基于PMF模型的农田土壤重金属源暴露风险综合评价:以浙江省某电子垃圾拆解区为例

为探究农田土壤重金属污染特征、来源及其人体健康风险,为农田污染治理提供重要科学依据,采集了浙江省典型电子垃圾拆解区周边农田133个表层（0~20 cm）土壤样本,测定了土壤Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、As和Hg含量,运用多种方法评价重金属污染程度及生态风险,采用正定矩阵因子分解法（PMF）融合地统计学,解译污染来源及定量各个污染源的贡献度,将源解析结果和人体健康风险评价模型相结合,从来源暴露角度评价了各个污染源对人体健康的风险.结果表明,ω（Cd）、ω（Pb）、ω（Cr）、ω（Cu）、ω（Zn）、ω（Ni）、ω（As）和ω（Hg）平均值：0.76、65.22、92.02、103.92、198.49、36.65、5.97和0.20 mg ·kg^-1,Cd和Cu含量平均值均高于农用地土壤污染风险筛选值,点位污染占比分别为85.71%和96.24%.Pb、Cr、Zn和Ni含量平均值超过浙江省温黄平原土壤背景值,As和Hg在限值内.污染评价结果表明,土壤综合潜在生态风险以轻-中度为主,占比达90.98%,较高和高度风险占比都为4.51%,Cd为主要潜在生态风险元素.研究区重金属污染来源主要为电子垃圾拆解工序污染源（26.82%）、燃煤及交通排放混合源（34.50%）、自然母质及农业投入混合源（25.59%）和电子垃圾酸洗径流及固废淋溶来源（13.09%）.儿童重金属暴露健康风险显著大于成年人,自然母质和农业投入混合源对人体健康风险贡献最多,Cr是对人体健康风险影响最大的元素.     

海南岛半干旱区农用地土壤重金属富集因素、健康风险及来源识别

为了解海南岛半干旱区农业土壤中重金属富集因素和污染状况,在感城镇采集1818件表层土壤样品,测定其重金属含量和化学组成.采用相关分析、地累积指数（I_geo）、综合生态风险指数（RI）、危害指数（HI）、致癌风险指数（CR）和正定矩阵因子分析（PMF）开展重金属风险评价和来源识别.结果显示,重金属ω（As）、ω（Cd）、ω（Cr）、ω（Cu）、ω（Hg）、ω（Ni）、ω（Pb）和ω（Zn）的平均值分别为22.7、0.128、33.4、14.5、0.032、9.32、32.5和43.3 mg ·kg^-1,除Zn外,均高于海南岛土壤背景值.相关分析表明,重金属富集与土壤中Fe、Mn、Al和有机质含量密切相关.I_geo结果表明,研究区农业土壤主要受到As的污染,其次为Cd和Cu;RI结果显示,高风险以上的样品占比为29.4%,其中As是潜在生态风险的主要贡献者;健康风险评估结果显示,As、Cr和Ni对儿童存在致癌风险,需要引起注意.基于PMF模型,确定了研究区重金属的4种主要来源,其中Hg主要来自工业排放;As主要来自农业活动;Ni、Cu、Cr和Zn主要来自与成土母质密切相关的自然来源;Pb和Cd主要来自农业活动和机动车尾气的混合源.研究表明PMF模型与相关分析相结合,能够有效识别土壤重金属来源.     

基于PMF模型的县域尺度土壤重金属来源分析及风险评价

为探究小尺度空间区域土壤重金属的污染特征、风险和来源,以广东省揭阳市榕城区为例,运用富集系数、污染负荷指数、生态风险评价模型、健康风险评价模型进行风险评价,结合相关性分析、空间分析和正定矩阵因子分解（PMF）模型进行来源解析.结果表明,土壤中ω（Cr）、ω（Hg）、ω（As）、ω（Pb）、ω（Ni）、ω（Cd）、ω（Cu）和ω（Zn）的均值分别为54.87、0.25、8.35、56.00、15.38、0.35、30.56和124.23 mg ·kg^-1,均超过广东省土壤背景值;Cr、As、Pb和Ni无富集,Zn和Cu轻微富集,Hg和Cd中等富集;污染负荷指数的均值为2.37,总体上属于重度污染水平,8种元素处于不同的污染水平.研究区土壤重金属整体处于重度生态风险,其中Hg和Cd属于强烈生态风险,其他元素属于轻微生态风险.不同元素在3种暴露途径下产生的非致癌风险处于可接受范围;成人和儿童的致癌风险分别为9.81E-05和5.59E-04,Cr和As是致癌风险的主要贡献者,需重点关注.研究区土壤重金属共有4种主要来源：交通来源（37.02%）、成土母质来源（18.53%）、大气沉降来源（26.49%）和工业来源（17.96%）.     

