Is the contribution of bacteria to terrestrial carbon budget greatly underestimated?

Some commonly found species of soil bacteria use low molecular weight organic acids as their sole source of carbon and energy. This study shows that acids such as citrate and oxalate (produced in large amounts by fungi and plants) can rapidly be consumed by these bacteria. Two strains, Ralstonia eutropha and Xanthobacter autotrophicus, were cultured on acetate- and citrate-rich media. The resulting CO₂ and/or HCO₃^- reacted with calcium ions to precipitate two polymorphs of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), calcite and vaterite, depending on the quantity of slime produced by the strains. This production of primary calcium carbonate crystals by oxalate- and citrate-degrading bacteria from soil organic carbon sources highlights the existence of an important and underestimated potential carbon sink.     

有机碳与水合金属氧化物对反硝化条件下河流沉积层中苯胺降解的影响

采集渭河沉积物及西安某自备井的地下水,沉积物采用逐级分离法处理后,进行厌氧微宇宙实验,研究反硝化条件下河流沉积层中苯胺降解及有机碳与水合金属氧化物的影响.结果表明,硝酸盐为50、300或400mg·L-1,沉积物中的原有或外加的有机碳都对苯胺降解具有抑制作用;去碳沉积物、去碳去金属沉积物实验中,硝酸盐为50mg·L-1时,外加有机碳具有抑制作用,当硝酸盐为300或400 mg·L-1时则有促进作用.去碳沉积物与去碳去金属沉积物的实验发现,无论是否有外加有机碳,水合金属氧化物都对河床沉积层中反硝化条件下苯胺降解具有促进作用.机理分析表明,反硝化条件下,河流沉积层中的微生物以生长代谢的方式利用苯胺,使其降解.苯胺降解经过脱氨基过程.     

Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of benzene homologues in ambient air in the northeastern urban area of Beijing, China

Ambient benzene homologues were measured at a site in the northeastern urban area of Beijing, China, from August 24 to September 4, 2012 by SUMMA canister sampling followed by laboratory determination using cryogenic cold trap pre-concentration-GC-MS/FID, and their health risks were also assessed. Daily total benzene homologues ranged from 0.99 to 49.71 μg/m3with an average of 11.98 μg/m3. Benzene homologues showed higher concentrations in the morning and evening than that at noontime. Comparison with previous studies revealed a trend of decrease for ambient benzene homologues probably due to the efective emission control in Beijing in recent years. Vehicular exhaust was the main source while volatilization of paints and solvents also made substantial contributions. Health risk assessment showed that BTEX(benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene and p-xylene) and styrene had no appreciable adverse non-cancer health risks for the exposed population, while benzene has potential cancer risk of 1.34E-05. Available data from cities in China all implied that benzene imposes relatively higher cancer risk on the exposed populations and therefore strict control measures should be taken to further lower ambient benzene levels in China.     

无排泥条件下HRT对膜生物反应器硝化性能的影响及其生物群落结构分析

以无机氨氮废水(NH+4 N,500mg·L-1)为处理对象,在不排泥条件下逐渐缩短膜生物反应器的水力停留时间(HRT,30h～5h),连续运行260d.在反应器内的氨氮容积负荷和污泥负荷分别为1 2kg·(d·L)-1和2 13kg·kg-1·d-1时,氨氮去除率达98 2%以上.当HRT减少至7h时开始出现NH+4 N和NO-2 N的积累.尽管反应器内MLSS随着运行时间的延长在逐步上升,氨氧化菌(AOB)和亚硝酸氧化菌(NOB)的数量分别从HRT10h和15h起开始下降.16SrDNA聚合酶链式反应结合变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR DGGE)的分析发现反应器内生物多样性随着运行时间的延长而增加,测序结果表明进行氨氧化作用的主要是亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonassp.),进行亚硝酸氧化的主要是硝化螺菌属(Nitrospirasp.).尽管反应器只进行无机氨氮配水,仍存在大量的异养菌,估计其生长是以胞外分泌产物和细胞裂解产物为基质.     

