江苏省能源消费与经济增长耦合关系研究

能源消费与经济增长之间的关系是环境经济学研究的重要领域。以江苏省为研究区域,基于1990～2005年的年度数据,运用“脱钩”和“复钩”理论,协整分析技术和Granger因果关系检验方法,辨识和分析了的能源消费总量、电力消费和地区生产总值之间的耦合关系,实证研究表明,1990～2000年,江苏能源消费与地区生产总值处于弱“脱钩”状态,进入2000年后,二者呈现出扩张性“复钩”趋势。研究同时还发现江苏的能源消费总量与GDP之间存在长期均衡关系,表现出能源消费促进经济增长的单向格兰杰因果关系。研究结果表明了当前能源是影响江苏经济增长的关键要素,江苏在经济增长和能源利用战略等方面应当采取更加积极有效的对策。〖     

中国经济增长与能源消耗的脱钩——东部地区的时空分异研究

工业时代的经济增长是以大量消耗能源为代价的,直接导致环境污染和资源枯竭。将经济增速与环境压力脱钩的同时,实现将人类福祉与资源消耗的脱钩,是实现绿色可持续发展的焦点问题。采用Tapio基本模型构建中国能源消耗与经济增长的脱钩模型,将1979-2014年的脱钩指数划分为8种脱钩类型。结果说明,绝对而稳态的脱钩是不存在的。虽然大部分年份的中国处于弱脱钩状态,但长时间尺度上,经济增长与能源消耗存在"连接-脱钩-复钩-再脱钩"的动态反复过程。以中国东部地区10省份为例,研究脱钩指数变化的趋势和时间分异情况。结果显示,进入21世纪后该地区复钩的可能性不断增加,特别在经济增速趋缓的背景下,需要警惕以能源消耗驱动经济发展的模式重现。计算并比较脱钩指数的5年均值,研究中国东部地区脱钩的空间分异情况。结果表明,经济增长与能源消耗是否脱钩与宏观政策的调整密切相关。不断提高利用效率以减少能源消耗总量,保持弱脱钩是中国经济发展与能源消耗关系的常态。     

基于ARDL模型长三角碳排放、能源消费和经济增长关系研究

碳排放量、能源消费量和经济增长间存在着密切的关系。长三角地区(研究该区域为上海、浙江、江苏,简称长三角,下同）碳减排措施的实施是否会影响长三角地区的经济增长,能源消费量、能源结构和碳排放量间存在何种联系,这些均是在长三角碳减排政策制定中亟待考虑的问题。利用1990~2010年,长三角的能源经济样本数据,使用ARDL模型和格兰杰因果检验模型（Granger）定量的研究了上述几个因素之间的关系。研究发现：当碳排放量、能源消费和经济增长分别为回归变量时,均存在其它解释变量和每个回归变量间的长期稳定的协整关系。在长期关系中,存在经济增长对碳排放量的负向弹性影响。能源消费对经济增长的影响为正,能源消费每增长1%,经济增长0.67%。碳排放量对经济增长的长期影响为负,碳排放量每增长1%,经济则减少0.49%。Granger因果关系的研究表明：滞后长度分别为3,4时,存在从经济增长到能源消费和碳排放量倒的单向因果关系。不存在从能源消费和碳排放量到经济增长的单向因果关系,且亦不存在碳排放量和能源消费的双向因果关系。在长三角,制定和实施适当的节能减排政策将不会阻碍该地区经济增长。节能减排政策的制定,应首先考虑能源结构优化,降低长三角高碳能源的消费比重     

Spatial and temporal variation of energy carbon emissions in Yantai from 2001 to 2011

