废水COD 4种物化表征方法的比较与评估

为了确定废水COD组分表征的物化分析方法,对0.1μm滤膜过滤、0.45μm滤膜过滤、絮凝和絮凝+0.45μm滤膜过滤4种方法进行了实验比较和评估。结果表明:某些材料的滤膜会因"COD溶出"而影响表征结果;4种方法分离废水的重现性都很好,相互没有明显区别;物化分离对废水快速可生物降解COD(SS)没有影响,但4种方法得到的处理液中可生物降解COD仍含降解速率明显不同的组分,其中SS仅占35%～45%。因此,物化方法不能合理表征SS;絮凝+0.45μm滤膜过滤速度快、干扰少、分离机理与活性污泥系统类似,更适用于废水溶解性惰性COD组分(SI)表征。     

掺碘二氧化钛薄膜自组装制备、表征及光催化性能

通过自组装技术在低温液相反应体系中制备出大尺寸纳米二氧化钛及其掺碘薄膜。使用XRD、TEM、荧光发射光谱仪、激光拉曼光谱仪等手段对样品进行表征,发现掺I^5＋后的二氧化钛薄膜在可见光区也表现出明显的响应,而且合成的I^5＋／TiO2纳米薄膜在TEMggNT其晶型显示为金红石型,并且碘掺杂后样品的拉曼光谱强度减弱,峰位蓝移且宽化。掺杂I^5＋原溶液浓度为2mmol／L时,其可见光下光催化效果最优,5h后降解率可达到95％,较未掺杂的TiO2纳米薄膜提高了40％,I^5＋掺杂明显提高了TiO2对甲基橙溶液的光催化降解效率。     

Performance evaluation of a continuous flow photocatalytic reactor for wastewater treatment

A novel photocatalytic reactor for wastewater treatment was designed and constructed. The main part of the reactor was an aluminum tube in which 12 stainless steel circular baffles and four quartz tube were placed inside of the reactor like shell and tube heat exchangers. Four UV–C lamps were housed within the space of the quartz tubes. Surface of the baffles was coated with TiO₂. A simple method was employed for TiO₂ immobilization, while the characterization of the supported photocatalyst was based on the results obtained through performing some common analytical methods such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and BET. Phenol was selected as a model pollutant. A solution of a known initial concentration (20, 60, and 100 ppmv) was introduced to the reactor. The reactor also has a recycle flow to make turbulent flow inside of the reactor. The selected recycle flow rate was 7?×?10^?5 m³.s^?1, while the flow rate of feed was 2.53?×?10^?7, 7.56?×?10^?7, and 1.26?×?10^?6 m³.s^?1, respectively. To evaluate performance of the reactor, response surface methodology was employed. A four-factor three-level Box–Behnken design was developed to evaluate the reactor performance for degradation of phenol. Effects of phenol inlet concentration (20–100 ppmv), pH (3–9), liquid flow rate (2.53?×?10^?7?1.26?×?10^?6 m³.s^?1), and TiO₂ loading (8.8–17.6 g.m^?2) were analyzed with this method. The adjusted R ² value (0.9936) was in close agreement with that of corresponding R ² value (0.9961). The maximum predicted degradation of phenol was 75.50 % at the optimum processing conditions (initial phenol concentration of 20 ppmv, pH?～?6.41, and flow rate of 2.53?×?10^?7 m³.s^?1 and catalyst loading of 17.6 g.m^?2). Experimental degradation of phenol determined at the optimum conditions was 73.7 %. XRD patterns and SEM images at the optimum conditions revealed that crystal size is approximately 25 nm and TiO₂ nanoparticles with visible agglomerates distribute densely and uniformly over the surface of stainless steel substrate. BET specific surface area of immobilized TiO₂ was 47.2 and 45.8 m² g^?1 before and after the experiments, respectively. Reduction in TOC content, after steady state condition, showed that maximum phenol decomposition occurred at neutral condition (pH?～?6). Figure

The schematic view of the experimental set-up     

Synthesis of BiVO4/TiO2 composites and evaluation of their photocatalytic activity under indoor illumination

BiVO₄/TiO₂ composites with different weight ratios have been prepared by coprecipitation-based reactions followed by either thermal or hydrothermal treatment with the aim of evaluating the TiO₂ photosensitization by BiVO₄. The obtained materials present in all cases the desired monoclinic phase of BiVO₄ and anatase phase of TiO₂. Visible light absorption increased with increasing amount of bismuth vanadate. XPS results reveal the surface enrichment of Ti with respect to the bulk composition in samples characterised by a higher content of BiVO₄. The photocatalytic activity of the prepared materials was tested for the degradation of isopropanol in the gas phase under indoor illumination conditions. Although none of the composites was able to improve the activity of TiO₂, the low BiVO₄ containing samples appear as more suitable for further synthesis tuning.     