从水质水量相结合的角度再论黄河的水资源

建立了流域水资源数量与质量联合评价的方法,发展了可利用水资源量的概念和计算方法,以及水资源功能容量和水资源功能亏缺的概念和计算方法,提出了水环境功能容量和功能亏缺的概念和计算方法.根据黄河流域1997—1999年间主要水文站点逐月的水质监测数据、水文数据及各取水口逐月的取水量数据,对黄河流域的水资源进行了水质水量综合评价.结果表明,在1997、1998和1999年,黄河可利用的水资源总量分别为2 5 5 3 9×10 8m3、3 43 41×10 8m3和3 5 5 44×10 8m3,分别占总天然径流量的80 2 % ,78 2 %和82 0 % .黄河水资源功能容量和亏缺在这3年间的平均值分别为42 3 5 0×10 8m3,78 97×10 8m3.对主要污染指标CODMn来说,黄河的水环境功能容量和功能亏缺在这3年间的平均值分别为2 95 71 5 4kg和199 70kg ;对主要污染指标NH+ 4 N来说,平均值分别为3 774 2 6kg和113 0 8kg .因此,与CODMn相比,NH+ 4 N对黄河可利用水资源总量的影响更大.水资源功能容量和水环境功能容量均分别显著大于水资源功能亏缺和水环境功能亏缺,说明在绝大部分情况下,黄河实际的水质要优于达到水资源功能所要求的水质     

Tracing the diet of the monitor lizard Varanus mabitang by stable isotope analyses (delta(15)N,delta(13)C)

In this study, we used analyses of stable isotopes of nitrogen ('¹⁵N) and carbon ('¹³C) to determine the trophic ecology of the monitor lizard Varanus mabitang. Stable isotopes from claws, gut contents, and soft tissues were measured from the type specimen. Samples from Varanus olivaceus, Varanus prasinus, Varanus salvator, the herbivorous agamid lizard Hydrosaurus pustulatus, and some plant matter were included for comparison. Our data show a rapid decrease in '¹³C (about10‰) from food plants towards gut contents and soft tissues of herbivorous species. For the varanids, we found a significant linear correlation of decreasing '¹³C and increasing '¹⁵N from herbivorous towards carnivorous species. In terms of trophic isotope ecology, the type specimen of V. mabitang is a strict herbivore. Thus it differs significantly in its isotopic composition from the morphologically next closest related species V. olivaceus. The most highly carnivorous species is V. salvator, while '¹⁵N values for V. prasinus and V. olivaceus are intermediate. Claws provide very valuable samples for such measurements, because they can be sampled from living animals without harm. Additionally, their range of variability is relatively small in comparison with measurements from soft tissues.     

厌氧-缺氧-好氧处理城市废水

用厌氧－缺氧－好氧中试反应器系统对城市废水进行处理。结果表明,此系统可去除９０％总ＣＯＤ,８９％ＴＳＳ,９３％ＶＳＳ,氮和磷的去除率分别为８０％和４０％。在此系统的缺氧相污泥中,脱氮硫杆菌的最高含量,最高脱氮作用率,氧化Ｎａ２Ｓ的最高浓度,Ｓ＾２－的最高污泥负荷率分别为１．１×１０＾８／ｇＶＳＳ,３．６ｍｇＮＯ３＾－／ｇＶＳＳ·ｈ,１７５０ｍｇ／Ｌ和２５ｍｇＳ＾２／ｇＶＳＳ·ｄ。     

株洲市工业区大气中SO2转化速率的研究

在湖南省株洲市工业区的下风向布点,同时测定大气中ＳＯ２的浓度、ＴＳＰ和＜０．２５μｍ细粒子中ＳＯ２－４的浓度．结果表明,大气中ＳＯ２浓度随着离污染源距离的增加迅速下降,和ＳＯ２相比,颗粒物中ＳＯ２－４浓度随距离的增加而降低的程度要慢得多．同步测定的ＳＯ２浓度和细粒子ＳＯ２－４浓度有显著的相关关系．根据风向、风速和新产生的细粒子中的ＳＯ２－４浓度及大气中ＳＯ２的浓度计算了株洲教育学院处ＳＯ２的转化速率,春季湿度大,ＳＯ２转化速率也大,为４．８％／ｈ,秋季湿度小,ＳＯ２的转化速率变低,为１．５％／ｈ．春季中路铺ＳＯ２转化速率为３．１％／ｈ．     

COD/SO42-值对硫酸盐废水厌氧消化的影响

采用间歇试验方式,研究了COD/SO₄^2-值对硫酸盐废水厌氧消化的影响.试验结果表明,COD/SO₄^2-值是影响厌氧消化处理效果的主要参数.本试验中,COD/SO₄^2->15,硫酸盐还原作用对厌氧反应器影响甚微;COD/SO₄^2-=5-15时,硫酸盐还原作用对厌氧反应器产生轻度抑制,相对产甲烷率为79.2%-94.7%;COD/SO₄^2-=0.5-5时,反应器受中度抑制,相对产甲烷率为61.6%-79.2%;COD/SO₄^2-<0.5时,反应器受严重抑制.COD/SO₄^2-≥1时,相对产甲烷率与COD/SO₄^2-值之间有很好的线性关系.     

