利用电动技术强化有机污染土壤原位修复研究

电动修复技术是近几年发展起来的一种新型土壤修复技术，由于其处理的高效性受到了越来越多的关注。本文介绍了利用电动技术强化土壤有机污染物原位修复的原理及其最新进展。电动强化有机物污染修复的基本原理是利用电动效应对有机物的迁移作用或者强化生物修复过程（注入营养物、电子受体和活性微生物等）达到去除污染物的目的。研究表明，该技术不破坏生态环境，安装操作简单成本低廉，具有广泛的应用前景，其中电动强化原位生物修复和能够适应于各种不同成分污染（如有机物重金属复合污染）的多技术联合是今后电动技术发展的重要方向。     

重金属污染土壤电动力学修复技术

电动力学修复技术是把电极插入受污染的土壤并通入直流电 ,发生土壤孔隙水和带电离子的迁移。土壤中的污染物质在外加电扬作用下发生定向移动并在电极附近累积 ,抽出处理从而被除去。新兴的电动力学原位修复技术去除土壤重金属污染正越来越多地被各国研究人员接受。一系列实验规模的研究和技术已日渐成熟 ,其中Lasagna技术和Electro klean技术已在美国肯塔基州和路易斯安那州等地进行了原位修复     

重金属污染土壤电动力学修复技术

电动力学修复技术是把电极插入受污染的土壤并通人直流电，发生土壤孔隙水和带电离子的迁移。土壤中的污染物质在外加电扬作用下发生定向移动并在电极附近累积，抽出处理从而被除去。新兴的电动力学原位修复技术去除土壤重金属污染正越来越多地被各国研究人员接受。一系列实验规模的研究和技术已日渐成熟，其中Lasagna技术和E-lectro-klean技术已在美国肯塔基州和路易斯安那州等地进行了原位修复。     

EDTA强化电动力学修复重金属复合污染土壤

在自制的电动力学装置中,研究多种重金属复合污染土壤的电动力学修复,通过在阴极添加络合剂EDTA来提高修复效率。实验结果表明,EDTA的引入提高了修复过程中的电流值,且EDTA与重金属的络合提高了污染物向电极液的迁移效率,从而强化了电动力学修复效果。在设定的浓度(0、0.01、0.02、0.05和0.1 mol/L)中,0.1 mol/L的EDTA具有最佳的修复效率。在此实验条件下,污染土壤中的总铜、总铅和总镉的去除率分别为90.2%、68.1%和95.1%。电动力学修复后,对土壤重金属进行化学形态分析,发现电动力学修复显著改变了土壤重金属存在形态,修复后土壤中的铜、铅、镉主要以较稳定的有机态和残余态形式存在,显著降低了对周边生物和环境的毒害。     

原位生物修复治理汞害的机制及作用

概述植物、微生物在去除水、土壤中汞污染方面的有效性。介绍微生物固定、转化汞及其化合物的机制以及原位生物修复技术在治理汞害方面的作用     

低温微生物环境污染修复技术研究进展

生物修复技术由于成本低、效果好、对环境负面影响小,且无二次污染等优点,受到普遍的关注,已成为环境治理的重要方法和技术.目前微生物修复技术多以常温微生物为主,而在自然环境中,占地表绝大部分的极地、海洋、湖泊以及高山和高纬地区的土壤等,其全年平均温度大多在15℃或以下,恰恰是低温微生物的最适生长温度.因此,以低温微生物为主的生物修复技术,在常年低温的极地、海洋、高山或高纬区域以及若干地区冬季进行污染物的生物降解方面有独到的优势.目前,以低温微生物为主体的低温生物修复技术已成了生物修复技术研究领域的热点.从4个方面讨论目前利用低温微生物所开展的低温生物修复技术的最新发展动态.     

国家环境保护水污染控制工程技术(浙江)中心 浙江省环境污染控制技术研究重点实验室 浙江省环保公共科技创新服务平台 浙江省环境保护科学设计研究院工程研究中心

正技术系列:1、生物强化脱氨氮技术:融合了微生物强化与生物载体固定化技术,提高了生物脱氨氮效率。2、磁场强化污水处理技术:将磁性絮凝剂与磁分离技术有机结合,处理效率高,占地面积小,适用于工业废水预处理及污水脱氮除磷。3、污水处理厂提标改造技术:适用于以工业废水为主的集中式污水处理厂的提标改造。4、废水深度处理与回用技术:适用于印染、造纸、城镇污水处理厂尾水的深度处理及回用。5、锅炉烟气脱硝技术:适用于水泥炉窑、垃圾焚烧炉、玻璃炉窑以及燃煤锅炉排放的NO_x气体减排。6、流域污染水体原位生态修复技术:适用于湖泊、港湾水体修复以及景观河道污染控制与治理。7、人工湿地生态处理技术:适用于污水处理厂尾水深度处理、农村及小城镇污水处理。     

