施用中量微量元素对小白菜产量和硝酸盐含量的影响

为研究降低蔬菜硝酸含量的施肥技术，在不同质地的土壤上设置田间试验，对小白菜施用不同的中量和微量元素。结果表明，小白菜对施用的各种中量、微量元素在不同质地的土壤上有不同的响应；在合理施氮、磷、钾肥的基础上，有选择性地适量施用中量、微量元素，不仅可提高蔬菜的产量，而且可降低其体内硝酸盐的含量。     

不同收获时期和控氮条件对水培小白菜硝酸盐含量的影响

在水培中采用收获前降低营养液浓度、完全停止供氮以及在不同时期采收等方法来研究小白菜硝酸盐含量的控制方式及其效果,结果表明:适时采收和收获前适当控氮可以降低小白菜的硝酸盐含量。在小白菜生长第26d左右硝酸盐含量最低,此后l~2d产量增长较快,此时采收品质较好;小白菜硝酸盐含量呈明显的日变化,并且与硝酸还原酶活性呈正相关,在下午16:00时左右采收硝酸盐含量最低,仅为894mg.kg-1;完全断氮7d后,小白菜硝酸盐含量显著降低,但产量也受到明显的影响。而采用低浓度营养液控氮4d左右采收既可控制硝酸盐含量又不会使产量过低。     

施肥对小白菜产量和品质的影响

为研究安全的蔬菜施肥技术，通过不同质地土壤的田间试验，研究不同氮、钾质量配比对小白菜产量和品质的影响。结果表明，在固定施磷水平的基础上，在不同质地的土壤上，小白菜对氮、钾质量配比有不同的效应，氮、钾合理配施可使蔬菜高产优质；所施氮的形态，对小白菜硝酸盐含量有显著的影响。     

IFC化肥增效剂对盆栽小白菜的生物效应和环境效应

IFC化肥增效剂在盆栽小白菜上的应用试验表明:与单独施用碳铵处理相比,施用碳铵 IFC化肥增效剂可使小白菜鲜重增加8.97%(P＜0.01),干重增加3.45%(P＜0.05),吸氮总量增加8.70%(P＜0.01),NO-3-N含量降低30.10%(P＜0.01),但含氮率无明显变化.IFC在小白菜上的应用效果好于常用氮肥增效剂双氰胺.适量施用IFC化肥增效剂使土壤氨化强度略有增加,能在一定程度上抑制土壤反硝化作用,但对土壤微生物生物量未产生明显影响.     

有机无机肥配合施用对菜园土壤及蔬菜硝酸盐类动态的影响

通过田间小区试验和室内测定，研究了有机肥与化肥以不同比例配合施用对小白菜硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量以及土壤硝酸盐含量的影响。结果表明：有机肥与化肥配合施用可以明显降低小白菜硝酸盐含量，减少硝酸盐在土壤剖面中向下淋溶，尤以有机肥与化肥施用比例为1：1(质量比)时小白菜产量较高，体内硝酸盐含量较低，土壤下层的硝酸盐含量也较低，达到蔬菜高产优质，生态环境清洁健康的目标。     

有机无机肥配合施用对菜园土壤及蔬菜硝酸盐类动态的影响

通过田间小区试验和室内测定,研究了有机肥与化肥以不同比例配合施用对小白菜硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量以及土壤硝酸盐含量的影响。结果表明:有机肥与化肥配合施用可以明显降低小白菜硝酸盐含量,减少硝酸盐在土壤剖面中向下淋溶,尤以有机肥与化肥施用比例为1∶1(质量比)时小白菜产量较高,体内硝酸盐含量较低,土壤下层的硝酸盐含量也较低,达到蔬菜高产优质,生态环境清洁健康的目标。     

肥料组合对生菜硝酸盐和重金属的影响

通过田间试验研究了不同肥料组合处理对生菜硝酸盐和重金属累积的影响。结果表明，加施复合剂的3个处理对生菜硝酸盐的降低效果较好，其中施用双氰胺的组合处理在3个生长时期的降低幅度分别为24％、20．1％、65．4％，降低作用均为最大；施用植物材料处理的生菜Hg质量分数最大，高磷组合处理生菜的Cr、Cd、As和Pb质量分数最大，过磷酸钙增加了Cr、Cd、As和Pb的有效性，氯化钾对重金属影响不明显；仅加施微量元素和施用双氰胺组合处理的卫生品质最好，高磷组合处理卫生品质最差。     

