地膜覆盖对菜地垄沟CH4和N2O排放的影响

为了探讨地膜覆盖对菜地垄沟温室气体CH₄和N₂O排放的影响,以位于西南大学农业部重庆紫色土生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站内辣椒-萝卜轮作菜地为研究对象,采用静态暗箱/气相色谱法,进行为期1 a的田间原位观测.本试验设置常规和覆膜两种处理方式,研究地膜覆盖对菜地垄沟中CH₄和N₂O排放的影响.结果表明,地膜覆盖能极显著提高土壤全年pH（P<0.01）,显著提高全年的地表温度和地下5 cm温度（P<0.05）,显著提高萝卜季土壤含水率（P<0.05）.不论是辣椒季还是萝卜季,覆膜显著降低了垄的CH₄排放（P<0.05）,辣椒季垄的CH₄平均排放通量常规和覆膜处理分别为0.110 mg·（m²·h）^-1和0.028 mg·（m²·h）^-1,萝卜季分别为0.011 mg·（m²·h）^-1和-0.019 mg·（m²·h）^-1,但覆膜对沟的CH₄排放没有显著影响（P>0.05）,辣椒季常规和覆膜处理分别为0.058 mg·（m²·h）^-1和0.057 mg·（m²·h）^-1,萝卜季分别为0.083 mg·（m²·h）^-1和0.092 mg·（m²·h）^-1,对比垄和沟,除了辣椒季常规处理下垄CH₄排放量显著高于沟,其它均为沟显著高于垄,这与西南地区较高的降雨量下沟内较稳定的缺氧环境有关.覆膜处理对N₂O没有显著影响,辣椒季垄N₂O的平均排放通量常规和覆膜处理下分别为65.41 μg·（m²·h）^-1和68.39 μg·（m²·h）^-1,萝卜季分别为78.43 μg·（m²·h）^-1和66.19 μg·（m²·h）^-1,辣椒季沟N₂O的平均排放通量分别为19.82 μg·（m²·h）^-1和22.85 μg·（m²·h）^-1,萝卜季分别为35.80 μg·（m²·h）^-1和40.00 μg·（m²·h）^-1,均无显著差异（P>0.05）,对比垄和沟,垄N₂O的排放量显著高于沟,N₂O主要由垄向大气排放.CH₄排放通量与地表及地下5 cm温度呈显著正相关,N₂O的排放通量仅与碱解氮和铵态氮含量呈显著正相关.     

铁碳微电解填料对人工湿地温室气体排放的影响

随着全球气候变暖的问题日益严重,人工湿地中温室气体的减排措施也受到越来越多的关注.铁碳微电解填料对废水处理效果良好且具备温室气体减排的潜力,为探究铁碳微电解对间歇曝气人工湿地温室气体排放的影响,本研究构建了以铁碳微电解填料+砾石（湿地Ⅰ）、铁碳微电解填料+沸石（湿地Ⅱ）、沸石（湿地Ⅲ）以及砾石（湿地Ⅳ）为基质的4组人工湿地,并利用间歇曝气技术对湿地系统进行了增氧.结果表明,铁碳微电解填料显著提高了间歇曝气人工湿地的脱氮效果,且具备对人工湿地温室气体的减排作用.与湿地Ⅳ相比,湿地Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ的CH₄排放通量分别平均降低了32.81%（P<0.05）、52.66%（P<0.05）和54.50%（P<0.05）,其中沸石对CH₄的减排效果较优,能显著降低曝气段和非曝气段人工湿地CH₄的排放.铁碳微电解填料明显减少了N₂O的排放,与湿地Ⅳ相比,湿地Ⅰ和Ⅱ分别实现N₂O减排30.29%~60.63%（P<0.05）和43.10%~73.87%（P<0.05）.各组湿地系统在典型周期内排放的CH₄和N₂O引起的综合GWP（以CO₂-eq计）分别为（85.21±6.48）、（49.24±3.52）、（127.97±11.44）和（137.13±11.45）g·m^-2,铁碳微电解填料与沸石的联合使用有效实现了人工湿地温室气体的减排.总体而言,湿地Ⅱ在间歇曝气的条件下对污水净化效果最好,温室气体的减排效果最佳.     