生物修复高氯酸盐污染的研究进展

生物修复技术是目前高氯酸盐污染环境整治的最具潜力的修复技术之一,具有成本低、无二次污染的特点,是国内外一个新的研究热点,亦是仅见的污染控制及修复的环境友好技术。介绍了环境中高氯酸盐污染的来源与分布,阐述了生物修复(主要包括植物修复和微生物修复)的特点及作用机制,认识到2种类型修复技术各有其优劣势;重点综述了生物修复高氯酸盐污染的国内外研究现状,得出植物根际降解对植物修复高氯酸盐起着十分重要作用,而微生物修复是目前最有希望获得大规模应用的高氯酸盐污染修复技术;最后提出了植物-微生物联合强化修复高氯酸盐污染的技术将更具应用前景。     

低温微生物环境污染修复技术研究进展

生物修复技术由于成本低、效果好、对环境负面影响小，且无二次污染等优点，受到普遍的关注，已成为环境治理的重要方法和技术。目前微生物修复技术多以常温微生物为主，而在自然环境中，占地表绝大部分的极地、海洋、湖泊以及高山和高纬地区的土壤等，其全年平均温度大多在15℃或以下，恰恰是低温微生物的最适生长温度。因此，以低温微生物为主的生物修复技术，在常年低温的极地、海洋、高山或高纬区域以及若干地区冬季进行污染物的生物降解方面有独到的优势。目前，以低温微生物为主体的低温生物修复技术已成了生物修复技术研究领域的热点。从4个方面讨论目前利用低温微生物所开展的低温生物修复技术的最新发展动态。     

生化黄腐酸对污染水体生物修复的强化作用

研究了生化黄腐酸（BFA）对污染水体生物修复的强化作用。生化黄腐酸能提高水体中微生物活性,加快微生物对目标污染物的降解。在污染水体生物修复强化作用的试验中,投加生化黄腐酸,CODCr、NH3-N、TP和浊度的去除率分别增加了29．47％、20．61％、35％和19．86％,同时有利于水体DO的提升。     

Engineered and subsequent intrinsic in situ bioremediation of a diesel fuel contaminated aquifer

A diesel fuel contaminated aquifer in Menziken, Switzerland was treated for 4.5 years by injecting aerated groundwater, supplemented with KNO3 and NH4H2PO4 to stimulate indigenous populations of petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) degrading microorganisms. After dissolved PHC concentrations had stabilized at a low level, engineered in situ bioremediation was terminated. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of intrinsic in situ bioremediation as a follow-up measure to remove PHC remaining in the aquifer after terminating engineered in situ bioremediation. In the first 7 months of intrinsic in situ bioremediation, redox conditions in the source area became more reducing as indicated by lower concentrations of SO4(2-) and higher concentrations of Fe(II) and CH4. In the core of the source area, strongly reducing conditions prevailed during the remaining study period (3 years) and dissolved PHC concentrations were higher than during engineered in situ bioremediation. This suggests that biodegradation in the core zone was limited by the availability of oxidants. In lateral zones of the source area, however, gradually more oxidized conditions were reestablished again, suggesting that PHC availability increasingly limited biodegradation. The total DIC production rate in the aquifer decreased within 2 years to about 25% of that during engineered in situ bioremediation and remained at that level. Stable carbon isotope analysis confirmed that the produced DIC mainly originated from PHC mineralization. The total rate of DIC and CH4 production in the source area was more than 300 times larger than the rate of PHC elution. This indicates that biodegradation coupled to consumption of naturally occurring oxidants was an important process for removal of PHC which remained in the aquifer after terminating engineered measures.     