In order to understand the characteristics of spatial and temporal variation, as well as provide effective ideas on carbon emissions and regulatory policy in Yantai, this article analyzed spatial and temporal variation of carbon emissions in Yantai based on energy consumption statistics for a variety of energy sorts together with industrial sectors from 2001 to 2011. The results were as following: First of all, Yantai’s carbon emissions grew by an average of 5.5% per year during the last 10 years, and there was a peak of 10.48 million carbon in the year of 2011. Second, compared with the gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate, the figures for energy carbon emissions growth rate were smaller; however the problem of carbon emissions were still more obvious. Furthermore, carbon emissions in Yantai increased rapidly before 2008; while after 2008, it increased more slowly and gradually become stable. Third, the energy consumption was different among regions in Yantai. For instance, the energy consumption in Longkou city was the largest, which occupied 50% of the total carbon emissions in Yantai; and the energy consumption in Chang Island was generally less than 1% of the Longkou consumption. Finally, there were relative close relationships among the spatial difference of carbon emissions, regional resources endowment, economic development, industrial structure, and energy efficiency.     

Threshold effects of renewable energy consumption on economic growth under energy transformation

China proposed that non-fossil energy consumption account for 20% in total energy consumption. EU increased the target of renewable energy consumption share from 27% to 35% in 2030.Energy transformation and increasing renewable energy consumption are important energy strategies for all countries at present. Then, is the impact of renewable energy consumption on economic growth positive or negative? Are there any differences in the direction or magnitude of the impact among countries or regions, and what are the determinants behind them? We apply panel threshold effect model to test threshold effects of renewable energy consumption on economic growth of EU. Empirical result shows: first, the impact of renewable energy consumption on economic growth is negative. Second, renewable energy consumption has significant threshold effects on economic growth. Third, now, energy consumption intensity and GDP per capita of most EU members are in the appropriate threshold regimes. In contrast, more and more EU members are in the high-subsidy group. Fourth, the average annual growth rates of renewable energy consumption showed no significant difference between high-subsidy and lowsubsidy countries from 1990 to 2014. Therefore, subsidy with high economic cost is not the onlyeffective means to increase renewable energy consumption.     

安徽省城市化进程中的碳排放影响因素研究——基于STIRPAT模型

通过对安徽省2000~2011年能源消费碳排放量及碳排放强度进行了测算分析,并基于STIRPAT模型,运用因子主成分回归方法,构建影响城市化进程中碳排放增长的驱动因子模型,对城市化进程中碳排放影响因子进行定量分析研究。研究表明：安徽省2000~2011年能源消费碳排放量呈逐年递增态势,碳排放强度和能源强度均逐年递减态势;安徽省在城市化快速进程中,第二产业产值、第三产业产值、城镇人口比重、城镇建成区面积、城镇居民人均可支配收入每增加1%时,碳排放总量将增加1.208 8%、0.202 0%、0.502 3%、4.793 8%、1.066 0%;当能源强度每下降1%时,碳排放总量将减少0.120 2%;城镇建成区面积扩张、工业化水平提升促进了能源的消耗,成为碳排放的主要驱动因素。鉴于此,提出严格控制城市发展用地规模、通过科技创新推动能源利用效率提高及开发利用新能源、优化产业结构及提高三次产业占GDP比重、建设紧凑型低碳城市、倡导低碳绿色生态的生产消费模式等政策建议,为实现建设生态文明以及实现“生态安徽”与“美丽安徽”目标提供科学依据,也可为中尺度（省级行政区）城市化进程中碳排放的研究提供示范     

江苏农村地区能源消费与可持续发展

江苏是中国经济发展较为迅速的省份 ,为了研究农村地区经济发展过程中能源消费的变化规律 ,本文在大量调查数据分析的基础上 ,对江苏农村地区乡镇工业、农村生活和农业生产能源消费水平和结构及其发展变化进行了研究 ,提出了农村地区能源问题的可持续发展战略     

Study on the Dynamic Relationship Between Economic Growth and China Energy Based on Cointegration Analysis and Impulse Response Function