外源碳和氮输入对降水变化下土壤呼吸的短期影响

利用野外原位小区控制试验,模拟研究了降水变化下草地生态系统土壤呼吸对外源碳和氮输入的响应.在2014年,以内蒙古锡林河流域温带典型草原为研究对象,测定了增加降水处理（CK）、增加降水配施氮肥处理[CN,2.5 g·（m²·a）^-1]、增加降水配施碳源处理[CG,24 g·（m²·a）^-1]和增加降水配施氮肥和碳源处理[CNG,2.5 g·（m²·a）^-1+24 g·（m²·a）^-1]下土壤呼吸的变化,并分析了土壤呼吸与土壤温度、土壤水分、土壤可溶性有机碳（DOC）、土壤微生物量碳（MBC）之间的关系.结果表明,在自然降水较多的第一次增加降水（FWE）阶段,CG处理和CNG处理168 h土壤CO₂累积通量显著增加,而CN处理168 h土壤CO₂累积通量无显著变化,并且CG处理和CNG处理土壤MBC含量显著高于CK处理和CN处理,同时,该阶段平均CO₂释放速率与土壤MBC含量正相关（P<0.05）.与FWE阶段相比,无自然降水的第二次增加降水（SWE）阶段各处理168 h土壤CO₂累积释放量显著降低,并且各处理MBC含量也显著降低（P<0.05）,仅有土壤DOC含量显著增加（P<0.05）,CG处理和CN处理168 h土壤CO₂累积通量显著降低（P<0.05）.两个降水阶段土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度或土壤体积含水量均有显著的正相关性（P<0.05）.因此,自然降水的分布对土壤水分的影响调控着外源氮和碳对半干旱草地生态系统土壤呼吸的作用效应.     

关中平原春节前后碳质气溶胶分布特征及来源解析

以2023年春节期间西安、宝鸡、咸阳、渭南和铜川大气PM_2.5中的OC和EC为对象,利用反距离加权空间插值法（IDW）、二次有机碳（SOC）估算和潜在源贡献因子分析（PSCF）分析了关中平原碳质气溶胶的时空变化特征及潜在来源. 结果表明,在时间分布上, ρ（OC）表现为：春节后[（18.6 ±11.0）μg·m^-3]>春节期间[（16.2 ±15.1）μg·m^-3]>春节前[（10.0 ±8.3）μg·m^-3], ρ（EC）表现为：春节后[（2.2 ±1.2）μg·m^-3]>春节期间[（1.7 ±1.5）μg·m^-3]>春节前[（1.4 ±1.1）μg·m^-3],OC和EC污染在春节后最严重;在空间分布上, ρ（OC）表现为：咸阳[（21.4 ±17.3）μg·m^-3]>宝鸡[（15.8 ±12.8）μg·m^-3]>西安[（13.6 ±11.3）μg·m^-3]>渭南[（11.6 ±9.1）μg·m^-3]>铜川[（10.0 ±8.3）μg·m^-3], ρ（EC）表现为：咸阳[（2.1 ±1.4）μg·m^-3]>渭南[（1.8 ±1.4）μg·m^-3]>西安[（1.8 ±1.2）μg·m^-3]>铜川[（1.6 ±1.4）μg·m^-3]>宝鸡[（1.2 ±0.9）μg·m^-3],总体上咸阳的PM_2.5和碳质气溶胶污染最严重,铜川污染最轻. IDW结果显示：OC和EC浓度的高值中心[ρ（OC）>27.3 μg·m^-3, ρ（EC）>2.9 μg·m^-3]在平原中部,低值中心[ρ（OC）<7.0 μg·m^-3, ρ（EC）<1.0 μg·m^-3]在平原北部,OC分布西高东低,EC分布东高西低. SOC在OC中的占比为：春节后（51.7%）>春节期间（41.1%）>春节前（36.8%）. 各城市SOC/OC大小和各城市SOC在关中平原的贡献率大小表明,铜川、宝鸡和咸阳受有机碳二次转化影响较大. 春节前、春节期间和春节后OC与EC的相关系数（r = 0.85、 r = 0.98和r = 0.94）表明二者具有高度的同源性. 碳质气溶胶在春节前和春节期间与湿度和风速有一定相关性,春节后与各气象因子呈弱相关;碳质气溶胶总体上与CO和NO₂有较强的相关性且在春节后相关性最强,与SO₂的相关性在春节期间最强. 5个城市碳质气溶胶潜在源区主要集中在本地和周边的甘肃南部、陕北以及陕南地区,春节前还受到来自西北方向长距离输送的影响.     

