新疆典型地区植物和土壤多环芳烃污染特征、来源解析及健康风险评价

利用气相色谱-质谱法（GC-MS）测定新疆多段公路沿线和3个风景区植物和土壤中多环芳烃（PAHs）含量.结果表明,11个采样点的11个土壤样品Σ₁₆PAHs含量为18.82~2153.54 ng·g^-1,平均值为425.95 ng·g^-1,36个采样点的59个植物样品中Σ₁₆PAHs含量范围为9.93~748.30 ng·g^-1,平均值为154.11 ng·g^-1.植物样品中不同环数的PAHs平均含量高低次序为：低环（2~3环）>中环（4环）>高环（5~6环）,土壤样品不同环数的PAHs平均含量高低次序为：中环（4环）>高环（5~6环）>低环（2~3环）.特征比值法和主成分分析法分析得出,土壤中PAHs主要为燃烧和石油源,植物吸收的PAHs主要来源为木材燃烧和炼焦工业.健康风险评价结果表明,S323省道库尔勒段土壤PAHs对道路工作人员致癌风险值（CR）为1.26×10^-6,存在潜在健康风险.     

作物秸秆材料处理养殖废水中氮的周年去除效果及其对氮循环微生物丰度的影响

基于前期研究,利用秸秆材料处理养殖废水,能够有效降低养殖废水中氮的浓度,但周年去除效果及其对氮循环微生物丰度的影响尚不清楚.设置麦秸、玉米秆、稻草和空白对照这4个处理,试验周期为1 a,研究秸秆材料处理养殖废水中氮的周年去除效果及其氮循环微生物功能基因丰度动态变化.结果表明：① 3种作物秸秆对养殖废水TN和NH₄⁺-N等主要污染物的去除效率均以前6个月为最佳,后6个月去除效率明显下降;稻草及麦秸对TN和NH₄⁺-N的周年去除效果较好,其中稻草和麦秸对TN去除率分别为（32.81±11.34）%和（32.99±9.60）%,对NH₄⁺-N去除率分别为（35.3±13.23）%和（34.97±12.00）%;②添加秸秆材料生物基质消纳系统中氮循环微生物功能基因nirK、nirS和hzsB基因丰度为6.45×10⁹、6.18×10⁹和2.31×10⁹copies·L^-1,AOA和AOB基因丰度分别为6.12×10¹⁰copies·L^-1和4.93×10⁹copies·L^-1;16S rRNA高达8.90×10¹⁰copies·L^-1,均显著高于空白处理（P<0.05）.其中添加稻草和麦秸处理中hzsB基因和nirS基因丰度相对较高,表明添加稻草和麦秸显著增强了生物基质消纳系统厌氧氨氧化和反硝化微生物作用.同时,相较于其他处理,添加麦秸增加了生物基质池AOA和AOB基因丰度,表明麦秸能够促进生物基质消纳系统的硝化作用.以上研究结果为秸秆材料处理养殖废水中氮去除分子机制提供了数据支撑.     

稻田土壤氧化亚氮产生潜势、反硝化功能基因丰度和群落结构的垂向分布

土壤中氧化亚氮（N₂O）的释放量占全球N₂O释放总量的60%.其中，稻田土壤是N₂O最主要的释放源.反硝化过程是稻田土壤N₂O生成的主要微生物过程之一.本研究选取广东韶关稻田垂向土壤（0~100 cm）为研究对象，通过乙炔抑制剂法测定了N₂O产生潜势和反硝化潜势，并利用针对特异性功能基因的实时荧光定量和高通量测序技术分别分析反硝化功能基因丰度和反硝化微生物群落结构.结果显示：0~10 cm深度的土壤样品N₂O产生潜势最高，可达（0.020±0.0035）μg·g^-1·h^-1.反硝化功能基因中，nirK基因的丰度峰值（（1.51±0.0015）×10⁸ copies·g^-1）出现在0~10 cm深度，而nosZ和nirS基因的丰度峰值（（4.29±0.0015）×10⁷ copies·g^-1和（8.86±0.0010）×10⁷ copies·g^-1）均出现在10~20 cm深度.稻田垂向土壤中N₂O产生潜势和相关的反硝化功能基因（nosZ、nirK和nirS）丰度均随土壤深度的增加而逐渐降低.其中在所有深度的土壤样品中nirK基因的丰度均高于nirS.基于nirK基因的高通量测序结果发现慢生根瘤菌（Bradyrhizobium）的相对丰度最高（44.06%±6.14%，n=6）.相关性分析表明，稻田土壤中N₂O产生潜势与环境因子（TN、TC和含水率）、反硝化功能基因丰度以及慢生根瘤菌（Bradyrhizobium），罗河杆菌属（Rhodanobacter）和亚硝化螺菌属（Nitrosospira）的相对丰度呈正相关.上述结果表明稻田土壤中环境因子和反硝化功能基因丰度影响了N₂O产生潜势的垂向分布.     

