生物膜细菌藻酸盐对Cu2+的吸附动力学研究

以生物膜中提取的细菌藻酸盐为原料制备藻酸钙为吸附剂,对水溶液中的Cu2+进行了吸附动力学研究.试验结果表明,吸附时间、溶液初始pH和吸附剂投加量对藻酸钙吸附Cu2+影响显著.当溶液初始pH为4.0、Cu2+初始质量浓度为100 mg/L、吸附剂投加量为0.7 g/L时,藻酸钙对Cu2+的平衡吸附量为56.15 mg/g.水溶液中Cu2+在藻酸钙上的吸附动力学过程可用准二级动力学方程来模拟.吸附等温线研究表明,藻酸钙吸附Cu2+的过程可用Langmuir和Freundlich模型来描述.100 mmol/L 乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)可有效解吸95.6%的Cu2+,实现Cu2+的回收与吸附剂的重复利用.     

Biosorption of Cr3+, Cd2+ and Cu2+ ions by blue-green algae Spirulina sp.: kinetics, equilibrium and the mechanism of the process

The process of biosorption of heavy metal ions (Cr3+, Cd2+, Cu2+) by blue-green algae Spirulina sp. is discussed in this paper. Spirulina sp. was found to be a very efficient biosorbent. The aim of the present study was to investigate quantitatively the potential binding sites present at the surface of Spirulina sp., using both potentiometric titrations and adsorption isotherms. The kinetic experiments showed that the process equilibrium was reached quickly, in less than 5-10 min. It was found that the equilibrium dependence between biosorption capacity and bulk metal ion concentration could be described with Langmuir equation. This suggests that the mechanism of biosorption is rather chemisorption than physical adsorption and was further confirmed by the low surface area associated with physical adsorption and by the presence of cations that appeared in the solution after biosorption. The maximum contribution of physical adsorption in the overall biosorption process was evaluated as 3.7%. It was proposed that functional groups on the cell surface contributed to the binding of metal ions by a biosorbent via equilibrium reaction. Three functional groups capable of cation exchange were identified on the cell surface. The biomass was described as weakly acidic ion exchanger. Since deprotonation of each functional group depends on pH, the process of biosorption is strongly pH-dependent. This was confirmed in the biosorption experiments carried out at different pH. The contribution of functional groups in the biosorption process was confirmed by chemical modification of the groups. Chemically blocked groups did not show neither biosorption nor ion-exchange capabilities. It has been shown that growth conditions can affect the metal adsorption properties of microalgae. The paper also discusses desorption characteristics of the biosorbent. The criteria for desorption were high elution efficiency and preservation of biosorptive properties. Desorbent that possessed these characteristics was nitric acid.     

Ionic strength effects in biosorption of metals by marine algae

Biosorption, the passive accumulation of metals by biomass, can be used as a cost-effective process for the treatment of metal polluted industrial effluents. The green alga Ulva fascia and the brown seaweeds Sargassum hemiphyllum, Petalonia fascia, and Colpomenia sinuosa were characterized in terms of their number of binding sites, their charge density and intrinsic proton binding constant (pKa) using pH titrations at different ionic strengths. The determined number of binding sites decreased in the order Petalonia > or = Sargassum > Colpomenia > Ulva. Due to their high number of binding sites Sargassum and Petalonia are most promising for biosorption applications. The decrease of proton binding with increasing ionic strength and pH as well as the increase of Cu and Ni binding with increasing pH and decreasing ionic strength could be described by the Donnan model in conjunction with an ion exchange biosorption isotherm.     