氮肥品种及施肥方式对小白菜产量与品质的影响

氮肥在农业生产中起着重要的作用,但是氮肥的大量施用不仅造成养分比例失调及环境污染,而且会限制产量的提高和品质的改善。针对广东蔬菜氮肥施用不合理的现象,在田间试验条件下研究了不同氮肥品种和不同底追比对小白菜产量和营养品质的影响,旨在为华南地区的蔬菜施用氮肥提供参考。试验结果表明,施氮极显著提高了小白菜的生物量和产量,亦增加了硝酸盐的累积量,其中尿素处理增产效果最好,蔬菜专用肥(磷铵 尿素)处理小白菜硝酸盐累积量最低,其次是碳酸氢铵和氯化铵处理。各氮肥处理间Vc和可溶性糖含量差异达到极显著水平,其中蔬菜专用肥处理含量最高;不同底、追肥处理间产量和Vc含量的差异达到显著或极显著水平,而可溶性糖含量差异未达到显著水平。除底肥70%、追肥30%的处理外,其余处理均极显著提高了硝酸盐含量。在本试验条件下,蔬菜专用肥既可以提高小白菜产量,又可以明显改善小白菜营养品质与卫生品质,如果以尿素为氮源,底肥70%、追肥30%是兼顾产量和品质的优化处理。     

NPK肥不同配比对萝卜产量及硝酸盐含量的影响

通过田间小区试验,采用NPK肥3因素5水平正交旋转组合设计,研究冲积菜园土上施用化肥对萝卜产量和硝酸盐含量的影响。结果表明,低N与中高量PK肥配施既可保证萝卜最适产量,也可降低萝卜硝酸盐含量;回归和频数分析得出,萝卜产量达实际最高产量90%~95%左右,同时其硝酸盐含量降低至1 057~1 218 mg.kg-1的最佳NPK肥配比为N 100~141 kg.hm-2、P 84~100 kg.hm-2和K 220~279 kg.hm-2。     

几个菜心品种硝酸盐累积差异的研究

通过对7个菜心品种在2种氮源形态下进行水培试验,以及对植株和吸收液的分析测试,探讨菜心品种间的硝酸盐累积、氮素营养特性及养分吸收的差异,为制定硝酸盐调控措施和选育低硝酸盐菜心品种提供依据。     

施氮对植物生长、硝态氮累积及土壤硝态氮残留的影响

施用N肥可提高叶类蔬菜的产量,但施用过量也会造成土壤N污染。为了研究当年施肥量对作物硝态氮累积及土壤无机氮残留量的影响,采用土壤盆栽试验,研究了5个施氮水平下3种叶类蔬菜(油菜、小白菜、菠菜)的生长、硝态氮累积和土壤硝态氮残留的变化。结果表明,施氮过高抑制了植物的生长,其中对菠菜的抑制作用最强。3种蔬菜硝态氮累积对施N的反应不同,油菜在施N0.40g时硝态氮含量达到最高,为N1742.2μg·g-1FW;小白菜在0.60g最高,为N1635.6μg·g-1FW;而菠菜则在0.80g最高,为N865.2μg·g-1FW。施N量与土壤硝态氮残留量之间呈显著正相关关系,说明施氮量越高土壤中硝态氮的残余就越大,对土壤的污染就越严重。     

6种矿质元素对青菜中硝酸盐含量的影响

通过盆栽试验 ,研究了B、K、Mn、Mg、Zn、Co对青菜中硝酸盐含量的影响。结果表明 :增施硼酸钠后第 2 0天 ,青菜硝酸盐含量比对照降低 1 4 84%～ 1 9 56 % ;增施K、Mn、Mg、Zn、Co也能降低青菜硝酸盐含量。每盆增施0 1gZnSO4 后第 1 0天 ,青菜中硝酸盐含量比对照减少 1 8 96 % ,每盆增施 0 1gK2 SO4 后第 2 0天 ,青菜中硝酸盐含量比对照减少 2 1 42 % ;矿质元素的施用量对青菜硝酸盐含量影响较大。     

水稻缓释控释肥的增产效应与环保效应

在广东省范围内对水稻缓释控释肥进行大面积试验示范,结果表明,(1)移栽前每公顷一次基施“农科”水稻缓释控释肥525～750kg,其肥效完全可满足水稻本田期对养分的需求。与常规分次施肥比较,施用该缓释控释肥平均增加稻谷497．7kg／hm^2,增产率7．78％;其中,获显著增产的概率达69．4％,平产概率占28．6％,说明施用该水稻缓释控释肥增产效果稳定。(2)施用水稻缓释控释肥显著降低氮磷肥料的养分施用量。与常规分次施肥比较,早晚造平均减少氮素用量26．5％、磷素19．3％,表明水稻缓释控释肥不但显著减少肥料资源的浪费,而且减少了肥料养分流失造成的污染,对生态环境的保护具有重要的现实意义。     