小型养殖塘水体中CH4、CO2和N2O浓度的时空变化特征及影响因素

养殖塘作为重要的温室气体排放源,水体中温室气体浓度的变化不仅是准确量化温室气体排放量的基础,还是明确其影响因素的重要依据.基于顶空平衡-气相色谱仪法对长三角一处典型的小型养殖塘水体中CH₄、CO₂和N₂ O浓度的时空变化特征以及影响因素进行了分析.结果表明,除春季外,在水温影响下,CH₄和N₂ O浓度在午间或午后出现高值;受水温和水生植物光合作用影响,CO₂浓度的高值出现在晨间光合作用较弱的时候.养殖塘水体中CH₄和CO₂浓度呈现秋季最高、冬季最低的季节变化特征,c（CH₄）在秋季和冬季的均值分别为176.34 nmol·L^-1和32.75 nmol·L^-1,主要受气温、水温和溶解氧（DO）影响;c（CO₂）秋季和冬季的均值分别为134.37 μmol·L^-1和23.10 μmol·L^-1,主要受水生植物光合作用和pH影响;c（N₂ O）在夏季最高,冬季最低,均值分别为97.05 nmol·L^-1和19.41 nmol·L^-1,主要受气温和水温影响.在空间上,垂直方向上,夏季养殖塘c（CH₄）随水深的加深而降低,表层与底层、中间层的浓度差值为71.28 nmol·L^-1和42.80 nmol·L^-1,秋季随水深的加深而升高,底层与表层的浓度差值为163.94 nmol·L^-1.c（CO₂）在夏季和秋季都表现为随着水深的加深而升高,其底层与表层的浓度差值分别为18.69 μmol·L^-1和29.90 μmol·L^-1.N₂ O浓度在垂直方向上无明显变化规律.水平方向上,夏季饲料及春季鸡粪投放的区域会出现CH₄、CO₂和N₂ O浓度的高值,春季和夏季CH₄浓度约为其他区域的1.34~1.98倍和1.95~2.42倍,春季N₂ O浓度和夏季CO₂浓度约为其他区域的1.13~1.26倍和1.39~1.74倍.     

秸秆添加对长期施肥旱地红壤N2O和CO2排放的影响

秸秆还田作为农田土壤培肥的一种重要措施,显著影响N₂ O和CO₂ 等温室气体排放.为探明长期施肥土壤N₂ O和CO₂ 排放对秸秆添加的响应规律及关键影响因素,采集对照（CK,不施肥）、当地推荐化肥施用量（F）、200 %当地推荐化肥施用量（2F）、猪粪（M）和化肥配施猪粪（FM）这5种长期施肥（30 a）处理的旱地红壤,分别设置添加秸秆和不添加秸秆处理,在恒温恒湿条件下培养（65 %田间持水量,25 ℃）20 d.结果表明,施肥显著促进了N₂ O排放.相较不施肥处理[（22.05 ±2.09） μg·kg^-1,以N计,下同],施化肥处理N₂ O累计排放量显著增加了119 %~195 %[F和2F处理分别为（48.38 ±20.81） μg·kg^-1和（65.13 ±12.55） μg·kg^-1],施粪肥处理N₂ O累计排放量显著增加了275 %~399 %[M和FM处理分别为（82.72 ±12.73） μg·kg^-1和（1 101.99 ±425.71） μg·kg^-1].土壤硝态氮（NO₃ ^--N）、可溶性有机碳（DOC）和可溶性总氮（DTN）是影响不同施肥处理N₂ O排放的主要因素.相较未添加秸秆,添加秸秆对CK、F和FM处理的N₂ O累计排放无显著影响,显著增加了2F（345 %）和M处理（247 %）的N₂ O累计排放.秸秆添加通过增加DOC和消耗DTN从而影响N₂ O排放.施肥显著促进了CO₂ 排放.相较不施肥处理,施粪肥处理CO₂ 累计排放量显著增加了120 %~130 %[M和FM处理累计排放量（以C计,下同）,分别为（122.11 ±4.3） mg·kg^-1和（116.47 ±4.55） mg·kg^-1],2F处理CO₂ 累计排放量显著增加了28 %[（65.13 ±12.55） mg·kg^-1].微生物量碳（MBC）、DOC和DTN是影响不同施肥处理CO₂ 排放的主要因素.相较未添加秸秆,添加秸秆条件下CO₂ 累计排放量显著增加了660 %~1 132 %.秸秆添加后DOC和MBC含量显著提高,促进了CO₂ 排放.综上,秸秆添加通过增加土壤DTN消耗和DOC含量显著促进施肥处理的N₂ O和CO₂ 排放.在施用粪肥的旱地红壤中应合理考虑秸秆还田,以平衡肥力提升与温室气体排放的综合效益.     