黄河下游悬河段饮用水源地土壤重金属污染、来源及健康风险

选择黄河下游典型悬河段饮用水源地（黑池和柳池）土壤为研究对象,运用地累积指数与污染负荷指数分析7种（Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb和As）重金属污染特征,运用相关性分析和主成分分析等定性和绝对因子得分-多元线性回归（APCS-MLR）定量相结合的方法开展源解析,利用美国环保署（USEPA）推荐的健康风险评价模型分析土壤重金属对人体健康影响,并结合APCS-MLR模型分析污染源对健康风险的贡献率.结果表明,水源地周边土壤重金属ω（Cr）、ω（Ni）、ω（Cu）、ω（Zn）、ω（Cd）、ω（Pb）和ω（As）的均值依次为60.27、30.00、35.14、77.75、0.38、21.74和9.70 mg·kg^-1,除As外,元素Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb含量均高于黄河下游潮土区土壤元素背景值,而柳池周围土壤Cu和Zn含量明显高于黑池,其他重金属含量差别较小;地累积指数与单因子指数均显示黑池和柳池存在重金属轻度污染,Cd是主要的污染因子,污染负荷指数模型显示研究区无污染和轻度污染样点数分别占总样点数的5%和95%,表明研究区整体处于轻度污染水平;源解析表明Cr、Ni、Cu和As主要受成土母质影响;APCS-MLR模型解析结果表明,研究区土壤污染物主要来自自然源、交通源、农业源和未知源,其来源贡献率依次为42.95%、23.39%、16.95%和16.71%;健康风险评价模型结果显示,重金属对成人和儿童无非致癌风险,存在人体可耐受的致癌风险,儿童的非致癌风险和致癌风险均高于成人.As为主要非致癌因子,Ni为主要致癌因子.无论是成人或儿童,4种污染源的非致癌和致癌风险贡献率均为：自然源>未知源>交通源>农业源,其中自然源对非致癌和致癌风险贡献率最大.因此研究黄河下游悬河段水源地周边土壤污染特征、来源及对人体健康影响,对于水源地保护具有重要意义,同时为黄河沿线生态环境高质量发展提供理论支撑.     

基于源导向和蒙特卡洛模型的广东省某城市土壤重金属健康风险评估

以广东省某市为研究区域,通过研究其表层土壤重金属含量及空间分布特征,明确土壤重金属污染情况和优先控制因子,为该市土壤重金属污染防治提供基础数据.对该市221个土壤样品中的重金属含量特征进行分析,并通过潜在健康风险评估（HRA）模型、PMF受体模型和蒙特卡洛模型进行潜在健康风险评估、来源解析和主控因子分析.结果发现,该市土壤重金属ω（As）、ω（Hg）、ω（Cd）、ω（Pb）、ω（Cr）、ω（Cu）、ω（Ni）和ω（Zn）的平均值分别为18.16、0.43、1.46、68.57、98.34、64.19、26.53和257.32 mg·kg^-1,变异程度为中高度变异.除Ni元素以外,土壤其余重金属元素含量均已一定程度超过广东省土壤背景值,且Cd和Zn的含量已超过国家二级标准,重金属污染已较为严重;重金属来源主要为工业源,自然母质、铅蓄电池制造、交通、人为耕作和农药化肥投入也对土壤重金属累积有不可忽视的影响;土壤重金属对儿童和成人均存在一定程度的可耐受致癌健康风险,非致癌风险可以忽略不计;儿童的潜在健康风险大于成人,主要暴露途径均为经口摄入;农药化肥投入源和As应该作为该市土壤重金属影响健康风险的主控因子,其次为混合源和Cr;重金属空间分布特征及相对污染程度存在差异,应深化分区监测管控,加强土壤的污染防治,减少土壤重金属的人为输入.     