Design and performance evaluation of a photocatalytic reactor for indoor air disinfection

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Since COVID-19 pandemic, indoor air quality control has become a priority, and the development of air purification devices effective for disinfecting...     

Comparison of two methods for obtaining degradation half-lives

Given the paucity of experimental degradation half-life data for most organic chemicals, there is a compelling incentive to use available estimation software when undertaking assessments of chemical persistence and mass balance modeling studies. In this study, half-life data obtained from estimation software for a set of 233 organic chemicals in air, water, soil and sediments were shown to differ significantly from half-life data listed in handbooks. It is suggested that the widely available and used estimation software, EPIWIN (Estimations Program's Interface for Windows), overestimates the reactivity of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Reasons for this overestimation are explored. It is concluded that the maximum "default half-life values" used by the EPIWIN software are too short for estimating half-lives of highly persistent chemicals such as PCBs. There is a need for estimation software such as EPIWIN to be more thoroughly calibrated against experimental derived half-life data for a wide range of chemicals, including potential POPs, thus improving their reliability.     

Comparison of catalytic activity of two platinised TiO2 films towards the oxidation of organic pollutants

Two types of platinised TiO2 films, i.e., Pt-TiO2/ITO and Pt(TiO2)/ITO, were prepared by a procedure of dip-coating and subsequent photo-deposition, and photo-deposition and subsequent dip-coating, respectively. They were well characterized by DRS, XRD spectra, SEM microscopy and photoelectrochemical measurement. Their photocatalytic, dark catalytic and photoelectrocatalytic activities were investigated using formic acid as a model organic pollutants. Compared with pure TiO2/ITO film, the photocatalytic activity of the platinised TiO2 films were apparently improved. However, the improvement was considerably dependent on the preparation method of these films. Pt-TiO2/ITO not only possessed higher photocatalytic activity but also showed a dark catalytic activity towards HCOOH degradation. As a sequence, it was first emphasized that the dark catalytic effect of Pt-TiO2/ITO was partly responsible for degradation of formic acid in the photocatalytic oxidation process. Although the Pt(TiO2)/ITO film does not exhibit the dark catalytic activity, its photocatalytic degradation efficiencies towards HCOOH are higher than that of Pt-TiO2/ITO film. Therefore, in view of enhanced photocatalytic activity, the Pt(TiO2)/ITO was more favored than Pt-TiO2/ITO film.     

Comparison of methods for measurement of cooling tower drift

An international comparison of methods for measurement of cooling tower drift has been performed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Participants from Belgium, the United States and the Federal Republic of Germany participated in measurements of a spectrum of test environments, which span the range of cases which would typically be encountered in operating cooling towers. The environments differed according to droplet mass flux, droplet size distribution and gas speed. A wind tunnel was built to provide the various test environments, and a special optical drift measurement system was built to permit simultaneous monitoring of the environment sampled in the tests. Cases tested included both mechanical and natural draft cooling tower environments.Among the types of instruments tested are the pulsed laser light scattering system (PILLS), sensitive paper and other sensitive surface droplet impaction systems, isokinetic drift mass flux measurement systems and photographic systems. The results indicate that the instruments tested vary widely in their capabilities, with droplet sizing instruments being more effective in low load, small droplet size spectrum situations, and isokinetic mass and chemical assay techniques being most accurate in high load, large droplet distribution cases. Instruments relying upon thermodynamic state measurements in most cases agreed mutually within an order of magnitude. Their major source of error is believed to arise in the measurement of the gas stream relative humidity. This quantity is necessary for inferring the drift mass flux from the measurement provided by such instruments, which is the mixture saturation deficit or excess. For these tests the relative humidity was typically ⩽ 98%.     