转变土地利用方式对桂西喀斯特地区土壤氧化CH4的影响

选取桂西喀斯特地区分布最广的石灰土和黄壤,通过野外通量观测和实验室CH₄氧化动力学试验,研究弃耕或退耕还林对土壤CH₄通量的影响。结果表明,对于石灰土,CH₄年均通量为弃耕地LS-3[-64.30 μg/（m²·h）] > 灌草地LS-1 [-48.96 μg/（m²·h）] > 旱地LS-2[29.61 μg/（m²·h）];对于黄壤,退耕林地YS-2[-36.95 μg/（m²·h）] > 旱地YS-1[-29.44 μg/（m²·h）]。各点土壤CH₄氧化速率动力学遵循米氏方程,最大CH₄氧化速率（V_max）介于400～4 347 pmol/（g·h）之间,半饱和常数值介于72～878.3 μL/L之间,石灰土土壤V_max值是黄壤的两倍以上,具有更高的氧化潜力。土壤CH₄通量的季节变化不明显,释放峰或吸收峰出现在秋冬季节。温度有利于促进土壤对大气CH₄的吸收。土壤水分对土壤氧化CH₄的抑制作用在受人为干扰少的LS-1和LS-3表现显著,而对于旱地LS-2,YS-1及林地YS-2,NH₄⁺-N含量成为土壤氧化CH₄的主要限制因素。总之,土壤恢复有利于土壤氧化大气CH₄,这不仅取决于土壤理化性质、甲烷微生物群落的变化,还受到区域气候因素的影响。     

水分管理对水稻生长与根际激发效应的影响特征

作物根际沉积碳输入而引起的根际激发效应,对农田土壤碳排放通量和碳平衡起到关键的调控作用.在稻田生态系统中,由于频繁的干湿交替,土壤CO₂和CH₄排放以及根际激发效应明显有别于其他自然生态系统.因此,明确稻田生态系统干湿交替过程中水稻根际激发效应的方向与强度,对于减缓稻田温室气体排放具有重要意义.本研究采用¹³C-CO₂连续标记法,结合盆栽试验,研究干湿交替和持续淹水条件下,水稻生长以及根际激发效应的响应特征.结果表明,相对于持续淹水处理,干湿交替处理使水稻地上部和根系生物量以及根冠比显著提高,并增加了土壤微生物生物量.持续淹水条件下,¹³CO₂和¹³CH₄排放通量随水稻生长由10.2 μg·（kg·h）^-1和2.8 μg·（kg·h）^-1（63 d）增加到16.0 μg·（kg·h）^-1和3.2 μg·（kg·h）^-1（75 d）.而在干湿交替条件下,经过12 d的落干处理¹³CO₂和¹³CH₄排放通量分别降低了57.5%和88.1%.持续淹水条件下,CO₂和CH₄的根际激发效应表现为正激发效应,而且随水稻的生长而增加.而干湿交替处理下,经过12 d的落干处理,CO₂和CH₄的根际激发效应分别由0.29 mg·（kg·h）^-1和12.3 μg·（kg·h）^-1（63 d）降低到-0.39 mg·（kg·h）^-1和0.07 μg·（kg·h）^-1（75 d）.因此,干湿交替处理,能有效促进水稻生长和降低CH₄的累计排放量.合理地田间水分管理对于提高水稻产量和降低温室气体排放具有重要意义.     