白云石矿物对水溶液中Cu2+、Pb2+吸附的动力学和热力学

采用静态实验方法研究了白云石对水溶液中Cu2+、Pb2+的吸附特性,通过批实验考察了反应时间、溶液初始浓度、pH值、离子强度、温度以及固液比等因素对吸附的影响,探讨了白云石对Cu2+、Pb2+的吸附动力学、热力学规律及其反应机制。实验结果显示:白云石对Cu2+、Pb2+的吸附在24 h达到平衡,对Pb2+的吸附量大于Cu2+,伪二级和双常数动力学方程分别能较好地拟合白云石对Cu2+、Pb2+的吸附;在一定条件下,白云石对Cu2+、Pb2+的去除率与溶液初始浓度呈反比,与固液比呈正比;吸附等温方程符合Langmuir模型,为单分子层吸附;溶液pH值对吸附行为影响显著,在溶液pH=6~7时,吸附效果最好,离子强度对吸附影响甚微;白云石对Cu2+、Pb2+的吸附属于吸热反应,反应自发进行,高温促进白云石的吸附行为。     

一株产絮酵母菌废菌体对Cd2+的吸附特性

将一株产絮酵母菌(编号B-02号)发酵后的废菌体制成生物吸附剂,研究该生物吸附剂对废水中Cd2+的生物吸附特性。结果表明:(1)pH值对Cd2+会产生较大的影响,偏酸性(pH=4～6)条件利于吸附;该吸附剂对Cd2+吸附速率较快,8～10 min就可达到吸附平衡;(2)吸附剂的吸附动力学符合二级动力学模型,吸附Cd2+的实验数据对Langmuir等温式的拟合情况良好,吸附剂吸附Cd2+的最大吸附量为70.752 mg/g。用0.5 mol/L HNO3对吸附Cd2+的酵母菌进行解吸,解吸率可达89.7%。     

一株抗Cd2+菌株的筛选及其吸附性能

Cd2+为一种毒性金属元素,为了实际解决污水中低浓度重金属污染,实现污水达标排放,通过12C6+重离子束辐照诱变技术筛选到一株耐受Cd2+的菌株C2,研究其对Cd2+的抗性和低浓度Cd2+的吸附性能表明,Cd2+浓度≤100 mg/L时,C2菌株可以生长繁殖,但随Cd2+浓度升高受到抑制;SEM分析表明,受到Cd2+胁迫时,C2产生大量胞外产物与Cd2+形成络合物;吸附过程中菌粉表面空隙得到填充,形成凸起;红外光谱分析表明,吸附过程中的主要作用基团为醇羟基O—H键、氨基和酰胺基团;C2菌粉和固定化菌球都对Cd2+有较好的吸附能力,菌粉吸附效果比固定化菌球稍好;菌粉和固定化吸附剂的最佳吸附初始pH值为5~6.0,最佳投加量分别为1.0 g/L和10 g/L(实际含菌量为1.0 g/L);Cd2+浓度在2~20mg/L时,在最佳吸附条件下,菌粉和固定化吸附剂对Cd2+的吸附率均在90%左右;2种吸附剂吸附过程与Langmuir等温模型和拟二级动力学模型拟合最佳;热力学研究表明吸附反应均能自发进行。以上研究结果表明,C2菌粉和固定化吸附剂均可用于污水中低浓度Cd2+的去除。     

非固定化和固定化啤酒酵母对Cd2+和Cu2+的吸附特性研究

对比了不同吸附剂对重金属的吸附效果,同时研究了啤酒酵母的固定化方法、菌体用量对吸附效果的影响、非固定化和固定化啤酒酵母吸附热力学特性。研究结果表明,非固定化死啤酒酵母对Cd²⁺的单位菌体吸附量是常用吸附剂活性炭的3倍;由1∶3的海藻酸钠与碱处理啤酒酵母（w/w）制得的固定化颗粒吸附效果最好;菌体用量的增加会降低单位菌体对重金属的吸附量;啤酒酵母对重金属的吸附位点有限,Cd²⁺的实际最大吸附量为13.95 mg/g,Cu²⁺为7.67 mg/     

