Implementing nanoparticles for competitive drinking water purification

Environmental Chemistry Letters - The implementation of nanotechnology in drinking water treatment is a very promising field for applied research. A major part of this effort focuses on the...     

Polysulfide nanoparticles-reduced graphene oxide composite aerogel for efficient solar-driven water purification

Along with the environmental pollution, the scarcity of clean water seriously threatens the sustainable development of human society.Recently, the rapid development of solar evaporators has injected new vitality into the field of water purification. However, the industry faces a considerable challenge of achieving comprehensive purification of ions, especially the efficient removal of mercury ions. In this work, we introduce an ideal mercury-removal platform based on facilely and cost-effectivel...     

A hybrid fuel cell for water purification and simultaneously electricity generation

● A novel hybrid fuel cell (F-HFC) was fabricated. ● Pollutant degradation and synchronous electricity generation occurred in F-HFC. ● BiOCl-NH₄PTA photocatalyst greatly improved electron transfer and charge separation. ● Pollutant could act as substrate directly in ambient conditions without pretreatment. ● The mechanism of the F-HFC was proposed and elucidated. The development of highly efficient energy conversion technologies to extract energy from wastewater is urgently needed, especially in facing of increasing energy and environment burdens. Here, we successfully fabricated a novel hybrid fuel cell with BiOCl-NH₄PTA as photocatalyst. The polyoxometalate (NH₄PTA) act as the acceptor of photoelectrons and could retard the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes, which lead to superior photocatalytic degradation. By utilizing BiOCl-NH₄PTA as photocatalysts and Pt/C air-cathode, we successfully constructed an electron and mass transfer enhanced photocatalytic hybrid fuel cell with flow-through field (F-HFC). In this novel fuel cell, dyes and biomass could be directly degraded and stable power output could be obtained. About 87 % of dyes could be degraded in 30 min irradiation and nearly 100 % removed within 90 min. The current density could reach up to ~267.1 μA/cm²; with maximum power density (P_max) of ~16.2 μW/cm² with Rhodamine B as organic pollutant in F-HFC. The power densities were 9.0 μW/cm², 12.2 μW/cm², and 13.9 μW/cm² when using methyl orange (MO), glucose and starch as substrates, respectively. This hybrid fuel cell with BiOCl-NH₄PTA composite fulfills the purpose of decontamination of aqueous organic pollutants and synchronous electricity generation. Moreover, the novel design cell with separated photodegradation unit and the electricity generation unit could bring potential practical application in water purification and energy recovery from wastewater.     

复合前置库技术对水体净化效果

对位于山东中南部的云蒙湖前置库系统进行了全年跟踪监测,通过春夏秋冬四季的数据反映了具体研究概况,原位监测前置库系统沉淀区、浅水生态净化区和深水生态净化区对水体氮磷及藻类的去除率,反映了复合前置库技术对水体的净化效率,结果表明：前置库系统全年对水体具有良好的净化效果,水体中氮磷等营养物质及藻类密度在流经前置库各系统过程中均呈下降趋势,前置库系统对水体总磷（TP）,溶解性活性磷（SRP）,颗粒态磷（PP）,总氮（TN）,硝态氮（NO3--N）,氨氮（NH3+-N）,藻类的净化率平均分别为47.83%,56.92%,46.94%,34.73%,33.40%,55.71%,34.41%。各净化区对水体氮磷及藻类的去除效果存在差异,相对其他区域前置库浅水生态净化区对水体净化效率较高。PP 的含量在深水生态净化区由于水体的风浪扰动等作用呈上升趋势。植物生长将氮磷富集于体内是对水体净化的一个主要原因。     

Bioinspired and biomimetic membranes for water purification and chemical separation: A review

•The history of biological and artificial water channels is reviewed. •A comprehensive channel characterization platform is introduced. •Rationale designs and fabrications of biomimetic membranes are summarized. •The advantages, limitations, and challenges of biomimetic membranes are discussed. •The prospect and scalable solutions of biomimetic membranes are discussed. Bioinspired and biomimetic membranes that contain biological transport channels or attain their structural designs from biological systems have been through a remarkable development over the last two decades. They take advantage of the exceptional transport properties of those channels, thus possess both high permeability and selectivity, and have emerged as a promising solution to existing membranes. Since the discovery of biological water channel proteins aquaporins (AQPs), extensive efforts have been made to utilize them to make separation membranes–AQP-based membranes, which have been commercialized. The exploration of AQPs’ unique structures and transport properties has resulted in the evolution of biomimetic separation materials from protein-based to artificial channel-based membranes. However, large-scale, defect-free biomimetic membranes are not available yet. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art biomimetic membranes and summarizes the latest research progress, platform, and methodology. Then it critically discusses the potential routes of this emerging area toward scalable applications. We conclude that an appropriate combination of bioinspired concepts and molecular engineering with mature polymer industry may lead to scalable polymeric membranes with intrinsic selective channels, which will gain the merit of both desired selectivity and scalability.     