张掖市城区大气细颗粒物PM2.5的化学组成及来源解析

为研究张掖市城区大气细颗粒物（PM_2.5）的污染特征和来源,于2020年9月至2021年7月在张掖市城区的河西学院和湿地博物馆2个采样点进行了PM_2.5样品采集,对PM_2.5浓度、化学组成（水溶性无机离子、碳质组分和元素）和来源进行分析.结果表明,河西学院和湿地博物馆两个采样点的年均ρ（PM_2.5）分别为（73.7±31.8）μg·m^-3和（68.1±33.3）μg·m^-3,季节浓度均值均呈现春季>冬季>秋季>夏季的变化.河西学院采样点的二次水溶性无机离子（SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺）年均值高于湿地博物馆.河西学院采样点的ρ（OC）和ρ（EC）分别为（9.6±5.7）μg·m^-3和（2.9±1.6）μg·m^-3,湿地博物馆采样点的年均ρ（OC）和ρ（EC）分别为（9.2±5.8）μg·m^-3和（2.5±1.3）μg·m^-3,河西学院的含碳组分在各季节均高于湿地博物馆.河西学院和湿地博物馆两个采样点的年均二次有机碳（SOC）在OC中的质量分数分别为49.4%和43.7%,表明张掖市存在较为严重的二次污染.河西学院和湿地博物馆两个采样点的元素浓度年均值分别为（6.0±3.5）μg·m^-3和（5.8±3.9）μg·m^-3,受到人为源的影响,Zn、Ca、Al和Fe等元素浓度水平相对较高.正定矩阵因子分解模型（PMF）结果表明,张掖城区PM_2.5的主要贡献源为二次气溶胶（28.0%）、交通源（25.8%）、扬尘源（15.2%）、燃煤源（14.0%）、生物质燃烧和垃圾焚烧源（12.5%）和工艺过程源（4.5%）.     

减排背景下成都大气PM2.5碳质组分特征

近年来,国务院颁布的《大气污染防治行动计划》和《打赢蓝天保卫战三年行动计划》对我国空气质量的全面改善起到了重要作用,然而,当前鲜有对四川盆地两大政策实施效果进行评估以及对政策实施后PM_2.5化学组分新特征的针对性研究.2017年和2020年分别是两大污染减排政策实施效果评估的关键时期,为对两时期成都市大气PM_2.5及其中碳质组分特征进行全面了解,分别于2016年10月至2017年7月和2020年12月在成都市区进行了PM_2.5的连续采样,并对其中有机碳（OC）和元素碳（EC）进行了分析.结果表明：①2016~2017年成都市ρ（PM_2.5）平均值为（114.0±76.4）μg·m^-3,最高值出现在冬季,可达（193.3±98.5）μg·m^-3,是浓度最低季节春季［（73.8±32.3）μg·m^-3］的2.6倍,而这种严重的冬季污染在2020年出现了明显改善,对应的ρ（PM_2.5）为（96.0±39.3）μg·m^-3,降幅达50.3%.②2016~2017年ρ（OC）和ρ（EC）的平均值分别为（21.1±16.4）μg·m^-3和（1.9±1.3）μg·m^-3,分别占PM_2.5的质量分数为18.5%和1.7%;ρ（OC）季节变化特征为：冬季［（40.6±21.5）μg·m^-3］>秋季［（17.0±7.0）μg·m^-3］>夏季［（14.4±3.9）μg·m^-3］>春季［（12.6±6.0）μg·m^-3］,而各季节ρ（EC）水平接近（1.3~2.4 μg·m^-3）;二次有机碳（SOC）是OC的重要组成,可占OC的质量分数为44.5%.相比2016年冬季,2020年冬季ρ（OC）降至（19.2±9.1）μg·m^-3,降幅达52.7%,EC则升高了26.1%.③随污染加重,各碳质组分及其贡献变化趋势各异,相比2016年冬季,2020年冬季OC随污染加重贡献更加趋于稳定,而SOC占比升高更为明显,二次有机组分贡献不容忽视.④各季节气团来向和污染物潜在源区均呈现出了明显差异;与2016年冬季相比,虽然2020年冬季主要气团来向未发生明显变化,但各轨迹对应的污染物浓度均出现了大幅降低,且污染物潜在源区向东部区域扩展明显.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.