醋酸改性纳米黑碳对Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)吸附能力的研究

用醋酸对黑碳进行改性,通过改性纳米黑碳(MBC)对Cu2+、Cd2+的吸附/解吸试验,探究MBC对Cu2+、Cd2+的吸附特性及吸附稳定性。结果表明,Cu2+和Cd2+在MBC上的吸附动力学过程可分为快吸附和慢吸附两个阶段,且MBC对Cu2+的吸附效率大于Cd2+。Cu2+和Cd2+在MBC上的吸附等温线均能用Langmuir和Freundlich方程拟合,Cu2+和Cd2+在MBC上的最大吸附量分别为13.513、11.364mg/g,且MBC对Cu2+和Cd2+均为优惠吸附。MBC上Cu2+和Cd2+的解吸量均随着吸附量的增加而增大,易解吸态Cu2+在MBC上的解吸率为6.12%~10.25%,Cd2+为9.58%~11.81%,MBC对Cu2+的吸附稳定性大于Cd2+。将醋酸改性与已有改性方法对比,表明醋酸改性条件温和、能耗低、经济环保,将有很大的研发前景。     

酸度对好氧颗粒污泥生物吸附含铅废水影响的研究

为了有效地控制铅污染,利用序批式反应器（sequencing batch reactor,SBR）培养的以醋酸钠为碳源的好氧颗粒污泥作为吸附剂,进行生物吸附含铅废水的效能和机理的研究。通过考察酸度、接触时间和Pb²⁺初始浓度等因素的影响,验证好氧颗粒污泥吸附模型,并利用不同的脱附剂,进一步解析其生物吸附的Pb²⁺。实验结果表明, 酸度是影响好氧颗粒污泥生物吸附Pb²⁺的关键因素,当初始pH为5时,好氧颗粒污泥对含铅废水生物吸附效果最好。对低浓度（0～20 mg/L）含铅废水, 10 min后可快速达到吸附平衡。好氧颗粒污泥对Pb²⁺的实测饱和吸附量为101.97±9.00 mg/g,符合朗缪尔（Langmuir）模型。好氧颗粒污泥生物吸附Pb²⁺的过程,伴随着pH值的升高和K⁺、 Ca²⁺、 Mg²⁺的释放,此现象揭示离子交换作用是好氧颗粒污泥生物吸附Pb²⁺的机理之一。此外,脱附剂HNO₃、EDTA和CaCl₂能实现Pb²⁺的回收和好氧颗粒污泥的重复利用。     

Competitive biosorption of lead, cadmium, copper, and arsenic ions using algae

The present study aims to evaluate the competitive biosorption of lead, cadmium, copper, and arsenic ions by using native algae. A series of experiments were carried out in a batch reactor to obtain equilibrium data for adsorption of single, binary, ternary, and quaternary metal solutions. The biosorption of these metals is based on ion exchange mechanism accompanied by the release of light metals such as calcium, magnesium, and sodium. Experimental parameters such as pH, initial metal concentrations, and temperature were studied. The optimum pH found for removal were 5 for Cd²⁺ and As³⁺ and 3 and 4 for Pb²⁺ and Cu²⁺, respectively. Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy analysis was used to find the effects of functional groups of algae in biosorption process. The results showed that Pb²⁺ made a greater change in the functional groups of algal biomass due to high affinity to this metal. An ion exchange model was found suitable for describing the biosorption process. The affinity constants sequence calculated for single system was K _Pb > K _Cu > K _Cd > K _As; these values reduced in binary, ternary, and quaternary systems. In addition, the experimental data showed that the biosorption of the four metals fitted well the pseudo-second-order kinetics model.     