Attraction of the tropical bont tick,Amblyomma variegatum,to human breath and to the breath components acetone,NO and CO2

Ticks are of medical and veterinary importance and employ several cues in search of a host. Olfaction is one modality by which ticks locate a blood-meal and breath is the major vent of gaseous and volatile metabolites from the host that could contribute to this search. We studied the responses of a hunter tick, Amblyomma variegatum, to diluted human breath and five of its components (acetone, CO₂, NO, isoprene and NH₃) while walking in an air stream on a locomotion compensator. Diluted breath elicited the greatest responses of all treatments in terms of time to onset of upwind walk, attraction, speed and local search behaviour after stimulus off. Acetone, NO and CO₂ also attracted, but with a reduced speed in the case of acetone and NO. Neither isoprene nor NH₃ induced any response. Our study indicates that breath was the most adequate stimulus tested. It also attracted two other ixodid tick species, Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Ixodes ricinus, as well as the argasid tick, Ornithodorus moubata. It appears that the evolution of resource tracking in ticks included sensory and behavioural adaptations for recognition and orientation to host metabolites that are regularly expelled in breath.     

流化床中RDF焚烧时CO、SO2和HCl的生成

在非均匀布风流化床中进行了垃圾衍生燃料(RDF)与煤的混烧试验，测量了H2O、CO、CO2、NO、N2O、HCl、SO2等污染物质的排放特性．结果表明与单纯燃烧RDF相比，混烧时的CO生成量大大下降；SO2生成浓度较低，而HCl的生成量比单纯烧煤时明显增加．     

Cr3+掺杂对TiO2薄膜光催化活性的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了TiO2粉末和以釉面瓷砖为载体的TiO2薄膜,讨论了不同Cr3+掺杂浓度对TiO2光催化活性的影响,并采用UVVIS对其光学性能进行了检测.结果表明,Cr3+掺杂和釉面瓷砖的交互作用能够显著提高TiO2薄膜的光催化活性,最佳掺杂浓度为6.04×1017个·cm-3,且随着TiO2光催化活性的提高,薄膜的吸收带边发生了明显的红移,提高了可见光的利用率.     

真菌降解废气中邻-二甲苯试验研究

采用真菌降解废气中的邻-二甲苯,试验装置为真菌生物滤池.将滤池内填料分成3段,考察每一段的负荷能力、去除效率以及pH值、温度、湿度的变化特点等.邻-二甲苯的进气浓度为400～700mg·m-3,气量为0 25m3·h-1,停留时间为100s.试验结果表明,真菌能够有效地去除废气中的邻 二甲苯,总去除率达到90%以上.其中,从上到下各段的去除率分别为36 8%,28 6%和25 5%.生物滤池内产生CO2的浓度与邻 二甲苯的降解有密切关联,通过在线监测进出气中的CO2浓度变化,可以间接反映出生物滤池的运行状况和生物生长量.在本研究中,降解的邻二甲苯中的碳约74%转化成CO2.微生物鉴定结果表明,降解邻 二甲苯的微生物主要是青霉菌和诺卡氏菌.     

CH4 emission and conversion from A2O and SBR processes in full-scale wastewater treatment plants

Wastewater treatment systems are important anthropogenic sources of CH4emission. A full-scale experiment was carried out to monitor the CH4 emission from anoxic/anaerobic/oxic process(A2O) and sequencing batch reactor(SBR) wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs) for one year from May 2011 to April 2012. The main emission unit of the A2O process was an oxic tank, accounting for 76.2% of CH4emissions; the main emission unit of the SBR process was the feeding and aeration phase, accounting for 99.5% of CH4emissions. CH4can be produced in the anaerobic condition, such as in the primary settling tank and anaerobic tank of the A2O process. While CH4can be consumed in anoxic denitrification or the aeration condition, such as in the anoxic tank and oxic tank of the A2O process and the feeding and aeration phase of the SBR process. The CH4emission flux and the dissolved CH4concentration rapidly decreased in the oxic tank of the A2O process. These metrics increased during the first half of the phase and then decreased during the latter half of the phase in the feeding and aeration phase of the SBR process. The CH4oxidation rate ranged from 32.47% to 89.52%(mean: 67.96%) in the A2O process and from 12.65% to 88.31%(mean: 47.62%) in the SBR process. The mean CH4 emission factors were 0.182 g/ton of wastewater and 24.75 g CH4 /(person·year) for the A2O process, and 0.457 g/ton of wastewater and 36.55 g CH4 /(person·year) for the SBR process.     