In recent years, China's economy has been growing rapidly and caused a dramatic increase to energy demand. To investigate the dynamic relationship between economic growth and China energy, a cointegration analysis and an error-correction model are used in this study to examine the long-term equilibrium relationship between gross domestic product (GDP) and energy production (EP) and energy consumption over the period 1980 to 2005. The results indicate that the two variables are cointegrated, but specifically, the growth of GDP forcefully drives energy to increase while energy has a little effect on GDP. Furthermore, the impulse response function is used to trace the dynamic response paths of shocks to the system. As a result of recent energy-saving policy, EP and consumption present a sinusoidal growth with a lag length of 2-3 years. The policy implication of this finding is that through the measures of controlling economic growing speed and conducting energy-saving policy continuously, the target of reducing energy intensity for 20% is not difficult to achieve.     

Pollutant emissions,energy consumption and economic development in China:Evidence from dynamic panel data

This study investigates the relationship among pollutant emissions,energy consumption and economic development in China during the period 1982-2007 by using a one-step GMM-system model under a multivariable panel VAR framework,controlling for capital stock and labor force.Regarding the data for all 28 provinces as a whole,we find that there is a unidirectional positive relationship running from pollutant emission to economic development and a unidirectional negative relationship between pollutant emission and energy consumption.Based on traditional economic planning,the panel data of28 provinces are divided into two cross-province groups.It is discovered that in the eastern coastal region of China,there is only a unidirectional positive causal relationship leading from economic development to pollutant emission;while in the central and western regions,there are the unidirectional Granger causal relationships between pollutant emission and energy consumption,as well as between pollutant emission and economic development.There is also a unique unidirectional causal relationship running from economic development to energy consumption,which does not appear in the eastem coastal region or in China as a whole.     

中国典型资源型地区能源消耗与经济增长动态关系研究

随着国内外经济环境的复杂变化,中国资源型地区经济结构转型困难加剧。对资源型地区能源消耗与经济增长之间的关系进行研究,可以帮助该类型地区厘清经济发展过程中的能源消耗现状,对于优化资源型地区经济转型之路具有重要现实意义。本文以中国典型资源型地区山西省、黑龙江省、吉林省、辽宁省为例,选取1985—2014年数据,利用格兰杰因果分析对研究区能源消耗与经济增长之间的动态关系进行了研究。研究结果表明:1山西省表现出从经济增长到能源消耗的单向因果关系,黑龙江省与辽宁省表现出从能源消耗到经济增长的单向因果关系,吉林省表现出能源消耗与经济增长的双向因果关系;2山西省、黑龙江省、辽宁省都表现出从煤炭消耗到经济增长的单向因果关系,吉林省表现出煤炭消耗到经济增长的双向因果关系;3典型资源型地区都表现出从能源消耗到煤炭消耗的单向因果关系。4资源型地区转型务必将落实供给侧改革摆在发展首位。山西省应在提高能源使用效率的基础上选择集约化、低载能的新兴产业,黑龙江省与辽宁省应加大新能源的开发与产业化进程,产业应向高端装备制造业、现代服务业等产品附加值高、能源消耗少、环境污染小的产业转型,吉林省的重工业发展要以油气能源替代煤炭资源,在降低产业能耗的同时加速扶持已经相对成熟的替代产业,减少产业转型对于地区经济产生的负面影响。     

Energy consumption,emissions and economic growth in Bahrain

This study examines the Granger causality relationships between economic growth, energy consumption and emissions, from 1980 to 2007 in Bahrain, controlling for capital and urban population using Toda and Yamamoto’s approach. It was found that there is unilateral causality which runs from urban population, economic growth, capital and energy consumption to environment. Further, we found strong support for causality running from economic growth to energy consumption, emissions and capital. The existence of these linkages suggests that the government of Bahrain may pursue energy efficiency strategies and carbon emissions reduction policy in the long run without impeding economic growth. Additionally, the long run pursuit of high economic growth given sustained increases in energy efficiency may also reduce CO₂ emissions intensity per unit of her GDP.     