活性污泥总DNA提取方法的比较

从处理某制药废水的MBR反应器中采集活性污泥,评价不同DNA提取方法对其总DNA提取效率的影响。DNA提取分细胞裂解和DNA纯化2步,对细胞裂解比较了珠磨匀浆法、反复冻融法、十二烷基磺酸钠（sodium dodecyl sulfate,SDS）裂解法等7种方法;对DNA纯化比较了酚/氯仿纯化法和胶回收纯化法。结果表明,SDS裂解法、酚氯仿纯化法最优。通过条件优化实验,确定SDS裂解酚/氯仿纯化法在污泥量1.1 g,10 000 r/min离心5 min的操作条件下,获得的DNA产量（10 774 μg/g泥重）和纯度（OD₂₆₀∶OD₂₈₀=1.84）等综合指标最好。     

Photocatalytic activity of the calcined H-titanate nanowires for photocatalytic oxidation of acetone in air

Hydrogen titanate (H-titanate) nanowires were prepared via a hydrothermal reaction of TiO₂ powders (P25) in KOH solutions and then calcined at various temperatures. The phase structure, crystallite size, morphology, specific surface area, and pore structures of the calcined H-titanate nanowires at various temperatures were characterized with field emission scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms, and their photocatalytic activities were evaluated by photocatalytic oxidation of acetone in air. With increasing calcination temperature, the specific surface area and porosity of the calcined samples steadily decreased. At a calcination temperature range of 400–600 °C, the calcined H-titanate nanowires showed higher photocatalytic activity than P25 powders for photocatalytic oxidation of acetone. Especially, at 500 °C, the calcined H-titanate nanowires showed the highest photocatalytic activity, which exceeded that of P25 by a factor of about 1.8 times. This can be attributed to the synergetic effect of larger specific surface area, higher pore volume and the presence of brookite TiO₂. With further increase in the calcination temperature (700–900 °C), the photocatalytic activity of the samples decreased obviously owing to the growth of TiO₂ crystallites.     

The effect of background irradiation on photocatalytic efficiencies of TiO2 thin films

TiO(2) thin films were prepared on quartz pipe substrates. Effects of the thickness of the films, the wavelength of the UV light and La doping on efficiencies of background irradiated photocatalysis were investigated, and simultaneously was compared with those of foreground irradiated photocatalysis. The results showed that there was an optimal thickness of the film corresponding with each wavelength of the light source limited in the range from 300 nm to 388 nm in the case of background irradiated photocatalysis, which was quite different from that of foreground irradiated one. But in both cases, the film's photocatalytic activities were enhanced by La non-uniformly doping. The results are useful for the design of high-efficiency photocatalytic reactors.     

Dependence of photocatalytic activity of anatase powders on their crystallinity

Structural changes in anatase phase in four TiO(2) photocatalysts with annealing at high temperatures were followed by evaluating crystallite size and lattice strain of anatase phase separately and measuring the content of anatase. The rate constant k for the decomposition of methylene blue in its aqueous solution under UV irradiation was determined as a measure of photocatalytic activity. Marked dependences in crystallinity improvement, i.e., the growth of crystallite and the decrease in lattice strain, and in phase transformation from anatase to rutile phases of TiO(2) on annealing temperature was observed above 500 degrees C, depending on starting photocatalysts used. The phase transformation to rutile started after reaching of crystallite size to about 32 nm and of lattice strain to about 0.5 x 10(-3). Rate constant k was found to depend on both crystallite size and lattice strain of anatase; it increased with increasing crystallite size up to about 32 nm and decreasing lattice strain down to about 0.5 x 10(-3). Further increase in crystallite size and decrease in lattice strain induced the decrease in rate constant k, mainly due to the partial transformation of anatase to rutile. The present results showed that the activity of the photocatalysts was possible to be improved by annealing at a high temperature, by selecting an optimal condition of annealing for getting a high crystallinity in anatase phase and no phase transformation to rutile phase.     

隐孢子虫3种检测方法比较

为建立一套行之有效的隐孢子虫灭活效果评价方法,在构建鸡源隐孢子虫C. baileyi动物模型的基础上,选用3种检测方法（抗酸染色、饱和蔗糖悬浮镜检和荧光检测）,对鸡源隐孢子虫进行镜检、数量统计,并比较3种方法的优劣及适用范围。结果显示：荧光染色法具有最佳的检测效率（检出数量为改良抗酸染色法,饱和蔗糖悬浮镜检法的2.1和2.6倍;检测时间为120 min）,并能够进行隐孢子虫的活性鉴定,可以作为饮用水消毒剂灭活隐孢子虫的评定方法,是一种高效、简便、较为廉价,并具有较大发展前景的检测方法。     

