7B04铝合金在NaCl沉积与SO_2环境下的大气腐蚀行为

采用增重法、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)研究NaCl沉积对7B04铝合金大气腐蚀行为的影响,并对SO_2和NaCl协同作用进行了探讨。结果表明,25℃、95%RH条件下,7B04铝合金表面沉积NaCl在含有与未含有SO_2的环境中的腐蚀增重随时间变化均呈递增趋势并符合指数衰减规律,后期腐蚀减缓;NaCl和SO_2共存时,NaCl沉积在腐蚀初期作用比较明显,但随着腐蚀时间的延长,Cl-作用不断减弱,SO_2的作用则变强;NaCl和SO_2同时存在时,引起的腐蚀大于二者单独存在时引起的腐蚀之和,即NaCl与SO_2共存对7B04铝合金的大气腐蚀具有一定协同效应。     

徐州市地下水资源信息系统的开发与应用

资源信息系统是资源开发和管理的重要工具。本文以徐州市地下水资源开发利用现状为基础,以先进的地理信息系统软件为平台,设计和建立了徐州市地下水资源信息系统,并应用于生产实践中,取得了较好的效果     

矿山地下水资源的合理利用与保护

对于地下开采的有水矿山，矿床疏干需要排放和消耗大量的地下水资源。本文介绍了玉泉岭铁矿在矿床疏干过程中，合理利用和保护水资源的主要措施和方法。     

济宁市地下水资源的开发利用与环境地质问题

地下水是济宁市的主要供水水源。近年来,由于开发利用中存在的问题,造成某些地区出现地下水位下降、水资源供求矛盾加剧以及地面沉降、地裂缝、水质污染、土壤盐碱化等现象。本文分析了济宁市由于地下水开发利用不当所造成的环境地质问题,探讨了合理利用及保护地下水资源的对策。     

大气环境因素与腐蚀速率的模糊聚类分析

本文针对我国8个典型大气环境试验站的环境因素数据与基础金属腐蚀数据。采用模糊聚类方法对15项环境因素进行分类,探讨各项环境因素之间的相关性。分析结果表明：有4项环境因素对基础金属腐蚀等级的影响性较高。     

整车道路腐蚀试验的统计结果与分析

通过统计近几年来国内外各企业在海南试验场进行的整车道路腐蚀试验结果,进行分类对比分析,得出相关结论,为整车防腐工艺设计和道路腐蚀试验结果评价提供辅助参考。     

加速腐蚀条件下民用飞机铆接件的腐蚀老化行为与机理研究

研究了某型飞机机身蒙皮铆接件在实验室加速腐蚀条件下的腐蚀失效行为与机理。宏观形貌、微观形貌和电化学阻抗谱的测试结果表明试验件在第6个加速试验周期后,表面涂层颜色变化明显;在第11个周期后,反面铆钉边缘存在涂层剥落和轻微鼓泡现象,试验件平面处和铆钉处涂层电化学阻抗模值均有所减小,但铆钉处的减小幅度相对更大。     

含硫气田设备及管道的腐蚀与防腐

四川气田系我国典型的含硫气田,设备及管道的腐蚀与防腐问题一直是一个重要的研究课题。文章首先分别探讨了H_2S腐蚀和CO_2腐蚀的机理及其影响因素,进而提出了H_2S和CO_2的防腐工艺和措施,最后探讨了含硫气田腐蚀及防腐研究的热点和发展方向,指出应该大力开展高含硫气田的腐蚀和防腐技术、二氧化碳条件下的钢材腐蚀机理和防腐技术、细菌腐蚀以及新型合金材料及非金属管道的应用研究,同时进行防腐实验。     

Fuzzy pricing for urban water resources: model construction and application

A rational water price system plays a crucial role in the optimal allocation of water resources. In this paper, a fuzzy pricing model for urban water resources is presented, which consists of a multi-criteria fuzzy evaluation model and a water resources price (WRP) computation model. Various factors affecting WRP are comprehensively evaluated with multiple levels and objectives in the multi-criteria fuzzy evaluation model, while the price vectors of water resources are constructed in the WRP computation model according to the definition of the bearing water price index, and then WRP is calculated. With the incorporation of an operator's knowledge, it considers iterative weights and subjective preference of operators for weight-assessment. The weights determined are more rational and the evaluation results are more realistic. Particularly, dual water supply is considered in the study. Different prices being fixed for water resources with different qualities conforms to the law of water resources value (WRV) itself. A high-quality groundwater price computation model is also proposed to provide optimal water allocation and to meet higher living standards. The developed model is applied in Jinan for evaluating its validity. The method presented in this paper offers some new directions in the research of WRP.     

Quantifying the influence of environmental and water conservation attitudes on household end use water consumption

Within the research field of urban water demand management, understanding the link between environmental and water conservation attitudes and observed end use water consumption has been limited. Through a mixed method research design incorporating field-based smart metering technology and questionnaire surveys, this paper reveals the relationship between environmental and water conservation attitudes and a domestic water end use break down for 132 detached households located in Gold Coast city, Australia. Using confirmatory factor analysis, attitudinal factors were developed and refined; households were then categorised based on these factors through cluster analysis technique. Results indicated that residents with very positive environmental and water conservation attitudes consumed significantly less water in total and across the behaviourally influenced end uses of shower, clothes washer, irrigation and tap, than those with moderately positive attitudinal concern. The paper concluded with implications for urban water demand management planning, policy and practice.     

