我国第一座现代化垃圾处理厂在深圳点火正常运行

深圳市耗资5000万元,引进了具有国外80年代先进设备的垃圾焚烧厂,历时二年半的筹建,已于88年6月5日世界环境日这天正式点火运行.这座日处理300t的垃圾焚烧厂占地面积23100m~2,建筑面积12176m~2,是我国第一座现代化垃圾焚烧处理厂.该设备自动化程     

城市垃圾焚烧发电系统热平衡分析与优化方案

以城市垃圾焚烧过程的热工计算为基础，深入研究了热平衡分析与能量回收之间的关系。针对国内在垃圾焚烧发电领域存在的主要问题，提出了传统工艺的优化方案，并对我国城市垃圾焚烧发电的能量回收利用前景进行了预测分析。     

水泥类型对生活垃圾焚烧飞灰固化效果的影响

<正>生活垃圾焚烧飞灰属于危险废弃物,在对其进行最终处置前需经无害化处理.水泥固化所需的设备和操作要求简单、价格合理,国内外许多学者对生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的水泥固化处理进行了研究,但研究中普遍使用的是硅酸盐类水泥,铝酸盐水泥、硫铝酸盐水泥分别称为第二、第三系列水泥,它们的化学成分、水化化学都与硅酸盐水泥相差较大。     

焚烧源二噁英的排放对周边土壤和植被污染的研究进展

经济的飞速发展和城市化进程的加快,带来了严重的生活垃圾负荷问题。垃圾焚烧技术因其具有减容化、无害化和资源化的优点,成为当今国际社会生活垃圾处理的主要技术之一。然而由于人们对于垃圾焚烧源可能产生的二噁英污染问题缺乏一个全面的认识,使得垃圾焚烧厂的建立遭到了民众的强烈反对,成为影响社会和谐稳定的因素;因此,需要对垃圾焚烧源二噁英的排放对周边土壤和植被的污染状况进行综述,对于解决老百姓对于垃圾焚烧二噁英污染的争议有巨大的现实意义。对近年来国内外学者在相关方面的研究进行了详细地综述,结果发现：国内已开展的研究仅限于二噁英对焚烧厂周边土壤的污染调查,而对于焚烧源二噁英对植被及农作物的污染的研究数据非常匮乏;而国外学者已开展的垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤和植被中二噁英污染的调查研究只是停留在二噁英在土壤和植被中总浓度的研究基础上,而对于不同二噁英同族物在焚烧厂附近土壤和植被中的分布特征和蓄积规律方面的研究比较缺乏,尤其是在其他污染源如废弃物的露天燃烧、交通等协同作用下,垃圾焚烧对二噁英污染贡献率的研究比较少,对于垃圾焚烧厂二噁英污染的控制没有起到直观的指导作用。本文指出今后的研究应加强对二噁英在焚烧厂周边土壤和植被中分布特征和蓄积规律研究,这对于焚烧源二噁英的污染防治以及对已被二噁英污染的土壤和植被的生态修复具有重要的意义。     

利用层次分析法探讨生活垃圾焚烧设施二噁英类排放的影响因素

基于焚烧过程中二噁英类(PCDD/Fs)的生成机理,深入探讨生活垃圾焚烧设施二噁英类生成及排放的诸多影响因素,并依据层次分析法(AHP)原理,从焚烧设施的技术水平、运行状况、管理水平3个影响因素着手建立递阶层次结构模型.分别对模型中的各个影响因素进行定性和半定量化处理,最终实现对生活垃圾焚烧设施二噁英类生成及排放影响因...     

城市生活垃圾焚烧厂设计方案研究

本文章简要介绍了城市生活垃圾焚烧厂工艺参数、炉型结构、烟气处理、用地面积、设备配置、环境保护、工程投资和运行成本等内容的选择原则和设计方案。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的存在方式及形成机理

重金属是城市生活垃圾焚烧处理产生的一类重要二次污染物。在尾气处理过程中,重金属以均匀核化、异相沉积等方式从烟气浓缩到飞灰中。国外研究者通过实验室模拟研究对重金属在飞灰表面发生的吸附现象及其机理做出了推断,并对重金属在不同粒径级别飞灰中的分布进行了研究。     

