不同暴露方式下酞酸酯在黄斑篮子鱼体中的富集

研究了黄斑篮子鱼(Siganus oramin）在3种暴露方式条件下,4种酞酸酯化合物(DEHP、DBP、DEP和DMP)在体内积累与分布状况.结果显示,在水体暴露处理组中,鱼体内积累的含量分别为:DMP0.036mg/kg,DEP0.122mg/kg,DBP0.276mg/kg,DEHP0.921mg/kg,其中DMP和DEP在内脏中含量最低,而在鱼残体组织和肌肉中含量较高;DBP和DEHP在鱼残体组织中含量最高,内脏中含量次之,而在肌肉中含量最低.在食物暴露处理组中,分别为:DMP0.024mg/kg,DEP0.124mg/kg,DBP0.573mg/kg,DEHP1.034mg/kg,其中DMP和DEP在肌肉组织中含量最高,而DBP和DEHP在内脏中含量最高,在肌肉中含量最低.在水体与食物混合暴露处理组中,分别为DMP0.058mg/kg,DEP0.178mg/kg,DBP0.702mg/kg,DEHP1.87mg/kg,其含量均高于水体暴露组和食物暴露组.食物暴露处理组中侧链较长的DEHP和DBP在鱼体内的含量较高,而侧链最短的DMP富集量较低.食物暴露处理组中DMP在鱼体内含量最低;水体和食物混合暴露处理组中DEHP含量最高     

冬季天津家庭室内空气颗粒物中邻苯二甲酸酯污染研究

为了解我国家庭住宅室内空气颗粒物中邻苯二甲酸酯的污染程度,采集天津市13户家庭住宅冬季室内空气颗粒物PM10、PM2.5样品,采用GC/MS分析了DMP、DEP、DBP、BBP、DEHP、DOP等6种邻苯二甲酸酯.结果表明,室内空气颗粒物中DMP、DEP、DBP、BBP、DEHP这5种邻苯二甲酸酯在所有家庭均被检出,DOP在部分家庭检出.其中,DBP和DEHP为主要污染物.PM10和PM2.5中的6种物质占ΣPAEs颗粒相的比例规律相同,DBP和DEHP较大,分别为13.92%～91.50%、5.56%～85.08%和20.88%～93.95%、5.53%～75.90%;其次是DMP、DEP和BBP,DOP最小.不同粒径颗粒物上PAEs的分布显示,大多数PAEs易吸附在粒径较小的细粒子PM2.5上;结合调查问卷分析表明,冬季室内空气颗粒物上PAEs污染主要来源于室内,受房间的装修时间、装修特点、生活习惯、吸烟、烹饪、塑料制品使用量、室内清洁度和温度等因素的影响.     

江苏产区大蒜中邻苯二甲酸酯含量检测及溯源分析

邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)对生态环境和农产品安全的潜在威胁已引起世界各国的广泛关注.在江苏省邳州市大蒜核心产区采集了11种大蒜样品、 106个表层土壤和4种农膜样品,通过GC-MS法分析了大蒜、土壤和农膜中的16种PAEs含量,并通过水培试验研究了邳州主栽大蒜品种大青稞对6种优先控制类PAEs的吸收和运输特征.结果表明,邳州大蒜蒜瓣中主要PAEs种类为邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(DEHP),ω(DBP)和ω(DEHP)平均值分别为0.611 mg·kg^-1和0.167 mg·kg^-1,显著高于市售大蒜品种.蒜头中DBP和DEHP含量大小顺序依次为：蒜头皮>蒜瓣皮>蒜瓣.大蒜土壤中的PAEs种类主要为邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DIBP)、 DBP和DEHP,检出率均为100%.与美国环保署制定的土壤PAEs控制标准比,DMP和DBP含量超过控制标准,超标率分别达100%和63.2%,其他3种PAEs含量均低于控制标准,但ω(DEHP)平均值达486μg·...     