城市居民生活能源消费研究进展综述

近十年来中国城市消费领域能耗年增长率已达到7.4%,超过中国总能耗量5.9%的年增长率。随着中国逐渐完成工业化进程,其工业用能将呈现增速放缓甚至总量减少的趋势,而居民生活及交通能源需求将随着人民生活水平提高而稳步增长,最终呈现总量与比重逐渐增加的态势。城市居民活动与其能源消费的定量化分析已成为当前多学科的研究热点。本文以家庭室内和室外直接能源消费作为研究对象,对城市居民生活能耗的影响因素、能源足迹核算方法、时间-室内能耗模拟,及空间-交通-能源耦合模拟等关键问题的研究进展进行综述。研究发现,第一,家庭能源消费属于派生性需求,不同的时间利用方式会产生能源消费水平和结构上的差异,但现有研究较少从时间及活动链分析角度展开。第二,由于家庭预算及时间约束的存在,室内外能源消费行为密切相关,但少有研究对上述两个城市生活部门的能源消费进行整体性分析核算。第三,基于活动的建模方法可以提供一种将居民室内外用能行为进行整合的分析框架。最后对今后该领域的研究开展进行了展望:第一,从活动分析和时间利用视角,建立自下而上的居民室内外用能活动仿真模型,在更小的时间和空间尺度模拟家庭能源需求,识别家庭能耗的主要来源、控制的重点人群、时段和区域,指导能源政策制定;第二,深入剖析能源回弹效应产生的决策机理,以及怎样的政策或政策组合可以有效减少回弹;第三,将社会网络分析引入居民生活能耗研究,更加全面理解影响家庭用能行为的机制,为家庭能源消费管理提供新思路。     

基于EMD的中国经济增长与能源消费的关系

能源消费对我国经济、社会实现可持续和谐发展起着重要作用,但理论上二者之间的关系并不明确。利用matlab 70软件,通过经验模态分解（EMD）方法对我国 1954~2007年能源消费年增长速度、GDP增长速度进行分析,旨在系统说明我国经济增长与能源消费之间的内在关系,更能体现出经济增长同能源消费增长之间的动态关系,同时也为研究长时间序列的动态变化提供一个全新的研究方法。通过EMD方法,将研究对象的不同时间尺度的波动或趋势逐级分解开来,产生一系列具有不同特征尺度的本征模函数（IMF）,得到系统在不同时间尺度下的演化曲线,可以将这些曲线看成是系统的特解。通过对我国近 54 a 的资料进行EMD分析,结果表明：（1）我国能源消费增长由4个IMF分量及趋势项构成,GDP增长由3个IMF分量和趋势项组成。（2）对于短周期的高频波动,能源消费增长与经济增长之间是高度一致的。（3）对于中尺度的周期波动,能源消费表现出一定的滞后性,平均滞后 1~3 a。（4）从大尺度的周期波动来看,经济增长表现出一定的滞后性,平均滞后 3~5 a,表现出能源对经济的约束作用。     