Hybrid energy harvesting systems for self-powered sustainable water purification by harnessing ambient energy

● Energy harvesters harness multiple energies for self-powered water purification. ● Hybrid energy harvesters enable continuous output under fluctuating conditions. ● Mechanical, thermal, and solar energies enable synergic harvesting. ● Perspectives of hybrid energy harvester-driven water treatment are proposed. The development of self-powered water purification technologies for decentralized applications is crucial for ensuring the provision of drinking water in resource-limited regions. The elimination of the dependence on external energy inputs and the attainment of self-powered status significantly expands the applicability of the treatment system in real-world scenarios. Hybrid energy harvesters, which convert multiple ambient energies simultaneously, show the potential to drive self-powered water purification facilities under fluctuating actual conditions. Here, we propose recent advancements in hybrid energy systems that simultaneously harvest various ambient energies (e.g., photo irradiation, flow kinetic, thermal, and vibration) to drive water purification processes. The mechanisms of various energy harvesters and point-of-use water purification treatments are first outlined. Then we summarize the hybrid energy harvesters that can drive water purification treatment. These hybrid energy harvesters are based on the mechanisms of mechanical and photovoltaic, mechanical and thermal, and thermal and photovoltaic effects. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the potential for advancing beyond the current state-of-the-art of hybrid energy harvester-driven water treatment processes. Future endeavors should focus on improving catalyst efficiency and developing sustainable hybrid energy harvesters to drive self-powered treatments under unstable conditions (e.g., fluctuating temperatures and humidity).     

Selection and characterization of eight freshwater green algae strains for synchronous water purification and lipid production

The objective of this study is to select and characterize the candidate for synchronous water purification and lipid production from eight freshwater microalgae strains (Chlorella sp. HQ, C. emersonii, C. pyrenoidosa, C. vulgaris, Scenedesmus dimorphus, S. quadricauda, S. obiquus, Scenedesmus sp. LX1). The strains Chlorella sp. HQ, C. pyrenoidesa, and S. obliquus showed superiority in biomass accumulation, while the top biomass producers did not correspond to the top lipid producers. S. quadricauda achieved higher lipid content (66.1%), and Chlorella sp. HQ and S. dimorphus ranked down in sequence, with lipid content above 30%. Considering nutrient removal ability (total nitrogen (TN): 52.97%; total phosphorus (TP): 84.81%), the newly isolated microalga Chlorella sp. HQ was the possible candidate for water purification coupled with lipid production. To further investigate the lipid producing and nutrient removal mechanism of candidate microalga, the ultra structural changes especially the lipid droplets under different water qualities (different TN and TP concentrations) were characterized. The results elucidate the nutrient-deficiency (TN: 3.0 mg·L^–1; TP: 0.3 mg·L^–1) condition was in favor of forming lipid bodies in Chlorella sp. HQ at the subcellular level, while the biomass production was inhibited due to the decrease in chloroplast number which could further suppress the nutrient removal effect. Finally, a twophase cultivation process (a nutrient replete phase to produce biomass followed by a nutrient deplete phase to enhance lipid content) was conducted in a photo-bioreactor for Chlorella sp. HQ to serve for algae-based synchronous biodiesel production and wastewater purification.     

Environmental applications of two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides for water purification: a review

Environmental pollution requires advanced methods and materials to clean drinking water. In particular, 2D transition metal carbides, named MXenes, display unique properties such as specific surface area, surface functional groups, conductivity, and antibacterial effects. Here, we review the applications of MXenes for water purification, and the factors controlling the efficiency of MXenes. We present the history of MXenes and focus on applications for adsorption, capacitive deionization, membranes, and catalysis.

     

人工湿地系统对含沼液畜禽废水净化效果试验研究

为了考察人工湿地处理含沼液畜禽废水的可行性,采用水平潜流人工湿地对含沼液畜禽废水进行处理实验。试验结果表明：在进水流量1.5 m3.d-1,水平潜流人工湿地系统对含沼液畜禽废水具有较好的处理效果。废水中COD、TP、TN和NH4＋-N浊度平均去除率分别为59.21%、53.80%、55.09%和55.57%.另外,通过对人工湿地沿程的污染物变化试验分析表明,人工湿地系统对污染物的降解是沿人工湿地水流方向逐渐降低的。     

Cross-stacked super-aligned carbon nanotube/activated carbon composite electrodes for efficient water purification via capacitive deionization enhanced ultrafiltration