湘西地区土壤重金属污染溯源分析及环境质量评价

为探究湘西地区土壤重金属污染状况及环境质量综合情况,选择凤凰县相关区域作为研究区,于2022年6~8月在研究区采集440件表层土壤样品,分析土壤中的As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn这8种重金属元素以及测定土壤pH值.采用PMF模型进行溯源分析,并结合GIS技术开展土壤环境质量地球化学评价.结果表明,研究区土壤以弱酸性为主,重金属ω（Zn）、ω（Cr）、ω（Pb）、ω（Ni）、ω（Cu）、ω（As）、ω（Cd）和ω（Hg）平均值依次为：81.02、64.67、31.63、29.27、25.52、9.93、0.28和0.13 mg·kg^-1,Cd和Hg元素相对全国土壤背景值较高,且呈高度变异,林地中的Hg和Cd元素含量高于其他土地利用.PMF模型结果表明,研究区土壤重金属污染来源贡献率依次为矿区开采源（37.4%）、大气沉降源（7.7%）、自然源（41.1%）和农业活动源（13.8%）,并根据4类污染源空间分布提供了污染管控措施建议,通过土壤环境地球化学综合评价将研究区分为3类地块,分别为无风险地区（94.27 km²）,占比为76.38%;风险可控区（27.45 km²）,占比为22.24%;风险较高区（1.7 km²）,占比为1.38%.为该研究区土地污染的防治措施和防治范围划区等提供数据支撑.     

基于APCS-MLR模型的开封市公交站周边灰尘重金属源解析及健康风险评估

为揭示城市交通系统对城市生态环境质量的影响,选择受交通影响扰动较强的环境指示物——公交站地表灰尘作为研究对象,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪（ICP-ASE）分别测定灰尘中8种重金属（V、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb）含量,应用地累积指数和污染负荷指数法分析灰尘重金属的污染程度和空间分布特征,通过定性（相关性分析、主成分分析）和定量[绝对因子得分-多元线性回归模型（APCS-MLR）]相结合的方法开展公交站附近地表灰尘重金属来源探讨,应用克里格空间插值法明晰重金属不同来源的空间分布特征,利用美国环境保护署提出的健康风险评价模型来评价人体健康风险.结果表明,开封市公交站地表灰尘重金属ω（V）、ω（Cr）、ω（Co）、ω（Ni）、ω（Cu）、ω（Zn）、ω（Cd）和ω（Pb）平均值依次为:68.36、59.73、5.81、19.34、40.10、208.32、1.01和49.46 mg·kg^-1,灰尘中重金属（Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr）含量平均值均高于开封市周边灰尘背景值,分别是背景值的3.37、2.70、2.01、1.95和1.28倍;8种重金属的地累积指数顺序为:Cd > Zn > Pb > Cu > Cr > V > Ni > Co,其中Cd、Zn、Cu和Pb属于轻度污染水平,其他元素为无污染;源解析结果显示,Cr、Co和Ni为自然源元素,Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd为交通源元素,V则来源于工业-自然混合源.APCS-MLR结果表明,4种来源的平均贡献率依次为自然源为34.17 %,交通源为29.84 %,工业-自然混合源为14.64 %,未知源为21.35 %,其中交通源贡献率空间分布规律与交通量及公交线路密集度分布趋势一致.由健康风险评价可知,儿童的总致癌风险指数和总非致癌风险指数均高于成人,Cr为主要的非致癌因子,Cd为主要的致癌因子,自然源和交通源分别对非致癌风险和致癌风险的贡献率最高.     