基于混合生命周期方法的私人电动汽车温室气体排放研究

近年来,电动汽车因其在行驶过程中无任何尾气排放,被各国政府视为推动交通部门清洁、低碳发展的重要途径,主要发达国家纷纷推出了各自的电动汽车发展战略。但是,由于电力属于二次能源,其上游电力生产阶段的能源消费是否清洁将对电动汽车的减排效果产生重要影响。考虑到目前中国绝大部分电力源于煤炭,电动汽车是否真正有益于减排还有待进一步验证。目前一些专家和学者基于传统的过程生命周期评价方法对电动汽车的能源消费、温室气体排放做了一些研究,但研究结果差异较大。为了对电动汽车的减排效果进行更精确的研究,本文采用混合生命周期方法对电动汽车的能源消费、温室气体排放进行了计算。同时,在考虑电动汽车的燃料生命周期、车辆制造生命周期的基础上,将相关配套充电设施建设生命周期纳入到电动汽车的全生命周期系统边界内,以使对电动汽车全生命周期的研究结果更加完整、精确。研究结果显示,纯电动汽车并非是"零排放"的,在燃料周期,虽然纯电动汽车的单位里程能源消费强度较小,约为传统汽油车的94.6%,但以煤为主的高碳电力结构导致目前纯电动汽车燃料周期的单位里程温室气体排放强度约为传统汽油车的1.12倍;车辆周期内,纯电动汽车的能源消费和温室气体排放量也略高于传统汽油车;此外,配套充电设施的建设也将增加纯电动汽车全生命周期的能源消费和温室气体排放量。综合燃料、车辆及充电设备的全生命周期,在当前的电源结构及技术条件下,电动汽车虽然具有较高的能源效率和较好的石油替代效果,但其全生命周期内的煤炭消费较高,导致其温室气体排放量高于传统汽油车,在当前的情况下大规模发展电动汽车并不利于温室气体减排。     

GDP与能源消费之间的关系研究

选取中国1985-2009年能源消费总量与GDP的年度数据作为研究样本,运用Eviews对时间序列的GDP和能源消费总量进行单位根检验、协整检验、Engle-Grange因果关系检验.结果发现,GDP、能源消费总量的二阶差分在5%的显著性水平下是平稳的;GDP、能源消费总量在5%的显著性水平下,存在协整关系;Engle-Grange因果检验结果显示,在5%的显著性水平下,GDP与能源消费的因果影响关系不明显,但长期能源消费对GDP存在单向因果关系.从研究的结论来看,GDP增长引起能源需求和消费内生性的增长,减少能源的消费不影响产出、就业、收入的增长.要解决我国目前经济发展过程中诸多矛盾,使经济持续发展,首先,必须积极开发新能源、提高能源利用效率、调整能源战略、实施能源保护和节能政策来弥补我国能源短缺,提供充足的能源供给作为保障.其次,要转变经济增长方式、调整产业结构,尤其是工业结构;加快技术创新、发展高新技术产业和知识密集型产业,使我国经济发展摆脱对能源的依赖.     

中国城乡居民食品消费变化趋势分析

基于能值理论,对比动物性荤食和植物性素食重量形态、能量形态和能值形态的数量关系,定量分析我国城乡居民食品消费的变化趋势及特征。研究表明: 2010年我国城乡居民热量、重量和能值形态的动物性荤食分别占食品消费总量的1190%、911%和7029%,一方面我国城乡居民食品消费中动物性荤食的重量形态和能量形态的数值远低于其植物性素食,说明我国城乡居民食品消费仍然以素食消费为主,另一方面其动物性荤食的能值形态数值已经远超其植物性素食,表明其居民食物消费方式已经向营养均衡多样化方向演替,畜牧业的健康发展是保障居民食品消费和国家粮食安全的重要部分。2010年城镇和农村居民荤食消费能值分别为110 E+15和631 E+14 sej,分别是其素食消费的172和079倍,说明我国城乡居民食品消费整体还表现出二元性特征,按城乡居民荤素食品结构变化演变趋势可推断城乡食品消费品质相差约20 a,并且近年来城乡人均食品消费结构差异程度呈逐年增加的趋势,同时农民且有农产品生产者和消费者的双重身份,因此相对而言农村居民对食品消费的增长趋势更加稳定。又由于相同数量的动物性荤食在生产过程中需要占用更多的农业资源,因此我国城乡居民食品消费变化对其农业生产和粮食安全生产必将产生更大的压力     

Economic growth and energy consumption in Iran: an ARDL approach including renewable and non-renewable energies