• A high-performance electrode was prepared with super-aligned carbon nanotubes. • SACNT/AC electrode achieved a ~100% increase in desalination capacity and rate. • SACNT/AC electrode achieved a ~26% increase in charge efficiency. • CUF process with SACNT/AC achieved an up to 2.43-fold fouling reduction. • SACNT/AC imparts overall improved water purification efficiency. The practical application of the capacitive deionization (CDI) enhanced ultrafiltration (CUF) technology is hampered due to low performance of electrodes. The current study demonstrated a novel super-aligned carbon nanotube (SACNT)/activated carbon (AC) composite electrode, which was prepared through coating AC on a cross-stacked SACNT film. The desalination capability and water purification performance of the prepared electrode were systematically investigated at different applied voltages (0.8–1.2 V) with a CDI system and a CUF system, respectively. In the CDI tests, as compared with the control AC electrode, the SACNT/AC electrode achieved an approximately 100% increase in both maximum salt adsorption capacity and average salt adsorption rate under all the applied voltage conditions, demonstrating a superior desalination capability. Meanwhile, a conspicuous increase by an average of ~26% in charge efficiency was also achieved at all the voltages. In the CUF tests, as compared with the control run at 0 V, the treatment runs at 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 V achieved a 2.40-fold, 2.08-fold, and 2.43-fold reduction in membrane fouling (calculated according to the final transmembrane pressure (TMP) data at the end of every purification stage), respectively. The average TMP increasing rates at 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 V were also roughly two times smaller than that at 0 V, indicating a dramatical reduction of membrane fouling. The SACNT/AC electrode also maintained its superior desalination capability in the CUF process, resulting in an overall improved water purification efficiency.     

表流湿地土壤因素对微污染水净化作用

为了研究人工湿地土壤在处理微污染原水的作用,在济南玉清湖水库建立土壤空白床进行实验研究.结果表明,在排除了植物因子的前提下,人工湿地的土壤-微生物系统对微污染原水中COD平均去除率达到46.67%、对TN的平均去除率为34.86%、对NH4 -N的平均去除率分别达到39.83、对TP的平均去除率达到45.12%.系统不同单位区段对微污染原水中的COD、TN、NH4 -N、TP去除率存在差异,在第一个单位区段的处理效率最高,分别为21.5%、18.32%、19.85%和16.64%,远大于第二、三、四区段.另外,土壤吸收附磷的过程中存在着积累现象.而且,系统处理效率受温度影响显著,随着温度的降低,污染物去除率也下降.     

A technology for the treatment of olive-mill waste water in a continuously fed plant

A bench-scale pilot plant has been developed for the treatment of olive-mill water. The plant is fed in a continuous mode and implements a primary treatment (sand filtering and irradiation with UV-rays) and a secondary treatment (anoxic and aerobic biological treatment). Satisfactory results were obtained and the treated green water falls under the limits of the Italian legislation. Veratric and ferulic acid biodegradation were studied under anoxic conditions in order to verify the requirements for optimal biodegradation. Electronic Publication     

Evaluation of biological water purification functions of inland lakes using an aquatic ecosystem model

An effective measure to cope with eutrophication of lakes is to remove nutrients that can cause algal blooming by taking advantage of natural water purification processes. Here the term “purification” is defined, in a wide sense, as the potential role of a water body to contribute to the reduction of pollutants and thus controlling eutrophication. Also regarded as a kind of ecological regulating services, biological purification involves various processes concerning seasonal nutrient fixation, such as uptake by aquatic macrophytes, biofouling onto foliage substrates, feeding by organisms in higher trophic level, and eternal loss or removal of substance from the water. In order to evaluate the water purification ability, a numerical lake ecosystem model highlighting the role of macrophyte colonies in the shore zone was developed and applied to Lakes Suwa, Kasumi and Biwa, as well as five small lakes attached to Lake Biwa.     

PM_(2.5)水溶性重金属元素在线监测技术的研究和初步应用

利用气体和气溶胶捕集系统(GAC),与伏安极谱分析仪(VA)的联用,自行研制了一套大气PM_(2.5)水溶性重金属元素在线监测系统(GAC—DPASV),实现了水溶性元素Zn、Cd、Pb、Cu的富集与检测,并对系统各部分的原理和结构进行了描述.该系统时间分辨率为0.5 h,采样时间为15 min,GAC捕集液进样量为5 m L,样品计量进样装置和DPASV检测装置分析时间为30 min.通过一系列参数优化,确定了系统最佳运行条件;混合标液的标定结果显示,Zn、Cd、Pb、Cu的线性相关系数(R2)均在0.987—0.999之间,大气质量浓度最低检出限分别为7.17、0.92、4.25、2.13 ng·m-3;Zn、Cd、Pb、Cu加标回收率分别为114%、103%、111%、96%,Cd测量准确度最高,测量精密度均小于8%,表明整个系统的重现性及准确度良好.在线应用结果表明联用系统能够连续在线自动监测,且Zn、Cd、Pb、Cu水溶性含量受到降雨冲刷影响较大.     