In situ bioelectrokinetic remediation of phenol-contaminated soil by use of an electrode matrix and a rotational operation mode

In situ bioremediation is a safe and cost-effective technology for the cleanup of contaminated sites, but its remediation rate is usually very slow. This study attempted to accelerate the process of bioremediation by employing non-uniform electrokinetic transport processes to mix organic pollutants and degrading bacteria in soils under in situ conditions (namely, in situ bioelectrokinetic remediation) by use of an electrode matrix and a rotational operation mode. A bench-scale non-uniform electrokinetic system with periodic polarity-reversal was developed for this purpose, and tested by using a sandy loam spiked with phenol as a model organic pollutant. The results demonstrated that non-uniform electrokinetic processes could enhance the in situ biodegradation of phenol in the soil, the efficiency of which depended upon the operational mode of the electric field. Compared with the unidirectional operation and the bidirectional operation, the rotational operation could effectively stimulate the biodegradation of phenol in the soil if adopting appropriate time intervals of polarity-reversal and electrode matrixes. A reversal interval of 3.0 h and a square-shaped electrode matrix with four electrode couples appeared appropriate for the in situ biodegradation of phenol, at which a maximum phenol removal of 58% was achieved in 10d and the bioremediation rate was increased about five times as compared to that with no electric field applied. The results also showed that adopting a small polarity-reversal interval and an appropriate electrode array could produce a high and uniform removal of phenol from the soil. It is believed that in situ bioelectrokinetic remediation holds the potential for field application.     

An integrated numerical and physical modeling system for an enhanced in situ bioremediation process

Groundwater contamination due to releases of petroleum products is a major environmental concern in many urban districts and industrial zones. Over the past years, a few studies were undertaken to address in situ bioremediation processes coupled with contaminant transport in two- or three-dimensional domains. However, they were concentrated on natural attenuation processes for petroleum contaminants or enhanced in situ bioremediation processes in laboratory columns. In this study, an integrated numerical and physical modeling system is developed for simulating an enhanced in situ biodegradation (EISB) process coupled with three-dimensional multiphase multicomponent flow and transport simulation in a multi-dimensional pilot-scale physical model. The designed pilot-scale physical model is effective in tackling natural attenuation and EISB processes for site remediation. The simulation results demonstrate that the developed system is effective in modeling the EISB process, and can thus be used for investigating the effects of various uncertainties.     

Biosurfactants during in situ bioremediation: factors that influence the production and challenges in evalution

Research on the influence of biosurfactants on the efficiency of in situ bioremediation of contaminated soil is continuously growing. Despite the constant progress in understanding the mechanisms involved in the effects of biosurfactants, there are still many factors that are not sufficiently elucidated. There is a lack of research on autochthonous or exogenous microbial metabolism when biostimulation or bioaugmentation is carried out to produce biosurfactants at contaminated sites. In addition, studies on the application of techniques that measure the biosurfactants produced in situ are needed. This is important because, although the positive influence of biosurfactants is often reported, there are also studies where no effect or negative effects have been observed. This review aimed to examine some studies on factors that can improve the production of biosurfactants in soils during in situ bioremediation. Moreover, this work reviews the methodologies that can be used for measuring the production of these biocomposts. We reviewed studies on the potential of biosurfactants to improve the bioremediation of hydrocarbons, as well as the limitations of methods for the production of these biomolecules by microorganisms in soil.     

电动力学法修复土壤环境重金属污染的研究进展

介绍了电动力学法的基本原理和国外的一些电动力学修复重金属污染土壤的工艺,如Lasagna工艺、阴极区注导电性溶液工艺、阳离子选择性透过膜、CEHIXM工艺、Electro—Klean^TM电分离技术、电化学自然氧化技术、电化学离子交换技术、电吸附技术等,并指出了这些工艺的优缺点。评价了电动力学法处理地下土壤环境中重金属污染的优势及目前存在的问题。     

Ecotoxicological evaluation of in situ bioremediation of soils contaminated by the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT)

To evaluate the environmental relevance of in situ bioremediation of contaminated soils, effective and reliable monitoring approaches are of special importance. The presented study was conducted as part of a research project investigating in situ bioremediation of topsoils contaminated by the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). Changes in soil toxicity within different experimental fields at a former ordnance factory were evaluated using a battery of five bioassays (plant growth, Collembola reproduction, soil respiration, luminescent bacteria acute toxicity and mutagenicity test) in combination to chemical contaminant analysis. Resulting data reveal clear differences in sensitivities between methods with the luminescent bacteria assay performed with soil leachates as most sensitive toxicity indicator. Complete test battery results are presented in so-called soil toxicity profiles to visualise and facilitate the interpretation of data. Both biological and chemical monitoring results indicate a reduction of soil toxicity within 17 months of remediation.     