Iran experiences a high level of energy consumption which is threatening not only economically but also politically and environmentally. This study aims to estimate the relationship between the economic growth with the various kinds of energies, non-hydroelectric, renewable, non-renewable, and total energies in Iran during 1967–2012, using an autoregressive distributed lags (ARDL) model. The results show the ineffective relationship between the economic growth and energy consumption in Iran, considering non-hydroelectric energy, renewable energy, non-renewable energy, and total energy, one by one as the energy proxy. It implies the ineffectiveness of both the quantitative and qualitative deflationary policies over the energy sector. In another word, neither decreasing energy consumption nor changing energy portfolio affects the economic growth. Therefore, the policy makers are advised to formulate those policies which reduce the quantity of energy consumption or increase the segment of renewable energies in the portfolio of energy consumption because they do not lead to the considerable negative consequence on the economic growth, while they increase both the environmental quality and energy security.     

Improving the efficiency of free-jet scrubbers

A free-jet scrubber is an innovative gas cleaner in which the primary liquid/gas contacting takes place in the turbulent mixing zone emanating from a jet nozzle. The first such devices, powered by supersonic steam or air ejectors, were exceptionally effective cleaners but were criticized as being high-energy users. A great reduction in the energy consumption of free-jet scrubbers has been accomplished in the last four years, a feat which may seem in contradiction to the “contacting power rule.” An explanation of what is happening in these devices must take into account the effectiveness with which energy and water are utilized. thereby leading one to a somewhat circular definition of “effective contacting power.” The theoretical implication of this analysis is primarily to remind us that there are many paths between two states and some are more energy efficient than others. The practical value is that such analysis generates information which aids in choosing between several design options, a direct benefit of the various free-jet configurations.     

基于Logistic模型的中国各省碳排放预测

在“碳排放量与能源消费成正比”假设的基础上,对中国30个省区2011～2020年碳排放进行了预测。首先对中国30个省区1987～2010年的历史累计排放量和人均累计排放量进行计算,依据历史累计排放量和人均累计排放量两个指标,运用K-均值聚类分析法将中国各省区碳排放分成了5类。分别绘出5类区域中各省的历年碳排放量曲线,并进行数据分析,发现：以2002年为界线,2002年前后两个时段中国各省区碳排放变化差异很大。这一现象说明2002年以前的各省碳排放趋势并不能表征未来年份各省的碳排放。在此结论的基础上,构建了碳排放量增长的Logistic预测模型,并以2002～2010年碳排放数据为样本数据,对2011～2020年中国各省区碳排放进行了预测。为了验证预测模型的精确性,利用Logistic预测模型对中国30个省区2002～2010年的碳排放进行了预测,并将预测值与实际排放值进行比较发现,除了宁夏自治区的误差达1458%外,其他地区的误差均在7%以下。除宁夏外的中国各省区预测误差的平均值为622%,由此验证了Logistic预测模型的精确性。同时,也说明对中国30个省区2011～2020年碳排放的预测值具有较高的可信性。本研究为中国各省未来碳排放政策的制定提供了方法与数据支持     

基于STIRPAT模型的甘肃省环境影响分析

能源短缺已成为全球资源环境的主要问题之一,辩明人类活动各因素对能源消费的影响程度,并据此制定和实施可持续的能源消费政策是当前的研究热点。以STIRPAT模型为分析工具,以甘肃省1991～2009年能源消费总量为环境影响指标,分解了人文因素对环境影响的作用大小。结果表明,富裕程度的提高和城市化进程的推进都能够加剧环境的恶化,而且城市化对环境影响的弹性系数是富裕对环境影响弹性系数的278倍。在观测数据范围内,尚未出现环境Kuznets曲线的拐点,仍然处于曲线的上升段。居民消费结构的多样化有利于降低能源消费,其对环境影响的抑制作用略低于富裕对环境影响的加剧作用。最后讨论了STIRPAT模型的优缺点,并指出甘肃省主要相关因子对环境影响的作用机理还有待更深一步的研究