试论肥料对农业与环境的影响

以肥料的发展先后，将肥料的发展历史分为有机时代、无机时代和有机无机复合时代；论述肥料对农业和环境的影响，并对未来肥料的发展提出预测和展望。从长远的发展来看，生物肥料不仅可以节省自然资源，而且还可在有机无机复合肥和控释肥料的基础上，以有机复合肥作为基质，利用控释肥料的包膜剂、粘着剂等进行生物肥料优化组合；可以说生物复合肥料将是未来肥料发展的主流。可以预料，未来肥料是实现清洁生产、物质循环、持续发展的中心环节。它不仅可以消纳转化上农业生产和现代生活所产生的废物，而且它所投入的有机复合肥，也是一种对环境友好的绿色肥料。     

Hydrolytic biodegradation of chlorothalonil in the soil and in cabbage crops

Broccoli and Chinese cabbage crops were treated at planting by pouring an emulsion of the fungicide chlorothalonil around the stem of the plant. During culture, chlorothalonil was biodegraded in soil into l,3‐dicarbamoyl‐2,4,5,6‐tetrachlorobenzene (compound 1), l,3‐dicyano‐4‐hydroxy‐2,5,6‐trichlorobenzene (compound 2), and l‐carbamoyl‐3‐cyano‐4‐hydroxy‐2,5,6‐trichlorobenzene (compound 3). Compounds 1 and 2 were the major metabolites in soil. In the harvested broccoli (in the flower) and Chinese cabbages (the leaves), the concentrations of chlorothalonil and of compounds 1 and 2 were lower respectively than 0.1, 0.1 and 0.5mg/kg fresh weight.     

High Cd and Pb in Chinese cabbage: how to safely eat vegetables from metal-contaminated agricultural soil

Trace-element contamination poses a serious threat to China's ecology, environment, food safety, and human health. Human exposure to potentially toxic trace elements is predominantly attributed to the consumption of vegetables, especially leafy vegetables, grown on metal-contaminated soil. In the present study, the concentrations of Cd in Chinese cabbage were found to decrease at an exponential rate from the outermost layer to the inner core, while there was a small change in Pb content from the 1st to the 16th layer of the plant, suddenly decreasing at the 17th layer. Although there was a little difference between the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) and the mean Cd content in the plant, from the 1st layer to the 10th layer in the edible part of Chinese cabbage, Cd concentrations were 1.1–2.5 times higher than the MPC. The Pb concentration in the whole plant was 1.9 times higher than the MPC, while the 17th layer to the 25th layer of Chinese cabbage was safe for consumption. Health risk assessment indicated that the surface layer of Chinese cabbage might cause harm to human health, especially to children, in view of cancer risk and non-cancer risk.     

Influence of fertilizer and sewage sludge compost on yield and heavy metal accumulation by lettuce grown in urban soils

Previous research has demonstrated that many urban soils are enriched in Pb, Cd and Zn. Culture of vegetable crops in these soils could allow transfer of potentially toxic metals to foods. Tanya lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) was grown in pots of five urban garden soils and one control agricultural soil to assess the effect of urban-soil metal enrichment, and the effect of soil amendments, on heavy metal uptake by garden vegetables. The amendments included NPK fertilizer, limestone, Ca(H₂PO₄)₂, and two rates of limed sewage sludge compost. Soil Cd ranged from 0.08 to 9.6 mg kg^–1; soil Zn from 38 to 3490 mg kg^–1; and soil Pb from 12 to 5210 mg kg^–1. Lettuce yield on the urban garden soils was as great as or greater than that on the control soil. Lettuce Cd, Zn and Pb concentrations increased from 0.65, 23, and 2.2 mg kg^–1 dry matter in the control soil to as high as 3.53, 422 and 37.0 mg kg^–1 on the metal-rich urban garden soils. Adding limestone or limed sewage sludge compost raised soil pH and significantly reduced lettuce Cd and Zn, while phosphate fertilizer lowered soil pH and had little effect on Zn but increased Cd concentration in lettuce. Urban garden soils caused a significant increase in lettuce leaf Pb concentration, especially on the highest Pb soil. Adding NPK fertilizer, phosphate, or sludge compost to two high Pb soils lowered lettuce Pb concentration, but adding limestone generally did not. On normally fertilized soils, Pb uptake by lettuce was not exceptionally high until soil Pb substantially exceeded 500 mg kg^–1. Comparing garden vegetables and soil as potential sources of Pb risk to children, it is clear that the risk is greater through ingestion of soil or dust than through ingestion of garden vegetables grown on the soil. Urban dwellers should obtain soil metal analyses before selecting garden locations to reduce Pb risk to their children.