Mobilization of phenol and dichlorophenol in unsaturated soils by non-uniform electrokinetics

The poor mobility of organic pollutants in contaminated sites frequently results in slow remediation processes. Organics, especially hydrophobic compounds, are generally retained strongly in soil matrix as a result of sorption, sequestration, or even formation into non-aqueous-phase liquids and their mobility is thus greatly reduced. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using non-uniform electrokinetic transport processes to enhance the mobility of organic pollutants in unsaturated soils with no injection reagents. Phenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), and kaolin and a natural sandy loam soil were selected as model organics and soils, respectively. The results showed that non-uniform electrokinetics can accelerate the desorption and movement of phenol and 2,4-DCP in unsaturated soils. Electromigration and electroosmotic flow were the main driving forces, and their role in the mobilization of phenol and 2,4-DCP varied with soil pH. The movement of 2,4-DCP in the sandy loam towards the anode (about 1.0 cmd(-1)V(-1)) was 1.0-1.5 cmd(-1)V(-1) slower than that in the kaolin soil, but about 0.5 cmd(-1)V(-1) greater than that of phenol in the sandy loam. When the sandy loam was adjusted to pH 9.3, the movement of phenol and 2,4-DCP towards the anode was about twice and five times faster than that at pH 7.7, respectively. The results also demonstrated that the movement of phenol and 2,4-DCP in soils can be easily controlled by regulating the operational mode of electric field. It is believed that non-uniform electrokinetics has the potential for practical application to in situ remediation of organics-contaminated sites.     

Means to improve the effect of in situ bioremediation of contaminated soil: an overview of novel approaches

Different aspects of bacterial degradation of organic contaminants in soil, and how to improve the efficiency and reproducibility is discussed in this review. Although bioremediation in principle includes the use of any type of organism in improving the condition of a contaminated site, most commonly bacteria are the degraders and other organisms, such as soil animals or plant roots, play a role in dissemination of bacteria and, indirectly, plasmids between bacteria, and in providing nutrients and co-substrates for the bacteria active in the degradation process. There are a number of different procedures that have been tested more-or-less successfully in attempts to improve reliability, cost efficiency and speed of bioremediation. The methods range from minimal intervention, such as mere monitoring of intrinsic bioremediation, through in situ introduction of nutrients and/or bacterial inocula or improvement of physico-chemical conditions, all the way to excavation followed by on site or ex situ composting in its different varieties. In the past the rule has been that more intervention (leading to higher costs) has been more reliable, but novel ideas are continuously tried out, both as a means to come up with new truly functional applications and also as a line of studies in basic soil microbial ecology. Both approaches generate valuable information needed when predicting outcome of remediation activities, evaluating environmental risks, deciding on cleaning-up approaches, etc. The emphasis of this review is to discuss some of the novel methods for which the value has not been clearly shown, but that in our view merit continued studies and efforts to make them work, separately or in combination.     

Ex situ bioremediation of a soil contaminated by mazut (heavy residual fuel oil)--a field experiment

Mazut (heavy residual fuel oil)-polluted soil was exposed to bioremediation in an ex situ field-scale (600 m(3)) study. Re-inoculation was performed periodically with biomasses of microbial consortia isolated from the mazut-contaminated soil. Biostimulation was conducted by adding nutritional elements (N, P and K). The biopile (depth 0.4m) was comprised of mechanically mixed polluted soil with softwood sawdust and crude river sand. Aeration was improved by systematic mixing. The biopile was protected from direct external influences by a polyethylene cover. Part (10 m(3)) of the material prepared for bioremediation was set aside uninoculated, and maintained as an untreated control pile (CP). Biostimulation and re-inoculation with zymogenous microorganisms increased the number of hydrocarbon degraders after 50 d by more than 20 times in the treated soil. During the 5 months, the total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) content of the contaminated soil was reduced to 6% of the initial value, from 5.2 to 0.3 g kg(-1) dry matter, while TPH reduced to only 90% of the initial value in the CP. After 150 d there were 96%, 97% and 83% reductions for the aliphatic, aromatic, and nitrogen-sulphur-oxygen and asphaltene fractions, respectively. The isoprenoids, pristane and phytane, were more than 55% biodegraded, which indicated that they are not suitable biomarkers for following bioremediation. According to the available data, this is the first field-scale study of the bioremediation of mazut and mazut sediment-polluted soil, and the efficiency achieved was far above that described in the literature to date for heavy fuel oil.