废水可生物降解COD组分2种表征方法的比较

利用自行开发的混合呼吸速率测量仪在接种污泥的条件下对重庆某城市污水处理厂污水进行了呼吸速率测试（短期BOD测试,以呼吸速率测量重新进入内源呼吸阶段为结束）;同时应用美国产BI-2000电解质呼吸仪在不接种污泥的条件下对该污水进行了BOD测试（长期BOD测试,理论上以污水中所有有机物矿化为结束）。对2种测试方法及其结果进行了比较,结果表明,2种方法得到的BCOD存在很大差异,短期BOD测试方法得到的结果仅为长期BOD测试方法得到的结果的40％～60％。通过批式呼吸测量方法测定了原废水中的活性异养微生物浓度XH(0),结果表明,XH(0)与BCOD_st之和与BCOD_lt比较接近,两者之比在0.88～1.02之间,平均值为0.94。     

Comparison of photocatalytic degradation of dyes in relation to their structure

The photocatalytic degradation of a series of six acid dyes (Direct Red 80, Direct Red 81, Direct Red 23, Direct Violet 51, Direct Yellow 27, and Direct Yellow 50) has been tested compared in terms of color removal, mineralization, and toxicity (Lactuca sativa L. test) after photocatalysis on immobilized titanium dioxide. The dyes were examined at their natural pH and after hydrolysis at pH 12. Results show that hydrolysis decreases strongly the efficiency of color removal, that full mineralization takes much longer reaction time than color removal, and that toxicity is only very partially reduced. Some structural parameters, related to the structure and the topology of the dye molecules, could be correlated with the apparent color removal rates at natural pH.     

水样中二甲基乙酰胺不同测定方法比较

水样中二甲基乙酰胺的测定方法主要有紫外分光光度法、双波长法、高效液相色谱法及气相色谱法。对前3种方法进行了探讨,结果表明:紫外分光光度法操作简单、使用广泛;双波长法能消除硝酸盐对二甲基乙酰胺测定的干扰;高效液相色谱法可对复杂水样中的二甲基乙酰胺进行测定,但仪器昂贵。3种方法各有特点,要根据具体所测的水样特征和实验条件选择合适的测定方法。     

污染土壤修复效果评定方法的研究

在实施污染土壤修复的环境工程后，需要通过灵敏和有效的评定方法对污染土壤修复的效果进行评定。然而，单纯依靠化学方法进行污染土壤修复效果的评定，不能揭示土壤的整体质量特征，因此需要生态毒理方法作为相互补充的手段。本文概述了植物毒性评定法、陆生无脊椎动物评定法和土壤微生物评定法及其在污染土壤修复效果评定中的应用，并对污染土壤修复效果评定方法的发展前景进行展望。     

污染土壤修复效果评定方法的研究

在实施污染土壤修复的环境工程后,需要通过灵敏和有效的评定方法对污染土壤修复的效果进行评定.然而,单纯依靠化学方法进行污染土壤修复效果的评定,不能揭示土壤的整体质量特征,因此需要生态毒理方法作为相互补充的手段.本文概述了植物毒性评定法、陆生无脊椎动物评定法和土壤微生物评定法及其在污染土壤修复效果评定中的应用,并对污染土壤修复效果评定方法的发展前景进行展望.     

水体中常见无机阴离子对TiO2薄膜光催化降解甲醛的影响

选择了5种水体中常见的阴离子(Cl-,SO2-4,HPO2-4/HPO2-4,HCO-3/CO2-3和NO-3),分别考查了其对TiO2薄膜光催化降解模拟甲醛废水的反应速率的影响;从上述离子的光吸收,对·OH的捕获及其生成的相应的无机自由基的氧化作用以及与甲醛的竞争吸附3个方面讨论了上述离子影响TiO2薄膜光催化降解模拟甲醛废水的反应速率的原因。结果表明,HCO-3/CO2-3对TiO2薄膜光催化降解甲醛具有抑制作用,Cl-和SO2-4的影响不大,H2PO-4/HPO2-4和NO-3具有促进作用。造成上述结果的主要原因是HCO-3/CO2-3具有很强的·OH捕获作用;Cl-,SO2-4对·OH捕获作用以及竞争吸附都较弱;H2PO-4/HPO2-4在TiO2表面具有较强的吸附能力,释放出的H+起到了酸催化剂的作用;NO-3在紫外光的照射下可以产生·OH,此外NO-3作为电子受体而降低了TiO2表面光生电子和空穴的复合几率。