城市生活垃圾焚烧灰渣浸出试验

选择了城市生活垃圾焚烧炉渣中8种含量高、危害大的金属元素进行了静态和动态浸出性试验。结果表明,钙含量和温度是影响有害金属离子溶出的主要因素。对8种金属离子的浸出率和迁移规律进行了排序和分析,为灰渣安全处理和合理利用提供了科学依据。     

城市垃圾焚烧炉内残渣性质及结渣形成

以城市垃圾焚烧后的残渣为研究对象 ,着重地介绍城市垃圾焚烧炉中灰渣的形成、结构、组成等基本性质 ,同时借鉴燃煤技术初步探讨了城市垃圾焚烧过程中结渣的形成。对垃圾焚烧炉的正常运行提供科学的保证 ,对残渣的管理及综合利用有一定的意义     

垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属元素分析标准样品研制

本文介绍了垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属元素分析标准样品的研制过程.标准样品定值指标为Ag、As、Ba、Be、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Hg、Mn、Ni、Pb、Sb、Tl、V、Zn等16种重金属元素.垃圾焚烧飞灰标准样品是一种带有基体的标准样品,原料样品从垃圾焚烧站除尘设施收集,经干燥、过筛、混匀、分装和灭菌等步骤加工处理后,分别采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)、电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)和原子荧光法(AFS)对标准样品进行了均匀性和稳定性检验.结果显示,样品均匀性和稳定性良好.选择技术水平较高10家权威实验室对16种重金属元素进行协作定值,并进行了不确定度评定,量值评定结果显示该样品中16种元素的含量在0.410—11600μg·g~(-1)之间,相对扩展不确定度在4.3%—18%之间.     

城市生活垃圾的综合处理技术与发展方向

随着社会经济的发展和城市化进程的不断加快，生活垃圾已成为我国城市环境卫生面临的紧迫问题。大量垃圾的产生，不但占用大量的土地，还会给周围环境带来一系列的问题。在综合分析评述卫生填埋，焚烧，堆肥3种主要处理技术及各自优缺点的基础上提出了我国应实行中转站分选后，多凶化综合处理系统的垃圾处理方式。     

城市垃圾处理与管理对策研究

对北京、天津、上海、重庆、广州等１７个城市垃圾的调查,结果表明,近１０年,上述城市垃圾总量的增长城市化关系密切,城市垃圾的组分受经济发展,生活水平、消费行为方式的影响,地域差异显著;城市垃圾处理技术欠完善,管理体制不合理,急需通过市场化动作国吧改善。     

Neue Bewertung bei den Toxizitätsäquivalenten für Dioxine/Furane und für PCB durch die WHO

While the large amount of data available makes it possible to provide a statement concerning the effects of PCDD/PCDF on the WHO TEF-reappraisal regarding the observance of dioxin emission values from waste incineration, similar values for PCBs could not be determined accurately or could only be estimated roughly for the WHO, because only limited measurement values are available for these substances. Thanks to the present availability of such measurement values from the MVA in Bielefeld-Herford, Germany and the MVR in Hamburg, Germany, it is now possible to determine a direct relationship between the low PCDD/PCDF values and the 12 different PCBs which are taken into consideration by the WHO. As the results of these investigations have shown, the statement in Section 2 claiming that there are generally only very low levels of PCDD/PCDF emissions stemming from waste incineration plants, and that the 12 additional PCBs considered by the WHO as well as the WHO TEFs lead to no relevant increase in the evaluation/calculation of the actual emission values nor to a value above the dioxin (I-TEQ) threshold value as established in the 17th BImSchV (Germany Federal regulations responsible for protecting the population from emissions), can be confirmed. A dominant role of the WHO PCB-TEQs is seen to be played by the PCB-126. The exhaust gas measurements in waste incineration plants might therefore already be sufficient if merely the dioxin-like PCB-126 values were to be used in the calculation of the dioxin I-TEQ.     

Development and prospects of municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration in China

With the lack of space for new landfills, municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration is playing an increasingly important role in municipal solid waste management in China. The literatures on certain aspects of incineration plants in China are reviewed in this paper, including the development and status of the application of MSW incineration technologies, the treatment of leachate from stored MSW, air pollution control technologies, and the status of the fly-ash control method. Energy policy and its promotion of MSW-to-energy conversion are also elucidated.     