城区湖泊表层沉积物中邻苯二甲酸酯的组成与分布特征

2005年7月采集广州市白云区、天河区、越秀区、荔湾区和海珠区的15个湖泊表层沉积物样品,在严格的质量保证(QA)/质量控制(QC)条件下,研究了城区湖泊表层沉积物中16种邻苯二甲酸酯(Phthalate Esters,PAEs)的组成、含量及分布特征,并对其污染情况进行了评价.城区湖泊表层沉积物中∑16 PAEs含量为2.267～74.935 μg·g-1(以干重计),平均值为20.651 μg·g-1.TOC为1.126%～6.871%(质量分数).城区湖泊表层沉积物中DMP、DEP、DiBP、DnBP、DEEP和DEHP普遍存在,以DiBP、DEHP和DnBP为主要PAEs.通江湖泊、居民居住区、商业区和工业区湖泊PAEs污染严重.与国内外河流、湖泊、河口和近海表层沉积物PAEs污染水平比较,广州市城区湖泊表层沉积物中PAEs污染属中等水平.     

干旱区城市邻苯二甲酸酯湿沉降及其环境意义

本文以新疆昌吉市为研究区,选择2012年6月至2012年12月期间的12场次降水进行采集,利用气相色谱法测定样品中主要PAEs,以对干旱区城市大气邻苯二甲酸脂湿沉降进行初步探讨。研究表明:大气湿沉降中DBP的含量最高,其次是DEHP,DMP与DEP含量较低;DEHP、DBP、DMP以及DEP在雨沉降中平均含量分别为0.10(0.07~0.13)mg/L、0.32(0.03~0.93)mg/L、0.004(未检出~0.02)mg/L、0.006(未检出~0.05)mg/L;在雪沉降中平均含量分别为0.04(0.008~0.13)mg/L、0.13(0.05~0.40)mg/L、0.002(未检出~0.005)mg/L、0.08(未检出~0.04)mg/L。昌吉市湿沉降中PAEs含量远超出《地表水环境质量标准》,也超出了城市生活污水与工业污水,说明其存在较大的环境风险。PAEs的湿沉降具有较为明显的季节变化,雪沉降(冬季)中PAEs含量普遍低于雨沉降(其他季节),人类在室外生产、生活活动的季节变化及气温对PAE挥发的影响是主要原因。计算结果显示,大气湿沉降每年向昌吉市城区地表环境输入DBP、DEHP、DMP、DEP分别达到1994.28、652.69、27.14、57.86kg,输入的上述4种PAEs总和达到2731.97kg。     

重庆主城区流域邻苯二甲酸酯生态风险评价

以长江、嘉陵江重庆主城区段为研究水域,利用Agilent6890N气相色谱仪对丰水期该研究水域12个采样点水体中五种邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）含量进行测定,分析了PAEs在该区域水体中丰水期的分布特征并进行了生态安全评价。结果表明：丰水期水体中∑PAEs的浓度范围为0.87μg/L-55.66μg/L;DBP与DEHP为优先污染物,其浓度范围在0.15μg/L-28.32μg/L与0.26μg/L-26.29μg/L;按商值法对PAEs进行生态安全评价,DMP、DEP对该水域中水生动植物无生态风险,DBP和DEHP存在潜在低风险。     

长江重庆段两江水相、间隙水和沉积物中邻苯二甲酸酯的分布与分配

对长江重庆段两江水相、间隙水和沉积相中5种邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的分布与分配进行了研究.结果显示水相中PAEs含量为53.2 ～343.0 ng·L-1,间隙水中为916.8～7517.1 ng·L-1,沉积相为1787.0 ～5045.9 ng·g-1,间隙水相PAEs含量高于水相;比较两江PAEs分布,支流嘉陵江污染程度高于长江干流;邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸双(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)是水体和沉积物中的主要污染物,在间隙水相存在明显富集,这两种污染物在水相中的含量低于地表水质量标准;黏土是影响沉积相中PAEs分布的重要因素,有机质含量对其影响较小;沉积物-间隙水间的lgKoc值与lgKow不相关,DBP在沉积物和间隙水间的分配接近平衡,邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)有由沉积相向间隙水相迁移的趋势,DEHP则由间隙水相向沉积相迁移.与国内外其他地区相比,研究区PAEs含量处于中等偏下水平.     

