难降解氯碱污水的预处理试验研究

采用混凝、内电解、水解酸化等方法对氯碱污水进行预处理，可以有效去除部分CDD，提高了污水的BOD/COD比率，改善了污水可生化性，为污水的生化处理创造了条件。     

浮动生物膜床反应器运行效果分析

对采用浮动生物膜床反应器处理高校生活污水工艺的运行效果进行了分析.通过定期监测代表性水质参数CODCr、BOD5、TP和TN,分析了各处理池对污水的处理效率.结果表明:此污水处理系统在运行效果下降期间,对日常用水变化量范围内的CODCr和BOD5能够起到相对稳定的净化作用;对TP和TN去除能力较差;沉淀池运行不稳是导致整个系统处理能力下降的主要原因.     

人工湿地在农村环境综合整治示范项目中的应用

针对农村生活污水的特征和人工湿地处理技术特点,以工程实例介绍了人工湿地系统在农村环境整治项目中处理生活污水的应用,阐述了人工湿地系统在处理农村生活污水的工艺、效果和优势。     

污水生化处理过程中N2O的产生特征研究进展

N2O是大气中重要的温室气体之一,而污水生化处理已被报道是导致N2O产生的潜在人为源之一。大量研究表明,污水生化处理过程中N2O主要产生于微生物的硝化和反硝化代谢过程中。从微生物学和生物化学反应角度,阐述了硝化和反硝化过程中N2O的生成机理,同时给出了几种典型污水处理工艺N2O的产生量和相关影响因素,并对A/A/O工艺中不同处理单元N2O的释放情况进行重点论述。研究发现,对于几种典型的污水处理工艺,由于工艺条件和主要影响因素的不同,N2O的释放量存在较大的差异;对于同一污水处理工艺,不同处理单元N2O的释放量也存在很大差别。污水处理厂中,好氧处理单元是N2O的主要排放单元,而在好氧单元中,DO质量浓度及NO2--N质量浓度是影响N2O释放量的主要因素。在综合分析硝化和反硝化过程N2O产生机理的基础上,进一步总结了污水生化处理过程中DO质量浓度、NO3-和NO2-质量浓度、pH值、C/N比、污泥龄等对N2O释放的影响。     

高盐污水对SBR系统的影响及改善对策

<正>采用SBR工艺处理高盐污水,分析了污水中氯离子对活性污泥的影响。针对SBR系统进水氯离子浓度高、可生化性低的情况,提出了污水处理厂应采取的应对措施,以确保污泥的活性和排水水质。在进水氯离子为3000mg/L、COD为100-300mg/L、NH3-N为10mg/L-20mg/L以及污泥浓度为2000mg/L-5000mg/L、曝气时溶解氧为4mg/L-5mg/L的情况下,出水水质达到一级     

石化生产污水深度处理试验研究

以某石化公司生产污水为原水,采用生化与物化处理相结合的主体工艺,研究了此工艺中各单元对有机污染物的去除效果,结果表明:当PAM用量为0.5 mg/L,加入PAC 20 mg/L,COD去除率为49.8%,臭氧氧化出水的CODCr没有明显降低,生物活性炭塔的使用可使COD去除率稳定在60%以上.废水经综合处理后COD总去除率可高于85%.因此,生化与物化相结合的生产工艺对于处理油田污水具有良好的前景.     

通化市洁源污水处理厂处理效果分析

<正>本文通过对通化市洁源污水处理有限责任公司以及通化市环境监测站调查研究,收集了生产实践中的原始数据,对洁源污水处理厂的污水处理效果进行分析和评价,以期为今后的发展提供参考。各污水处理厂工艺流程通化市洁源污水处理厂属截流式合流制污水处理厂,规模确定为近期(2010年):5×104m3/d,远期(2020年):10×104m3/d。污水经二级生化处理后3×104m3/d进行污水深度处理,其余污水排放至通天河流至浑江。处理出水设计达到《城     

蛭石在活性污泥法处理餐饮废水中的作用

探讨了蛭石添加到活性污泥中来处理餐饮废水这一特殊水质时所起的作用.试验结果表明,蛭石活性污泥体系协同蛭石的吸附和污泥生化的作用,提高微生物的降解速率,缩短了污水在反应器中的停留时间.膨胀蛭石活性污泥体系在曝气2 h条件下出水CODCr浓度远远优于常规活性污泥体系曝气5 h后出水CODCr浓度.试验还表明,蛭石起到生物膜载体的作用,其与活性污泥结合成的絮体颗粒在改善污泥沉降性能,提高净化效果的同时,也增强了系统的稳定性.     