Computer software tool REALM for sustainable water allocation and management

REALM (REsource ALlocation Model) is a generalised computer simulation package that models harvesting and bulk distribution of water resources within a water supply system. It is a modeling tool, which can be applied to develop specific water allocation models. Like other water resource simulation software tools, REALM uses mass-balance accounting at nodes, while the movement of water within carriers is subject to capacity constraints. It uses a fast network linear programming algorithm to optimise the water allocation within the network during each simulation time step, in accordance with user-defined operating rules. This paper describes the main features of REALM and provides potential users with an appreciation of its capabilities. In particular, it describes two case studies covering major urban and rural water supply systems. These case studies illustrate REALM's capabilities in the use of stochastically generated data in water supply planning and management, modelling of environmental flows, and assessing security of supply issues.     

试论灌草在水土保持林中的作用

多年的生产实践和调查研究发现:水保林中的灌草对改良土壤、提高肥力、截持径流、保水保土等都有重要作用,因此在生态建设中要实行保护原有灌草植被、乔灌草混交等有利于保持水土、提高土地产出率的技术措施,使灌草的生态作用充分发挥出来。     

The future of water in Australia: The potential effects of climate change and ozone depletion on Australian water quality,quantity and treatability

Water is a resource that is essential for all life on Earth. An exponentially growing human population, in addition to unprecedented industrial and technological development, threaten the availability and quality of this resource. Climate change and ozone depletion are two major environmental problems facing mankind today. These problems have the potential to further strain currently available freshwater resources. Recent research has shown that climate change and ozone depletion are linked phenomena and their interaction exacerbates their impact. Changes in precipitation, surface runoff, solar UV radiation, temperatures, and evaporation are some of the predicted outcomes of climate change and ozone depletion. They influence the biogeochemical cycles and aquatic ecosystems in lakes and rivers, and alter the character of natural organic matter (NOM) and, consequently, they have the potential to affect the quality, quantity and treatability of our water resources. Given these uncertainties, and the need to mitigate the consequences of climate change and ozone depletion, the issues of changing water quality, quantity and treatability cannot be ignored by Australian governments and water utilities.     

宜宾市水资源保护与可持续发展问题的探讨

本文从近几年来宜宾市工业及生活废水等排放情况及水环境质量的监测资料，阐述了我市流域水污染状况与可持续发展面临的主要问题，提出了水资源保护对策，以促进社会经济可持续发展。     

上海市南汇大治河水质CODcr的监测评价

南汇大治河化学需氧量(CODcr)含量的调查结果表明,大治河的CODcr含量逐年上升,水质从Ⅲ级水体下降到Ⅳ级水体,个别断面有恶化到Ⅴ级水源的趋势,通过分析认为CODcr含量的上升与工业废水大量不达标排放以及生活污水的乱排放有关。     

Assessing the value of information for water quality management in the North Sea

Global Earth Observation (GEO) is one of the most important sources of information for environmental resource management and disaster prevention. With budgets for GEO increasingly under pressure, it is becoming important to be able to quantify the returns to informational investments. For this, a clear analytical framework is lacking. By combining Bayesian decision theory with an empirical, stakeholder-oriented approach, this paper attempts to develop such a framework. The analysis focuses on the use of satellite observations for Dutch water quality management in the North Sea. Dutch water quality management currently relies on information from 'in situ' measurements but is considering extending and deepening its information base with satellite observations. To estimate returns to additional investments in satellite observation, we analyze the added value of an extended monitoring system for the management of eutrophication, potentially harmful algal blooms and suspended sediment and turbidity in the North Sea. First, we develop a model to make the potential contribution of information to welfare explicit. Second, we use this model to develop a questionnaire and interpret the results. The results indicate that the expected welfare impact of investing in satellite observation is positive, but that outcomes strongly depend on the accuracy of the information system and the range of informational benefits perceived.     

Environmental and economic analysis of switchgrass production for water quality improvement in northeast Kansas

The primary objectives of this research were to determine SWAT model predicted reductions in four water quality indicators (sediment yield, surface runoff, nitrate nitrogen (NO(3)-N) in surface runoff, and edge-of-field erosion) associated with producing switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) on cropland in the Delaware basin in northeast Kansas, and evaluate switchgrass break-even prices. The magnitude of potential switchgrass water quality payments based on using switchgrass as an alternative energy source was also estimated. SWAT model simulations showed that between 527,000 and 1.27 million metric tons (Mg) of switchgrass could be produced annually across the basin depending upon nitrogen (N) fertilizer application levels (0-224 kg N ha(-1)). The predicted reductions in sediment yield, surface runoff, NO(3)-N in surface runoff, and edge-of-field erosion as a result of switchgrass plantings were 99, 55, 34, and 98%, respectively. The average annual cost per hectare for switchgrass ranged from about 190 US dollars with no N applied to around 345 US dollars at 224 kg N ha(-1) applied. Edge-of-field break-even price per Mg ranged from around 41 US dollars with no N applied to slightly less than 25 US dollars at 224 kg N ha(-1) applied. A majority of the switchgrass produced had an edge-of-field break-even price of 30 Mg(-1) US dollars or less. Savings of at least 50% in each of the four water quality indicators could be attained for an edge-of-field break-even price of 22-27.49 US dollars Mg(-1).     

番禺区乡镇水环境污染特点与防治污染对策

本文阐述并分析了番禺区的水环境污染现状与特点,提出了番禺区水环境污染防治对策.