夏季学生宿舍室内降尘中PAEs污染特征和暴露评价

利用CH2Cl2和超声对35个南开大学学生宿舍室内降尘样品中的DMP、DEP、DBP、BBP、DEHP 和DOP等6种PAES进行提取分离,采用GC-MS定量分析,研究了PAEs污染变化特征及暴露风险.结果表明,南开大学学生宿舍室内降尘中PAEs污染以DEHP和DBP为主,中位值浓度分别为126.916μg/g和123.591μg/g,两者之和占Σ6PAEs浓度的99%以上,室内降尘中PAEs污染程度和类型与室内含增塑剂产品的数量、室内清洁通风情况及成员性别有关;经口暴露水平大于皮肤,其中DBP、DEHP的暴露量高于美国,占人体总PAEs摄入量比例较高,故学生宿舍降尘中PAEs暴露应给予重视.     

松花江表层沉积物PAEs分布特征及生态风险评价

为揭示松花江干支流表层沉积物中邻苯二甲酸酯类(phthalate esters,PAEs)的空间分布特征及其生态风险状况本文利用气相色谱三重四级杆质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对松花江干支流表层沉积物中6种PAEs的含量分布和组成特征进行了分析,并采用商值法和环境风险水平(ERL)法对其生态风险状况进行评价.结果表明:①松花江干支流沉积物6种邻苯二甲酸酯(∑_6PAEs)含量范围(以干重计)为6 832.5～36 298.9ng·g~(-1)(平均值为18388.6ng·g~(-1)),邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)为主要组分,干流点位∑_6PAEs含量(6 832.5～36 298.9 ng·g~(-1),平均值为18 616.9ng·g~(-1))与支流点位∑_6PAEs(10 367.6～26 593.3ng·g~(-1),平均值为18 264.1ng·g~(-1))差异不显著(P0.05),支流点位各PAEs单体含量与干流点位差异不大.从上游到下游干支流∑_6PAEs含量呈现先降后升的趋势.农业自然区域∑_6PAEs平均含量(18 677.5 ng·g~(-1))与城市工业区域(18 063.7 ng·g~(-1))相近(P0.05),DBP和DEHP是两区域内的主要PAEs两者平均值贡献率高达98%以上.②松花江干支流表层沉积物中∑_6PAEs主要来源于人类日用品、农业生产以及含有增塑剂的工业生产.③松花江表层沉积物中DMP和BBP对水生生物无生态风险,DEP具有低水平生态风险,而DEHP和DBP对水生生物具有高生态风险.     

西安城区地表灰尘中邻苯二甲酸酯分布、来源及人群暴露

采集西安城区地表灰尘样品58个,利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析了地表灰尘中美国环境保护部(U.S.EPA)6种优控的邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)含量,在此基础上研究了其分布特征、环境来源和人群暴露.结果表明,西安城区地表灰尘中的6种PAEs均有不同程度的检出.单体PAE的含量从未检出~183.19 mg·kg-1,含量顺序为DEHPDn BPDEPDMPBBPDn OP.6种PAEs总量(Σ6PAEs)在0.87~250.30 mg·kg-1之间,平均含量为40.48 mg·kg-1.Σ6PAEs在不同功能区的分布情况为公园交通区商业交通混合区住宅区文教区工业区.Σ6PAEs沿主城区-二环-三环呈现递减趋势.相关分析、主成分分析和聚类分析结果表明,西安城区地表灰尘中的PAEs主要与增塑剂的使用、化妆品和个人护肤品以及建筑材料与室内外装饰材料释放有关.人群不同途径暴露地表灰尘中PAEs的日均摄入量顺序为手口摄入皮肤接触呼吸吸入,且儿童高于成人.Dn BP、DEHP、DEP和BBP日均摄入量(ADD)低于EU CSTEE和U.S.EPA规定的日耐受量(TDI)与参考计量(Rf D).     