基于中国人群暴露风险的室内苯健康限值推导

收集了我国29个省级行政区的464个室内苯浓度数据,基于中国人群暴露参数计算了我国成年人群在不同室内场景的苯暴露致癌风险;应用蒙特卡洛方法推导我国室内苯浓度健康阈值.结果表明,全国各类场景的室内苯浓度几何均值为0.030mg/m³.4种室内场景中,职业暴露场所具有最高的苯残留水平,均值为0.052mg/m³;居室暴露风险贡献最大,人群终生致癌风险为9.30×10^-5;基于中国人群暴露参数推导的健康限值为0.020mg/m³,略低于我国修改后的《室内空气质量标准》（GB/T18883-2022）中规定苯的限值.我国部分居民存在高于可接受水平的室内苯暴露的致癌风险,居室暴露风险尤其值得关注.室内苯标准的修改和实施有利于室内苯污染的控制和降低人群苯暴露致癌风险.     

The flavo-enzyme xanthine oxidase is under circadian control in the marine alga Gonyaulax

The activity of xanthine oxidoreductases (xanthine oxidase, XO, EC 1.2.3.2 and xanthine dehydrogenase, XDH, EC 1.1.1.204) in partially purified extracts of Gonyaulax polyedra was measured over 24 h both in a light:dark cycle and in constant light. This is the first demonstration of xanthine oxidoreductase in a unicellular alga. The activity of the O₂-dependent form (XO) was found to be 15 times higher in light than in darkness. The same time-of-day specific differences persisted in constant light, demonstrating a control of XO by the circadian clock. In contrast, the activity of the NAD-dependent form (XDH) is not under circadian control. Because pharmacological inhibition of XO also blocks the effect of blue light on the Gonyaulax circadian clock, the possible relationship between XO and light reception in this unicellular alga will be discussed.     

温敏性水凝胶对金属离子Y3+,UO2+2的浓集分离

利用合成的ＰＮＩＰＡＡｍ／ＡＡｃ交联共聚温敏性水凝胶分别对水溶液中微量的Ｙ＾２＋,ＣＵ２＾２＋离子进行浓集分离研究。实验结果表明,凝胶能有效浓集Ｙ＾２＋,ＵＯ２＾２＋离子,在ＰＨ＝１～４范围内,凝胶的溶胀比及对Ｙ＾３＋,ＵＯ２＾２＋的浓集率均随ＰＨ的增大而增大,浓集率分别达到８０％和９０％,凝胶溶胀比的增大浓集量分别为５．２９３ｍｇ．ｇ＾－１、３６．１６ｍｇ．ｇ＾－１凝胶的表面积也对浓集率有限大影     

溶剂萃取法提取电镀污泥氨浸出渣中的金属资源

研究硫酸浸出Ｐ５０７－煤油－硫酸体系萃取分离铁,钠皂－Ｐ２０４－煤油－硫酸体系共萃铬、铝、反萃取分离铬、铝工艺回收电镀污染氨浸渣中的金属。通过优化实验,确定了全流程的最佳工艺参数。结果表明,铁铬渣中的金属铬、铝和铁均可以高纯度盐类形式回收,可作为化学试剂使用,回收率达９５％以上。     

放射示踪法研究O2存在时14CS2与OH的光化学反应

用放射示踪法研究~(14)CS_2和OH的光化学反应,指出氧对反应有促进作用,在反应体系中(~(14)CS_2-H_2O_2-C_3H_8-N_2-O_2)主要产物为O~(14)CS,~(14)CO及少量~(14)CO_2。O~(14)CS和~(14)CO有相似的动力学曲线,~(14)CO_2则是另一种情况。总反应速率常数随氧压增加而增大,在氧压为33330Pa时,~(14)CS_2消失的总速率常数可高达3.4×10~(-12)cm~3mol~(-1)S~(-1)。在实验中观察到~(14)CS_2能在室温下转变为~(14)CO_2的现象。讨论了光化学反应的历程。     

SO2、NO2、O3及其复合物对水稻体内乙烯释放的影响

乙烯是植物体内的一种内源激素,当植物受到环境污染时,体内乙烯的释放量将发生变化。本文主要报道了水稻受ＳＯ２,ＮＯ２,Ｏ３单一及其复合物熏气对体内乙烯释放的影响。结果表明,水稻受ＳＯ２,ＮＯ２,Ｏ３９单一及其复合物熏气后,体内乙烯释放量增加,在一定条件下反应出环境污染的程度,当Ｏ３浓度不变时,水稻体内乙烯释放量与ＳＯ２,ＮＯ２熏气浓度成正比,其中,Ｏ３＋ＳＯ２对水稻体内乙烯释放量的影响程度大于Ｏ３＋