不利于麦秸厌氧发酵产沼气,发酵后麦秸干物质损失率、纤维素和半纤维素分解率均与猪场废水容积负荷成反比,红外的结果与之一致.对发酵后麦秸水浸提液的DGGE检测表明,维持反应器高有机负荷、低发酵液HRT,促进了厌氧微生物在麦秸表面定植,微生物种群数量和丰富度均明显高于低有机负荷、高发酵液HRT的处理,反应器耐高有机负荷冲击的能力增强.采用秸秆床反应器处理农村常见的秸秆和畜禽养殖污水产沼气是可行的,且较高的废水有机负荷有利于提高反应器容积产气率.     

NaOH预处理对稻草秸秆厌氧消化的影响

通过调控稻草秸秆预处理过程中的NaOH比例,以期提高厌氧消化的产气量及产气效率。试验结果表明,经NaOH处理过的稻草秸秆半纤维素、木质素含量有显著降低,产气量较对照组有明显增加,发酵时间有所缩短。其中NaOH质量百分数为6%的处理组产气率最高,为312mL/g(干物质);VS/TS去除率也最高,为53.8%/36.8%;累计产气量最高,发酵过程中甲烷体积分数最高37.7%。故采用质量百分数为6%的NaOH的预处理是最佳方式。     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.