Issues Concerning Survival of Viruses on Surfaces

Viruses are the causative agents of an estimated 60% of human infections worldwide. The most common viral illnesses are produced by enteric and respiratory viruses. Transmission of these viruses from an infected person or animal to a new host can occur via several routes. Existing studies strongly suggest that contaminated fomites or surfaces play an important role in the spreading of viral diseases. The potential of viral spreading via contaminated surfaces depends particularly on the ability of the virus to maintain infectivity whilst it is in the environment. This is affected by a combination of biological, physical and chemical factors. This review summarises current knowledge about the influence of environmental factors on the survival and spread of viruses via contaminated surfaces.     

Survival of Norovirus Surrogate on Various Food-Contact Surfaces

Norovirus (NoV) is an environmental threat to humans, which spreads easily from one infected person to another, causing foodborne and waterborne diseases. Therefore, precautions against NoV infection are important in the preparation of food. The aim of this study was to investigate the survival of murine norovirus (MNV), as a NoV surrogate, on six different food-contact surfaces: ceramic, wood, rubber, glass, stainless steel, and plastic. We inoculated 10⁵ PFU of MNV onto the six different surface coupons that were then kept at room temperature for 28 days. On the food-contact surfaces, the greatest reduction in MNV was 2.28 log₁₀ PFU/coupon, observed on stainless steel, while the lowest MNV reduction was 1.29 log₁₀ PFU/coupon, observed on wood. The rank order of MNV reduction, from highest to lowest, was stainless steel, plastic, rubber, glass, ceramic, and wood. The values of d _R (time required to reduce the virus by 90 %) on survival plots of MNV determined by a modified Weibull model were 277.60 h (R ² = 0.99) on ceramic, 492.59 h (R ² = 0.98) on wood, 173.56 h on rubber (R ² = 0.98), 97.18 h (R ² = 0.94) on glass, 91.76 h (R ² = 0.97) on stainless steel, and 137.74 h (R ² = 0.97) on plastic. The infectivity of MNV on all food-contact surfaces remained after 28 days. These results show that MNV persists in an infective state on various food-contact surfaces for long periods. This study may provide valuable information for the control of NoV on various food-contact surfaces, in order to prevent foodborne disease.     

Infrared Emission Spectra of Surfaces near Ambient Temperatures

The Science of Nature -     

Fluid Mechanics of Biological Surfaces and their Technological Application

 A survey is given on fluid-dynamic effects caused by the structure and properties of biological surfaces. It is demonstrated that the results of investigations aiming at technological applications can also provide insights into biophysical phenomena. Techniques are described both for reducing wall shear stresses and for controlling boundary-layer separation. (a) Wall shear stress reduction was investigated experimentally for various riblet surfaces including a shark skin replica. The latter consists of 800 plastic model scales with compliant anchoring. Hairy surfaces are also considered, and surfaces in which the no-slip condition is modified. Self-cleaning surfaces such as that of lotus leaves represent an interesting option to avoid fluid-dynamic deterioration by the agglomeration of dirt. An example of technological implementation is discussed for riblets in long-range commercial aircraft. (b) Separation control is also an important issue in biology. After a few brief comments on vortex generators, the mechanism of separation control by bird feathers is described in detail. Self-activated movable flaps (=artificial bird feathers) represent a high-lift system enhancing the maximum lift of airfoils by about 20%. This is achieved without perceivable deleterious effects under cruise conditions. Finally, flight experiments on an aircraft with laminar wing and movable flaps are presented.     

仿生超疏水表面在海洋腐蚀防护中的应用

在介绍超疏水表面相关理论的基础上,总结了现有仿生超疏水表面的制备方法及其海洋腐蚀防护机制研究,重点分析了超疏水表面在实际应用中面临的水下稳定性和机械稳定性两方面问题及相关对策,并对超疏水表面应用的未来发展方向进行了展望。     

Stability of Hepatitis E Virus After Drying on Different Surfaces

Food and Environmental Virology - The hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes acute and chronic hepatitis in humans. The zoonotic HEV genotype 3 is mainly transmitted by consumption of contaminated food...     