福州市生活垃圾产量及物理成分预测

城市生活垃圾一直是城市环境保护中的棘手问题。对垃圾产量及成分的预测,可为垃圾治理系统的规划和设计提供科学依据。文章以福州市为例,着重考虑影响垃圾质和量的内在因素和社会因素,探讨城市生活垃圾产量及成分的预测。通过关联度分析主要的内在影响因素,进而建立灰色模型GM(1,n)对垃圾产量进行预测,再考虑以社会因素为主的外部影响因素,对预测结果进行调整;对垃圾的物理成分的预测,则基于GM(1,1)预测结果,采用与其他国家或地区(城市)类比法,得出本区域的预测结果。     

Recycling combustibles from aged municipal solid wastes (MSW) to improve fresh MSW incineration in Shanghai: Investigation of necessity and feasibility

Aged municipal solid wastes (MSW) excavated from landfills and dumpsites were characterized to analyze their fraction composition, moisture content, and lower heat value (LHV). The necessity and feasibility of recycling combustibles from aged MSW to improve the incineration of fresh MSW were investigated. The results showed that combustibles in aged MSW were easily separated from other components and than LHV of the separated combustibles are higher than 11000 kJ/kg. The fresh MSW are of high moisture contents with average LHV below 6500 kJ/kg, making their stable combustion difficult to maintain in MSW incinerators. For both fresh MSW and aged MSW, plastics are the main contributor to their LHV. To improve incineration of fresh MSW that are characterized with low LHV, combustibles separated from aged MSW were made into refuse derived fuel (RDF) pellets and were then added to fresh MSW by 2% wt.–5% wt. LHV variation and air supply resistance change of the MSW layer on the incinerator grate caused by the addition of RDF was checked, and no significant changes were found. No obvious difference was observed for the ‘burn-out time’ between RDF pellets and fresh MSW either. RDF made from aged MSW combustibles is found to be a promising auxiliary fuel to improve the incineration of fresh MSW, and aged MSW from old landfill cells and dumpsites can be finally disposed of jointly with fresh MSW by recycling combustible from the former to be coincinerated with the latter in the incineration plants.     

我国城市垂直绿化现状与垂直绿化新技术

虽然我国各城市开展城市垂直绿化推广工作，取得了不少成效，但是依然存在着垂直绿化技术和植物种类单一、效果有待改善等问题。近年来，国内外出现了不少新的垂直绿化技术，若能借鉴、选择性地进行应用，对我国城市垂直绿化工作必定起促进作用。介绍了几种较新的垂直绿化技术，以供参考。     

The practice of coastal zone management in Portugal

The practice of coastal zone management in Portugal is very recent. Key issues and considerations about natural shoreline dynamics, main policy instruments, and lessons learned from the EU Demonstration Programmes on Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Portugal will be outlined in this paper in an attempt to understand how the practice of ICZM and its prospects are. Coastal zone management problems and their associated side effects, as well as national and international evolution patterns will be drawn. Some means of achieving better coastal zone management practices and ways of addressing some of its forefront issues are also identified. Special attention will go to erosion problems. The pressure induced by urban development and economic activities on coastal areas is increasing. Poor sediment availability combined with years of neglected management and over-exploitation of resources have had a negative impact, and there are many areas showing evidence of coastal erosion. There is a need to improve policies and instruments of coastal planning and management. Coastal zone management plans are being developed for the nine sectors of the continental Portuguese coast, providing a full analysis of coastal systems and a delimitation of uses in relation to the carrying capacity of the shoreline.     

A review of ecological mitigation measures in UK environmental statements with respect to sustainable development

SUMMARY

The European and UK legislation on environmental assessment (EA), as well as requiring assessment of significant ecological effects, also requires development proponents to recommend mitigation measures for adverse impacts.

Drawing on a review of proposed ecological mitigation measures in 194 environmental statements (ES) for UK development proposals, this paper highlights problems with the current legislation in ensuring that ecological impacts are mitigated effectively, with a view to sustainable development.

The review reveals confusion about the extent to which ecological mitigation is required. First, there is no objective basis for deciding which potentially adverse impacts should be mitigated. Proposed mitigation measures do not always relate directly to the ecological impacts identified in ES and there is a high risk of residual adverse effects. Second, there is no generally accepted method for evaluating the effectiveness of proposed mitigation measures, despite a clear recommendation from the UK's Department of the Environment (DOE, 1989) that an ‘assessment of the likely effectiveness’ of mitigation measures should be included in ES. Methods which can be used to evaluate the likely feasibility, costs and redistributional effects of ecological mitigation measures in EA are needed. Some of the factors which should be taken into account are considered in this paper.