巢湖完全氨氧化细菌的丰度、群落结构及其影响因素研究

完全氨氧化过程（complete ammonia oxidation, comammox）的发现使研究者们对硝化作用和氮循环都有了新的认识.本研究选取巢湖冬夏季表层（0~10 cm）沉积物样品,运用高通量测序、实时定量PCR等分子生物学技术对comammox细菌的丰度和群落结构进行研究.结果表明：基于amoA基因的comammox细菌的丰度为（5.20±0.72）×10⁶~（4.06±1.23）×10⁷ copies·g^-1;氨氧化古菌的丰度为（5.39±1.01）×10⁵~（1.60±0.18）×10⁷ copies·g^-1;氨氧化细菌的丰度为（6.16±1.57）×10⁵~（4.30±0.19）×10⁶ copies·g^-1.comammox细菌的绝对丰度显著高于氨氧化古菌和氨氧化细菌.多样性分析表明冬季巢湖表层沉积物中的comammox细菌的物种多样性大于夏季.其中Candidatus Nitrospira nitrificans、Candidatus Nitrospira nitrosa和Candidatus Nitrospira inopinata的相对丰度最高占比分别为78.72%、49.80%和6.28%,且夏季样点中Candidatus Nitrospira inopinata的相对丰度显著高于冬季样点.主坐标分析（Principle Coordinate Analysis, PcoA）结果表明,comammox细菌的群落结构具有明显的时间异质性.理化因子中,NH₄⁺和NO₃^-与comammox细菌的丰度呈负相关关系.本研究在一定程度上揭示了comammox细菌的丰度、群落组成、多样性及其与理化因子的关系.     

基于臭氧旁路处理的污泥原位减量技术工艺

探究基于臭氧旁路处理的污泥原位减量技术在不同臭氧含量以及不同污泥龄条件下的工艺参数和污泥性质.本研究发现75 mg·g^-1（以O₃/MLVSS计）为实现污泥减量并维持污水处理系统正常处理能力较为适宜的臭氧含量,该含量下的臭氧旁路处理后污泥产率系数Y_h从0.331 g·g^-1减少到0.326 g·g^-1,衰减系数K_d从0.046 d^-1增加到0.050 d^-1,污泥产生速率减小,衰减速率增大,且污泥龄为10 d时SBR系统出水水质良好.即臭氧含量75 mg·g^-1、污泥龄为10 d条件下的臭氧旁路处理为适宜的工艺条件,此时剩余污泥减量12%.该工艺条件下的臭氧旁路处理改变了剩余污泥中微生物在门和属上的种群丰度,臭氧旁路处理后拟杆菌门相对丰度增加1.2倍,与硝化和反硝化相关的变形菌门相对丰度从24%降低到18%,硝化细菌相对丰度的减少影响了污水处理系统的脱氮能力,但出水总氮仍满足一级B排放标准;在属上Lactococcus等乳酸菌的种群相对丰度从0.4%增加到21.6%.同时,剩余污泥胞外聚合物（EPS）中蛋白质与腐殖质类等大分子有机物比例增加,使CST值从15 s升高至17 s,Zeta电位从-10.04 mV下降至-15.20 mV,剩余污泥的SVI由54 mL·g^-1升高至62 mL·g^-1,说明沉降性能和脱水性能受到一定影响,但系统的出水SS含量以及抽滤后泥饼含固率变化不明显,系统仍能够稳定运行,未明显影响剩余污泥的后续脱水.     