模拟可见光下土壤表面石油的光化学降解研究

在模拟可见光照射下,分析了土壤中的初始含油量、土壤类型和土壤pH值对石油在土壤表面光降解过程的影响,并利用紫外-可见分光光度法(UV-Vis)、气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器(GC-FID)和傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)等方法对石油在光降解过程中的演变规律进行研究.结果表明,石油在土壤表面上的光化学降解行为符合准一级反应动力学,实验测得石油的光解速率常数为0.002 6～0.017 2 h^-1,半衰期为40～267 h.GC-FID分析结果表明,在光降解50 h后,石油的饱和烃组分中高碳数的烷烃相对含量降低,低碳数的烷烃相对含量提高;芳香烃组分的大部分色谱峰有明显地降低或消失.红外光谱分析发现,光照60 h后土壤萃取液中可能产生了羰基类化合物,说明石油在光降解过程中逐渐发生氧化.     

青岛市不同下垫面微生物气溶胶分布特征

分别在青岛市市区街道、海滨区域、饮用水水源地、城市垃圾填埋场和人工湿地污水处理厂设置监测点,分析比较不同下垫面空气细菌和真菌浓度、日变化和粒径分布. 结果表明:5个下垫面空气细菌浓度依次为城市垃圾填埋场>市区街道>饮用水水源地>海滨区域>人工湿地污水处理厂,真菌浓度依次为城市垃圾填埋场>人工湿地污水处理厂>饮用水水源地>市区街道>海滨区域,其中城市垃圾填埋场空气细菌和真菌浓度最高,分别为(613.1±68.9)、(1300.4±74.3)CFU/m3,其他下垫面空气的细菌和真菌浓度分别在(155.5±14.2)～(596.6±396.4)和(401.9±78.7)～(994.7±63.4)CFU/m3之间. 海滨区域空气细菌浓度下午明显高于上午和中午,其他下垫面表现为上午>下午>中午,但无显著性差异;市区街道、饮用水水源地、人工湿地污水处理厂的空气真菌浓度日变化表现为上午>中午>下午,城市垃圾填埋场则始终升高,除人工湿地污水处理厂和城市垃圾填埋场不同时段间空气真菌浓度有显著性差异外,其余下垫面无显著性差异. 细菌气溶胶粒径分布为F1级(粒径>7.0μm)最高,呈偏态分布;真菌气溶胶粒径呈对数正态分布,除城市垃圾填埋场峰值出现在F3级(3.3~4.7μm)外,其余下垫面均出现在F4级(2.1~3.3μm). 不同下垫面细菌气溶胶中值直径在2.8~4.6μm,存在差异;而不同下垫面空气真菌气溶胶中值直径均在2.0μm左右,无显著性差异.      

Molecular Study of the Persistence of Infectious Human Norovirus on Food-Contact Surfaces

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of relative humidity (RH) and temperature on norovirus (NoV) persistence as infectious particles on food-contact surfaces such as stainless steel and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). For this purpose, a new method combining enzymatic digestion with molecular beacon-based NASBA targeting the ORF1-ORF2 domain was developed to discriminate between infectious and noninfectious NoV. Stainless steel and PVC disks were contaminated with known amounts of human NoV and kept for 56 days at 7 and 20°C at high (86% ± 4%) and low (30% ± 10%) RH. NoV retained its putative infectivity for 56 days on PVC and for 49 days on stainless steel at 7°C and for 7 and 28 days, respectively, at low and high RH at 20°C on both tested surfaces. These results confirm that NoV persists in an infective state on inert surfaces for long periods of time and consequently may cause illness. The new molecular approach to detecting infectious NoV on inert surfaces may provide valuable information for evaluating environmental surface decontamination strategies.