隔油-涡凹气浮组合生化工艺处理含油污水的工程应用

介绍了隔油-涡凹气浮组合生化工艺处理含油污水的工艺设计和运行效果。经过一段时间的调试及运行,在进水COD为1 800 mg/L,含油量为2 800 mg/L的条件下,经过该工艺处理,出水COD保持在60 mg/L左右,含油量为4.0 mg/L左右,出水水质达到《中华人民共和国国家标准污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)的Ⅰ级标准,该工艺处理含油污水是切实可行的。     

涂装废水混凝沉淀工艺中混凝剂投加量的探究

<正>混凝沉淀法是废水处理中最常用的技术手段,本文针对某整车厂涂装车间污水站混凝沉淀+水解酸化+好氧生化的组合方案处理涂装污水的混凝沉淀工艺中混凝剂的使用量做了初步的探索,通过多组实验,保证出水指标达标,确定了各药剂的最佳投加量,并对药剂成本进行了核算。设计水质水量及排放标准     

不同环境激素吸附行为及机理的对比研究

文章研究了环境激素类污染物在土壤中吸附的动力学、热力学过程,并进行相关参数分析和模型构建。结果显示,5种环境激素的吸附过程分为快速吸附、慢速吸附、平衡3个阶段,动力学过程均符合二级动力学方程;Freundlich等温模型的拟合度最高,吸附过程均为物理过程,并且放出热量。     

基于BAT-OOPN理论的煤电机组超低排放限值研究

应用由经典Petri网发展而来的面向对象Petri网的理论和方法,将Petri网移植引入绥电超低排放(BAT)工艺中,对绥电超低排放(BAT)数值模拟进行研究。结果表明,在置信水平为99%时,颗粒物、SO2、NOx的浓度正态分布均值置信区间为颗粒物(4.0,4.9),SO2(10.9,14.2),NOx(35.1,39.1);最佳排放质量浓度为:颗粒物1.7 mg/m^3,SO22.0 mg/m^3,NOx19.8 mg/m^3;最差排放质量浓度为:颗粒物7.5 mg/m^3,SO231.0 mg/m^3,NOx47.9 mg/m^3。根据最佳排放浓度指出污染物削减潜力以及绥电减排的空间,可以根据最差排放浓度进行污染源预警;依据仿真结果并结合现有的排放标准,拟定燃煤电厂超低排放限值为颗粒物5.0mg/m^3,SO215 mg/m^3,NOx40 mg/m^3。     

横采内排追踪压帮高度对端帮稳定性影响研究

为揭示横采内排追踪条件下压帮至不同高度时端帮稳定性变化规律及力学成因机制,明确端帮的滑坡模式与滑坡机理,以平庄西露天煤矿端帮边坡为工程背景,应用有限差分软件FLAC3D,基于强度折减理论,对压帮不同高度时的端帮稳定性进行了三维数值模拟。结果表明:平庄西露天煤矿端帮滑坡模式为以椭球面为侧界面、以弱层为底界面的切层-顺层滑动;滑坡的力学成因机制类型为牵引式;横采内排追踪压帮高度至少为81 m端帮才能满足安全储备系数的要求;端帮稳定性系数Fs随压帮高度增大呈线性增大。     

基于水库旱限水位动态控制的供水策略研究

为了克服现行水库旱限水位确定方法和功能定位上存在的不足,更好地为水库抗旱调度提供技术支持,通过结合供水系统水文干旱识别方法,用汛末蓄水量、干旱期设计来水量及供水规则计算干旱预警期。并根据实际来水逐月修改来水系列,对当年潜在干旱期和干旱预警期进行再计算,实现旱限水位的动态控制,由此提出了用“预警期/旱限水位”数对的形式(Td,DL)来表示的旱限水位动态控制方法。将旱限水位与限制供水策略相关联,用水库旱限水位作为触发水库限制供水的特征水位。并以水库累计缺水指数最小为目标,以限制供水系数为优化变量,建立水库进入干旱预警后的供水模拟-优化模型。以天津市于桥水库为实例研究,结果表明,旱限水位动态控制方法对水库干旱的预警不仅更加合理,且具有较好的可操作性;旱限水位与限制供水策略相关联,避免了潜在干旱期内水库出现程度更加严重的缺水,对不同蓄水条件下的限制供水系数进行分析,发现限制供水系数最优值一般取在0.5~0.75。     