化学剂量法原理及其在水处理紫外线技术研究中的应用

本文详细介绍了化学剂量法的工作原理,并推导了两种典型化学感光剂测定不同紫外反应设备内紫外强度的计算公式.其中,KI/KIO_3感光剂适用于测定包括准平行光束仪在内的紫外设备内的入射紫外强度,阿特拉津感光剂适用于测定环形反应器等紫外设备内的平均紫外强度,但不同透光条件下的平均紫外强度还需要结合全吸收感光剂(如KI/KIO_3)来综合计算得到.本文可以很好地增加研究人员对化学剂量法的理解,提高水处理紫外线技术研究过程中紫外强度及紫外剂量测定的准确性,从而获取可靠的目标污染物的紫外降解反应动力学参数.     

垂直潜流人工湿地净化北方微污染水体试验研究

为研究垂直潜流人工湿地对北方微污染水体中COD、氮和磷的去除效果及去除机理,在室内选用混合土(由炉渣与种植土按比例混合而成)、石英砂和陶粒作为填料,以天津当地常见植物黄花鸢尾为植被构建了垂直潜流人工湿地处理微污染景观湖水和雨季的初期雨水;除冬季冰封期暂停运行外,通过对系统不同季节运行数据的分析,考察了不同季节环境条件下垂直潜流人工湿地对我国北方城市微污染水体的净化效果及影响因素。结果表明:不同季节条件下,该系统对污染物均有着良好的去除效果和抗冲击负荷能力。微污染景观水和雨季初期雨水经垂直潜流人工湿地系统处理后,出水COD、NH4+-N及TP的质量浓度可分别优于GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》的IV类、III类和II类水质标准(研究阶段进水TP≤0.80 mg·L-1),COD、NH4+-N和TP的阶段平均去除率最高可分别达80%、91%和82%;TN的去除效果受季节变化波动较大,阶段平均去除率在32%~78%,温度较低季节或原水水质较差时有待处理水回流或辅加其他技术手段以提高脱氮效果。垂直潜流人工湿地对北方微污染水体有着较好的净化效果,能够有效地预防地表水体富营养化的发生,有利于城市水环境质量的改善和水资源的循环利用,具有良好的发展应用前景。     

膜生物反应器处理高氨氮废水

试验采用MBR处理高氨氮废水,重点分析了氨氮、有机物的去除以及膜比通量变化等。结果表明,工艺运行稳定,出水氨氮平均浓度低于3mg/L,MBR能够抵抗有机物冲击负荷,氨氮容积负荷可以达到1.11kgNH3-N/(m3·d)。在整个运行期间膜比通量下降比较缓慢,分析认为是高曝气量、低碳氮比以及自养菌的优势生长起了主要作用。     

膜生物反应器脱氮除磷工艺的研究进展

膜生物反应器是近年新发展起来的高效污水处理工艺,文章重点介绍了膜生物反应器的脱氮除磷工艺;单一反应器间歇曝气膜生物反应器工艺和A/O形式的膜生物反应器工艺。总结了国内外研究的工艺特点、技术参数和处理效果。分析了技术参数,运行方式对处理效果的影响,提出了今后研究方向和应用前景。     

白洋淀芦苇型水陆交错带水化学动态及其净化功能研究

于2007年3月-11月对富营养化湖泊一白洋淀进行了现场调查,分析了温度、溶解氧（DO）、叶绿素、总磷（TP）及其他水化学指标的动态变化规律,并讨论了它们之间的相互关系。结果表明：白洋淀芦苇（Phragmites australis var．baiyangdiansis）型水陆交错带对营养物质具有强烈的截留作用,可以达到净化白洋淀水体的效果。从水质指标的空间分布看,污染较重的府河河口区域其水体TP、化学需氧量（CODc,）含量明显高于污染较轻的湖泊中心区域,空间梯度上呈逐步递减趋势。根据水体盐度、总溶解性固体、TP及DO含量进行聚类分析,可以将采样点分为3类：Ⅰ区、污染较重河口区域;Ⅱ区、中间过渡缓冲区域;Ⅲ区、污染较轻中心区域。Ⅰ区其水体DO含量明显低于Ⅲ区,而水体盐度则明显高于Ⅲ区。通过调查发现：在8月份,白洋淀水体DO含量突然增加;相关分析表明：叶绿素含量与DO（P=0．046）及温度（P〈0．01）之间呈显著正相关关系。结合叶绿素等指标的动态变化规律,8月份左右可能是白洋淀藻类爆发的危险时期。