硫酸改性麻黄废渣对Cu~(2+)的吸附研究

用硫酸对麻黄废渣进行化学改性,制备改性麻黄废渣,并用于模拟废水中Cu2+的吸附。通过扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶红外光谱仪和官能团滴定等方法对改性麻黄废渣进行表征;采用静态吸附实验,考察了溶液pH、吸附剂用量、吸附时间等对吸附效果的影响。结果表明,麻黄废渣改性后,酸性基团数量明显增加,羟基和羧基也均有大幅度的增加,表面比改性前变得粗糙和疏松多孔,表面积增大,更有利于对Cu2+的吸附。室温(25℃)下改性麻黄废渣吸附Cu2+的较佳条件为:溶液pH 5.0、吸附时间60min、改性麻黄废渣用量4g/L。改性麻黄废渣对Cu2+的吸附可以用准二级动力学方程描述,Cu2+的饱和吸附量为2.20mmol/g,与改性前(1.49mmol/g)相比有明显提高。改性麻黄废渣吸附—解吸附循环使用5次中,Cu2+的平均解吸率达到83%左右,麻黄废渣平均再生率达到94%以上,经5次循环使用,Cu2+吸附率仍可达到99.46%,说明改性麻黄废渣具有良好的重复利用性能。     

浮游球衣菌对Pb2+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Cd2+的吸附性能研究

研究了浮游球衣菌（Sphaerotilus natans）在不同吸附条件下对溶液中Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋、Zn^2＋、Cd^2＋的吸附规律。结果表明,Sphaerotilus natans对这4种重金属离子均有一定的吸附作用,并在20min内达到吸附平衡,pH对吸附过程影响较大,pH为5.5时Sphaerotilus natans对这4种金属离子的吸附效果最好,Sphaerotilus natans对它们的吸附选择性为Pb^2＋〉Cu^2＋〉Zn^2＋〉Cd^2＋,Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋能部分置换出已被菌体吸附的Zn^2＋、Cd^2＋。HCI和EDTA溶液可有效地将金属离子从菌体上解吸下来,解吸后的菌体可重复使用。     

诱导结晶法同时去除铜、锌离子

考察投药量、水力负荷、停留时间等因素,对诱导结晶反应器去除Cu2+、Zn2+效果的影响,确定最佳运行参数为：水力负荷40 m3·（m2·h）-1,结晶药剂投药量2：1,停留时间90 min。在最佳运行参数下,结晶反应器处理含铜20 mg·L-1,含锌10 mg·L-1、pH为5.5~6.0的混合重金属废水。反应器连续运行40 d,出水中铜离子和锌离子平均浓度分别为1.31 mg·L-1和4.57 mg·L-1,铜离子和锌离子平均去除率分别是93.4%和51.3%。诱晶载体粒径由0.568 mm长至0.617 mm,平均生长速度为0.001 23 mm·d-1。研究表明,该诱导结晶工艺可以用作同时去除废水中的Cu2+、Zn2+。     

Cu2+沉淀-氧化法脱除H2S废气回收硫磺研究

开发了一种用含Cu2 的溶液吸收H2S,并用Cu2 自氧化CuS制取硫磺的新工艺,Cu2 的还原产物CuCl2-由空气氧化再生,实现循环.考察了Cu2 浓度与净化效率的关系,研究了Cu2 、H 、助剂N的浓度和温度对Cu2 氧化CuS效率的影响及H 、助剂N的浓度、空塔气速和温度对Cu2 空气氧化再生效率的影响.结果表明,该技术对H2S废气净化效率100%,Cu2 氧化CuS及Cu2 空气氧化再生条件温和、效果好,终产物硫磺纯度高.     

Kinetics of basic dye (methylene blue) biosorption by giant duckweed (Spirodela polyrrhiza)

Wastewater containing pigments and/or dyes can cause serious water pollution problems in the form of reduced light penetration and photosynthesis, and the toxicity from heavy metals associated with pigments and/or dyes. Laboratory investigations, of the potential use of dried Spirodela polyrrhiza biomass as an adsorbent for the removal of the basic dye methylene blue from aqueous solution were conducted. A series of experiments were undertaken in an agitated batch adsorber to assess the effect of the system variables, i.e. sorbent dosage, pH, and contact time. The results showed that as the amount of the dried S. polyrrhiza increased, the percentage of dye sorption increased accordingly. At pH 2.0 the sorption of dye was not favorable, while the sorption at other pHs (3.0-11.0) was remarkable. There was no significant difference in the dye concentration remaining when the pH was increased from 3.0 to 11.0. The dye removal time was influenced by the initial dye concentration, and the process followed the first-order rate kinetics. The rate constants for intraparticle diffusion were 1.00 and 3.27 mg/g/min1/2 for 300 and 500 mg/l of dye, respectively.     