Experimental and CFD-DEM study of the dispersion and combustion of wheat starch and carbon-black particles during the standard 20L sphere test

The 20L sphere is one of the standard devices used for dust explosivity characterization. One concern about the effectiveness and reliability of this test is related to the particle size variation due to particles' agglomeration and de-agglomeration. These phenomena are related to the turbulent regime of the dust cloud during the dispersion. This variable must be considered since it determines the uncertainty level of the ignitability and severity parameters of dust combustion. In this context, this study describes the influence of the cloud turbulence on the dust segregation and fragmentation through a study combining both, experimental and computational approaches. The behavior of the gas-solid mixture evidenced with the standard rebound nozzle was compared with that observed with six new nozzle geometries. Thereafter, the time-variation of the Particle Size Distribution (PSD) within the 20L sphere was analyzed for two different powders: carbon-black and wheat starch. On the one hand, the turbulence levels and PSD variations were characterized by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) tests and granulometric analyses, respectively. On the other hand, a computational approach described the dispersion process with CFD-DEM simulations developed in STAR-CCM + v11.04.010. The simulation results established that the homogeneity assumption is not satisfied with the nozzles studied. Nonetheless, the particles segregation levels can be reduced using nozzles that generate a better dust distribution in the gas-solid injections. Subsequently, an additional first-approach CFD model was established to study the behavior of the combustion step for a starch/air mixture. This model considers the gas-phase reactions of the combustible gases that are produced from the devolatilization of wheat starch ($CO,C{H}_4,C_2{H}_4,C_2{H}_6,C_2{H}_2,$ and $H_2$) and allowed to establish the approximate fraction of the particle mass that devolatilizes, as well as to confirm that the modeling of the pyrolysis stage is essential for the correct prediction of the maximum rate of pressure rise.     

Cascade-based attack vulnerability on the US power grid

The vulnerability of real-life networks subject to intentional attacks has been one of the outstanding challenges in the study of the network safety. Applying the real data of the US power grid, we compare the effects of two different attacks for the network robustness against cascading failures, i.e., removal by either the descending or ascending orders of the loads. Adopting the initial load of a node j to be L_j=[k_j(Σ_mΓjk_m)]^α with k_j and Γ_j being the degree of the node j and the set of its neighboring nodes, respectively, where α is a tunable parameter and governs the strength of the initial load of a node, we investigate the response of the US power grid under two attacks during the cascading propagation. In the case of α<0.7, our investigation by the numerical simulations leads to a counterintuitive finding on the US power grid that the attack on the nodes with the lowest loads is more harmful than the attack on the ones with the highest loads. In addition, the almost same effect of two attacks in the case of α=0.7 may be useful in furthering studies on the control and defense of cascading failures in the US power grid.     

Modification of Fe–Mn mixed oxide COS removal sorbent by rare-earth oxides addition

In order to develop highly active sorbent for COS removal, Fe–Mn mixed oxides doped with CeO₂, La₂O₃ or Sm₂O₃ were studied. The effects of these promoters on the structural properties of Fe–Mn oxides were investigated by XRD, BET, TPR and TEM techniques. XRD results revealed that the degree of crystallinity of Fe–Mn oxide phase decreased due to the addition of rare-earth oxides. Doping with CeO₂, La₂O₃ or Sm₂O₃ led to an increase in BET surface area of the sample. TPR studies showed that the reactivity of the reduction of doped samples increased in the temperature range of 300–450 °C. In addition, the desulfurization test was performed at 325 °C with a gas hourly space velocity of 1000 h⁻¹. It was found that the addition of 3% La₂O₃ greatly improved the absorption sulfur capacity of the sorbent, while the sorbent doped 3% CeO₂ achieved a sufficiently high purifying degree before breakthrough.     

Influence of super-absorbent polymer on the growth rate of gas hydrate

The growth rate of hydrate and morphology of methane hydrate formation were studied in a visual pressure cell at 5.5 MPa. The gas hydrate formation was carried out (coal mine methane (CMM) + tetrahydrofuran (THF) + sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) + H₂O) with and without SAP. Experimental data on the hydrate growth rate and induction time were obtained for three different CMM samples. The influence of SAP on hydrate growth rate was determined. Results showed that after the addition of SAP, with the methane concentration increased in CMM, the induction time was reduced by 9 min, 10 min and 3 min, and the growth rate was shortened by 0.56 × 10⁻⁶/m³ min⁻¹, 0.53 × 10⁻⁶/m³ min⁻¹ and 1.42 × 10⁻⁶/m³ min⁻¹, respectively. This study could be useful for the recovery of methane from CMM by forming hydrate in the chemical and mining industry.     