中国农田土壤重金属污染分析与评价

为掌握中国农田土壤八大重金属元素（As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn）的污染现状,探究其时空变化和在不同耕地类型之间的差异,通过中国知网和Web of Science收集并整理了2005~2021年449篇相关文献数据,采用基于“样点数”、“研究区面积”和“标准差”的加权方式进行Meta分析.结果显示,中国农田土壤八大重金属的含量平均值为：ω（As）11.00 mg·kg^-1、ω（Cd）0.350 2 mg·kg^-1、ω（Cr）62.91 mg·kg^-1、ω（Cu）28.87 mg·kg^-1、ω（Hg）0.135 1 mg·kg^-1、ω（Ni）28.91 mg·kg^-1、ω（Pb）34.67 mg·kg^-1和ω（Zn）90.24 mg·kg^-1.与土壤背景值相比,中国农田土壤中各重金属元素（除As外）均存在一定累积,其中Cd和Hg的累积量最大,分别超过对应土壤背景值177.9%和340.3%.污染评价结果表明,我国农田土壤重金属污染以Cd和Hg为主,人类活动是造成其在土壤中累积的主要影响因子;从时空变化上看,云贵高原和东部沿海是污染案例最集中的区域,污染重心随时间变化由长江中游向西南地区偏移;不同耕地类型之间土壤重金属含量存在差异,蔬菜地和水田中重金属的累积量明显大于其他耕地类型.     

湘东北典型河源区土壤重金属分布特征、来源解析及潜在生态风险评价

水源地土壤环境质量状况关乎其流域内居民生命健康安全,是生态环境保护研究中的热点科学问题.选择湘东北典型河源区,采集表层土壤样品共87件,通过GIS技术和潜在生态风险指数法研究了土壤重金属（Cd、Pb、Cr、Hg和As）的空间分布特征和潜在生态风险,并采用多元统计分析和正定矩阵因子分解（PMF）模型解释了其可能来源和贡献率.结果表明：①湘东北典型河源区土壤呈酸性,土壤重金属ω（Cd）、ω（Pb）、ω（Cr）、ω（Hg）和ω（As）平均值分别为0.20、41.07、130.51、0.29和11.63mg ·kg^-1,对标背景值,除As外均有富集;②土壤重金属综合潜在生态风险为中等风险等级,其中Cr、Pb和As为轻微风险等级,Cd和Hg均为强风险等级;③土壤Cd和Pb具有同源性,主要来源于农业活动,Cr和As受生活垃圾排放和自然母质的双重影响,Hg主要来源于化石燃烧及交通运输;④生活垃圾排放源、自然母质源、化石燃烧及交通运输源和农业活动源对湘东北典型河源区土壤重金属的贡献率分别为21.36%、35.92%、19.30%和23.42%,人为源贡献率大于自然源.研究结果对湘东北典型河源区的污染防治、生态修复和美丽乡村建设具有参考价值.     

乌鲁木齐市安宁渠蔬菜基地土壤重金属污染现状及潜在生态风险评价

为了认识蔬菜产地土壤重金属富集现状，探索其解决途径，为污染防治措施提供科学依据，促进无公害蔬菜生产，确保蔬菜质量安全。在乌鲁木齐北郊蔬菜地采集26个土壤样品和7个水体样品，分别测定样品中Hg、As、Cr、Cd、Pb和Zn 6种重金属的含量。采用地积累指数（I_geo）、污染负荷指数（PLI）、潜在生态风险评价（RI）对蔬菜地土壤重金属污染及潜在生态风险进行分析。通过土壤与水样的结合，采用主成分分析法进行污染来源分析，结果表明：（1）乌鲁木齐安宁渠蔬菜基地土壤中Hg、Cr和Zn重金属含量的均值分别为新疆土壤背景值的5.74、1.74、1.52倍，其中Cd含量的均值是国家二级标准的2.69倍。地下水中Cr含量均值超过国家灌溉水限制标准，是其8.89倍。（2）6种重金属I_geo的平均值依次为Cd > Hg > Cr > Zn > As > Pb，其中Cd属于中-强度污染，Hg为中度污染，Cr为轻度污染，Zn、As和Pb均为清洁水平。研究区土壤区域污染负荷指数PLI_zone为1.91，属于中度污染，其中Cd的贡献率最大，为56%，其次是Hg，贡献率为22%。土壤RI均值为673.1，属于严重潜在生态风险态势。（3）研究区土壤Pb、Cr和Zn，主要来自交通和农业活动等人为污染，As、Cd主要受自然母质和大气沉降的影响。该蔬菜基地潜在生态风险主要来自Cd和Hg，建议在农业生产中防范Cd、Hg的污染。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.