拟康宁木霉活菌体处理含铜废水

以拟康宁木霉(Trichoderma koningiopsis)活菌体为吸附剂探讨了接触时间、初始铜浓度、投菌量、葡萄糖用量、碱浓度等因素对木霉活菌体处理含铜废水效果的影响.结果表明,在初始铜浓度100 mg/L,投菌量3 g/L,预处理碱浓度0.2 mol/L的条件下,木霉活菌体吸附铜效果最佳,吸附量可达5.01 mg/g(湿).吸附Cu前后的拟康宁木霉菌降解四环素实验结果表明,吸附前后木霉对有机物均有降解效果,吸附过程属活菌体吸附.TEM结果显示,木霉去除铜的机制为表面吸附/络合和胞内富集,FTIR揭示了羟基是活性菌体吸附的主要基团,XRD分析结果证实了羟基与铜结合并以水蓝铜矾[Cu4(SO4)(OH)6H2O]形式络合于菌种细胞壁上,Langmuir吸附等温线较好地拟合了活菌对铜离子的吸附,表明菌体对铜离子主要为均质单层吸附.     

改性甘蔗渣吸附废水中低浓度Cu2+的研究

利用离子液氯化-1-己基-3-甲基咪唑对甘蔗渣进行改性,利用改性甘蔗渣吸附去除模拟废水中低浓度的Cu2+,并对比了较优条件下甘蔗渣改性前后的Cu2+吸附性能.结果表明,溶液pH、改性甘蔗渣投加量、吸附时间对改性甘蔗渣吸附Cu2+均有一定的影响,较佳的溶液pH为5.41、改性甘蔗渣投加量为0.30 g、吸附时间为130 min;吸附温度升高Cu2+吸附率反而降低,因此选择在室温下进行吸附反应为宜;在以上较优条件下,改性甘蔗渣和甘蔗渣的Cu2+吸附率分别为83.20％和53.83％,前者的Cu2+吸附率提高了30.35％.     

7种改性硅藻土对Cd2+、Pb2+、Cu2+的吸附性能对比

首次系统地研究了硅藻土经热活化、锰氧化物、Mg(OH)2改性、聚丙烯酰胺、氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷、微乳液和Cu2等7种方法改性后,在不同pH下对Cd2+、pb2+、Cu2+的吸附效果及其主要机理.在实验条件下,重金属吸附效果最佳的是锰氧化物和Mg(OH)2改性硅藻土.对于pb2+、Cu2+和Cd2+的吸附,前者的最大吸附量分别为98、84和78 mg/g,后者是79、76和91 mg/g.SEM、BET、XRD、FTIR结果显示,这2种改性硅藻土的比表面积大大增加,且拥有更多能提高其吸附性能的Si-O-H基团.Mg(OH)2改性硅藻土对Cd2+吸附等温线研究表明,其符合Langmuir等温吸附模型.提供的改性方法和实验结果,为硅藻土处理水体重金属污染提供了新的技术手段和理论依据.     

棘孢曲霉(Aspergillus aculeatus)对Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的吸附特征

为了研究棘孢曲霉(Aspergillus aculeatus)对溶液中Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)吸附过程的特征,分别从动力学、热力学和吸附等温线三方面进行了实验,同时还研究了pH、温度、时间、重金属离子起始浓度和吸附剂用量对吸附过程的影响。等温吸附过程可以用Langmuir方程来描述。在实验设定条件下,棘孢曲霉对Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)最大吸附量分别为71.2 mg/g和59.8 mg/g;动力学实验数据很好的符合二级动力学方程,吸附达到平衡的时间为3 h;热力学实验数据显示该吸附过程为自发的、吸热的过程。