Explosion characteristics of micron- and nano-size magnesium powders

Explosion characteristics of micron- and nano-size magnesium powders were determined using CSIR-CBRI 20-L Sphere, Hartmann apparatus and Godbert-Greenwald furnace to study influence of particle size reduction to nano-range on these. The explosion parameters investigated are: maximum explosion pressure (P_max), maximum rate of pressure-rise (dP/dt)_max, dust explosibility index (K_St), minimum explosible concentration (MEC), minimum ignition energy (MIE), minimum ignition temperature (MIT), limiting oxygen concentration (LOC) and effect of reduced oxygen level on explosion severity. Magnesium particle sizes are: 125, 74, 38, 22, 10 and 1 μm; and 400, 200, 150, 100, 50 and 30 nm. Experimental results indicate significant increase in explosion severity (P_max: 7–14 bar, K_St: 98–510 bar·m/s) as particle size decreases from 125 to 1 μm, it is maximum for 400 nm (P_max: 14.6 bar, K_St: 528 bar·m/s) and decreases with further decrease of particle size to nano-range 200–30 nm (P_max: 12.4–9.4 bar, K_St: 460–262 bar·m/s) as it is affected by agglomeration of nano-particles. MEC decreases from 160 to 30 g/m³ on decreasing particle size from 125 to 1 μm, its value is 30 g/m³ for 400 and 200 nm and 20 g/m³ for further decrease in nano-range (150–30 nm). MIE reduces from 120 to 2 mJ on decreasing the particle size from 125 to 1 μm, its value is 1 mJ for 400, 200, 150 nm size and <1 mJ for 50 and 30 nm. Minimum ignition temperature is 600 °C for 125 μm magnesium, it varies between 570 and 450 °C for sizes 38–1 μm and 400–350 °C for size range 400–30 nm. Magnesium powders in nano-range (30–200 nm) explode less violently than micron-range powder. However, likelihood of explosion increases significantly for nano-range magnesium. LOC is 5% for magnesium size range 125–38 μm, 4% for 22–1 μm, 3% for 400 nm, 4% for 200, 150 and 100 nm, and 5% for 50 and 30 nm. Reduction in oxygen levels to 9% results in decrease in P_max and K_St by a factor of 2–3 and 4–5, respectively, for micron as well as nano-sizes. The experimental data presented will be useful for industries producing or handling similar size range micron- and nano-magnesium in order to evaluate explosibility of their magnesium powders and propose/design adequate safety measures.     

A comparative study between two ignition sources: Electric igniter versus pyrotechnic igniter

The risk assessment of combustible explosive dust is based on the determination of the probability of dust dispersion, the identification of potential ignition sources and the evaluation of explosion severity. It is achieved in most of cases with the two main experimental normalized devices such as the Hartmann tube (spark ignition) and the 20 L spherical bomb (with two 5 kJ pyrotechnic ignitors).Ignition energy of the 5 kJ ignitor is well calibrated and generates a reproducible ignition. But, on the other hand, this ignition is not punctual and the over pressure produced is nearly 2 bar. Moreover, the pyrotechnic igniter accelerates the combustion with multi ignition points in a large volume and that disturbs the flame propagation. In this way, this ignition source does not allow to analyze the combustion products because the composition of the pyrotechnic igniter was found in the combustion products.This paper deals with the comparison of two ignition sources in the 20 L spherical bomb. Different explosive dusts of great industrial interest are studied with electrical and pyrotechnic ignitors, in order to understand, first, the influence of each type of igniter on the explosion behaviour and then to evaluate the possibility of establishing a correspondence between parameters obtained with these two ignition sources.Severity parameters of nicotinic acid, aluminium powder and titanium alloy were measured by using the two types of ignition system in our 20 L spherical bomb equipped with the Kühner dihedral injector. The explosion overpressure $\mathrm{P}$ and the rate of pressure rise $\left(\raisebox{1ex}{$dP$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$dt$}\right.\right)$ were measured in a large range of concentration allowing to propose correlations between electrical and pyrotechnic ignition for each parameter and each type of powder. These correlations aim to link the tests used with two different collections of experimental parameters for the same dust. The relevance of these correlations will be discussed.