南昌市扬尘PM2.5中多环芳烃的来源解析及健康风险评价

为了解南昌市道路扬尘和土壤风沙尘PM_2.5中多环芳烃（PAHs）的来源和健康风险,利用颗粒物再悬浮系统采集PM_2.5样品,测定了PM_2.5中16种优先控制的多环芳烃的含量.结果表明,南昌市道路扬尘PM_2.5中ΣPAHs含量范围为48.85~166.16μg·kg^-1,平均值为（114.22±39.95）μg·kg^-1,土壤风沙尘PM_2.5中ΣPAHs含量范围为31.05~62.92μg·kg^-1,平均值为（40.79±9.39）μg·kg^-1.道路尘和土壤风沙尘PM_2.5中的PAHs都是以4~5环组分为主.主成分分析/多元线性回归分析结果表明,南昌市道路扬尘PM_2.5中PAHs的来源包括机动车的排放和燃煤源与石油泄漏,贡献率分别为51.7%和48.3%,总估计值与实际值的线性拟合有很好的一致性.对于儿童和成年男性,不同暴露途径的PAHs致癌风险值从大到小依次是皮肤接触 > 摄食 > 呼吸吸入,而成年女性则表现为摄食 > 皮肤接触 > 呼吸吸入.各暴露途径中,PAHs对成人的致癌风险均高于儿童.所有人群中,PAHs的总致癌风险值均低于美国EPA推荐的致癌风险阈值10^-6,没有致癌风险.     

淹水水稻土消耗N2O能力及机制

大量研究表明淹水厌氧状态下的水稻田等湿地生态系统中N₂O负排放量巨大,对缓解大气温室气体效应有重要意义,但水稻土壤对大气N₂O的吸收消耗潜力以及调控潜力发挥的微生物机制却鲜见报道.本实验以表层渍水水稻土壤（0~5 cm）为研究对象,通过室内厌氧培养手段,分析环境N₂O浓度的提高对土壤N₂O消耗能力的影响以及nosZ基因丰度的变化规律.结果表明,淹水厌氧状态下的水稻土壤中nosZ基因绝对丰度（以干土计）在DNA水平上达到10⁸ copies·g^-1,具有很强的N₂O转化还原潜力.回归分析结果显示环境N₂O浓度与土壤N₂O消耗速率显著线性正相关（r²=1,P<0.001）,土壤N₂O消耗能力可被高浓度的环境N₂O极大程度激发,达到4567.99 μg·（m²·h）^-1.与此同时较高水平的nosZ基因丰度在不同浓度N₂O处理间无显著差异,说明DNA水平上的nosZ基因丰度可能已经不是限制N₂O还原的关键因子,微生物调控因子需进一步探索.     

石化废水处理厂中耐药菌和耐药基因的分布特征与去除效能解析

抗生素耐药性污染已成为全球新兴环境问题之一.本研究选取某座石化废水处理厂,对耐药菌（ARB）和3种形态耐药基因（ARGs）：细胞内耐药基因（iARGs）、细胞外附着态耐药基因（aeARGs）和游离态耐药基因（feARGs）的分布特征与去除效能开展研究.结果表明,废水处理厂中检出四环素、磺胺和氨苄西林这3类ARB,其绝对浓度为8.45×10²~2.38×10⁵ CFU·mL^-1.厌氧处理可使这3类ARB绝对浓度下降0.04 lg~0.21 lg;曝气和沉淀处理对ARB的影响因其类型而异;出水ARB绝对浓度高出进水水平0.12 lg~0.63 lg.活性污泥中aeARGs和iARGs绝对丰度分别为1.96×10⁷~3.02×10¹⁰ copies·g^-1和5.22×10⁷~4.15×10¹⁰ copies·g^-1;而废水中feARGs绝对丰度为5.90×10⁸~1.01×10¹² copies·L^-1.厌氧处理可去除0.13 lg~0.65 lg aeARGs和0.04 lg~0.28 lg iARGs;曝气和沉淀处理对aeARGs和iARGs的去除效果受ARGs类型和形态影响;出水中feARGs绝对丰度较进水升高0.06 lg~0.81 lg.冗余分析表明,ARB浓度与COD、Cl^-和总氮浓度显著正相关（P<0.05）;aeARGs丰度与COD和总氮浓度显著正相关（P<0.05）;iARGs和feARGs丰度均与重金属浓度显著正相关（P<0.05）.本研究证实了石化废水处理厂具有ARB和不同形态ARGs的富集风险,并为特种工业废水耐药性污染研究与防治提供理论基础.     

叶酸对厌氧氨氧化细菌脱氮性能的影响研究

考察了叶酸对厌氧氨氧化细菌对污水脱氮性能的影响,并从胞外聚合物（EPS）、血红素及细胞合成等方面进行了机理分析.结果表明,在叶酸添加量分别为0.5、1.0和1.5 mg·L^-1时,均可提高厌氧氨氧化细菌的污水脱氮性能,且当叶酸浓度为1.5 mg·L^-1时,脱氮性能最好.与对照组相比,在1.5 mg·L^-1的叶酸添加量时,总氮去除率（TNRR）提高到45.3 mg·g^-1·d^-1,增加了32.1%;总EPS提高到175.9 mg·g^-1,增加了66.6%;血红素含量提高到2.35 mg·g^-1,增加了26.4%;厌氧氨氧化细菌功能基因总拷贝数提高到（2.87×10⁸±1.79×10⁷）copies·g^-1,增加了11.1%.经叶酸刺激培养后,污泥系统中的浮霉菌门相对丰度增加了3.5%,系统中占主导地位的厌氧氨氧化细菌为Candidatus Brocadia.     

氮素对苜蓿植物修复垃圾堆场镉-多环芳烃复合污染土壤及土壤细菌群落结构的影响

面向我国村镇垃圾存量治理的需求,非正规垃圾填埋场的治理是关键.但目前对富含氨氮的垃圾堆场重金属有机污染物复合污染土壤植物修复效率的研究尚少见报道.选取耐性植物紫花苜蓿,通过盆栽试验研究不同施N水平处理（0、10和50 mg ·kg^-1）对Cd-PAHs复合污染土壤植物生长、污染物的去除及土壤细菌群落结构的影响,以此评估N在植物修复垃圾堆场污染土壤过程中的作用.结果表明,高污染条件下［ω（Cd）为10 mg ·kg^-1和ω（PAHs）为400 mg ·kg^-1］,苜蓿生物量随施N水平的提高而增加,分别为不加N处理的6.0和6.3倍;低污染条件下［ω（Cd）为1 mg ·kg^-1和ω（PAHs）为100 mg ·kg^-1］,低N水平处理能促进苜蓿的生长,但差异不显著,而高N水平处理显著抑制其生长.植物修复中,苜蓿对低污染组中Cd的修复效率在5.58%~7.49%,N的添加显著提高高污染组中苜蓿修复效率,由0.95%提高至3.02%;与菲（Phe）相比,N对土壤中芘（Pyr）去除的促进作用更明显.此外,苜蓿可促进土壤中Phe和Pyr的去除,其中通过促进微生物对PAHs的降解作用占主导地位,而植物吸收作用的贡献小于0.21%.基于Bray-Curtis距离的冗余分析（db-RDA）显示PAHs和Cd是影响土壤微生物群落结构的主要因素,高N水平处理对单一Cd污染和高污染组中细菌群落分布影响更大,促进具有生物修复作用的菌属成为土壤优势细菌群落,如节杆菌属（Arthrobacter）、细杆菌属（Microbacterium）和新鞘脂菌属（Novosphingobium）等.研究结果可为我国垃圾堆场和非正规填埋场污染土壤生态修复提供理论依据.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.